ライフサイエンスコーパス: flea

1 lishment of a biofilm within its vector, the flea.

2 proventriculus or produced a biofilm in the flea.

3 ic plague, blocks feeding by its vector, the flea.

4 dents and humans via the bite of an infected flea.

5 ited in the skin via the bite of an infected flea.

6 etween maternal host and principal host of a flea.

7 -PhoQ two-component regulatory system in the flea.

8 ole and function of this Y. pestis system in fleas.

9 ds produced by its primary prey, small water fleas.

10 cteria; yet only Y. pestis forms biofilms in fleas.

11 ease that is spread from mammal to mammal by fleas.

12 e and to be transmitted from host to host by fleas.

13 e agent of plague, is usually transmitted by fleas.

14 but not bubonic plague, when transmitted by fleas.

15 stis recently evolved, is not transmitted by fleas.

16 elegans and the ability to colonize or block fleas.

17 en 1939 and 1998 from patients, animals, and fleas.

18 mples were prepared from 381 field-collected fleas.

19 ive alternative for identifying Y. pestis in fleas.

20 erium associated with wild rodents and their fleas.

21 ae is transmitted experimentally to cats via fleas.

22 gue, is transmitted by the bites of infected fleas.

23 tentially other human pathogens, vectored by fleas.

24 d-feeding arthropod ectoparasites, including fleas.

25 he Bartonella variants carried by individual fleas.

26 thropod hosts across the globe, primarily in fleas.

27 sufficient to make Y. pestis orally toxic to fleas.

28 is colonization and biofilm formation in cat fleas.

29 in host-opportunistic than in host-specific fleas.

30 of Bartonella infection in either rodents or fleas.

31 to three challenges with Y. pestis-infected fleas, 14 of 15 unvaccinated control mice developed plag

32 flea; however, little is known about the cat flea, a species that may bridge zoonotic and anthroponot

33 However, because rodent and, consequently, flea abundance doubled following experimental defaunatio

34 Direct examination of infected fleas, aided by in vitro studies and experiments with th

35 kedly reduces the severity and prevalence of flea allergic dermatitis.

36 ss cohesive biofilm both in vitro and in the flea and had a greatly reduced ability to localize to an

37 Y. pestis biofilm in the flea and in vitro is dependent on an extracellular matri

38 sylla cheopis and to produce biofilms in the flea and in vitro.

39 families of peptides are also shared by both fleas and are unique to these organisms.

40 atasi, and possibly other arthropods such as fleas and bed bugs, the strong saliva-induced DTH respon

41 Yersinia pestis is transmitted by fleas and causes bubonic plague, characterized by severe

42 apanese in World War II with plague-infected fleas and cholera-coated flies and of the Americans duri

43 heaviest in coastal and temperate climates, fleas and flea-borne disease agents can occur almost any

44 n experimentally infected Xenopsylla cheopis fleas and in experimentally infected monkey blood and or

45 e in humans follows transmission by infected fleas and is characterized by an acute, necrotizing lymp

46 orm, whipworm, pinworm, Chinese liver fluke, fleas and lice.

47 n the expected rate of spread by blocked rat fleas and that observed during the Black Death has even

48 s once monthly oral agent for the control of fleas and ticks on dogs and cats which was directly comp

49 t repellents, or products to control lice or fleas and ticks on pets.

50 Organisms such as Daphnia magna (water fleas) and Hyalella azteca (freshwater shrimps) are comm

51 The recently discovered glycine-rich snow flea antifreeze protein (sfAFP) has no sequence homology

52 Here, we show that, for the snow flea antifreeze protein (sfAFP), stability and cooperati

53 to determine the X-ray structure of the snow flea antifreeze protein (sfAFP).

54 trix enveloping the Y. pestis biofilm in the flea appeared to incorporate components from the flea's

55 The immature stages of the cat flea are extremely susceptible to environmental factors

56 Cat fleas are the most important ectoparasite of cats and do

57 acquisition of new genes, allowing it to use fleas as transmission vectors.

58 Our study exposes the potential of cat fleas as vectors of human pathogens in crowded northeast

59 This mutant was able to infect and block fleas as well as the parental wild-type strain, indicati

60 ilar to holotricin was found only in the cat flea, as were the abundantly expressed Cys-less peptide

61 symptomatic individuals, were tested for cat flea-associated and booklice-associated strains of R. fe

62 human granulocytic ehrlichiosis; a novel cat flea-associated typhus group rickettsiosis; bartonellose

63 ase, flea-borne typhus, and plague are three flea-associated zoonoses of cats of concern in the USA.

64 s biological control agent the alligatorweed flea beetle (Agasicles hygrophila) do not completely ove

65 nsect herbivores, including the cabbage stem flea beetle (Psylliodes chrysocephala), prevent glucosin

66 (6R,7S)-himachala-9,11-diene in the crucifer flea beetle Phyllotreta striolata, a compound previously

67 nt, 8-year cycles persisted for cabbage stem flea beetle throughout the 50 years of data collection.

68 m near the range margin of the alligatorweed flea beetle to test whether spatial variation in alligat

69 ighly susceptible to attack by an indigenous flea beetle, Epitrix cucumeris, and the Colorado potato

70 Phyllotreta flea beetles are adapted to crucifer plants (Brassicales

71 volution of GSS activity in ermine moths and flea beetles.

72 ing field data on prairie community ecology, flea behavior, and plague-transmission biology, we find

73 biofilm formation and essentially abolishes flea biofilms.

74 nd humans, C. felis felis is responsible for flea bite allergy dermatitis and the transmission of dog

75 Transmission by flea bite is a relatively recent adaptation that disting

76 ional lymph nodes that drain the intradermal flea bite site.

77 e by increasing bacterial dissemination from flea bite sites and incidentally enhanced replication in

78 ive for C. elegans biofilm formation and for flea blockage but only moderately defective in an in vit

79 ify genes and pathways involved in Y. pestis flea blockage.

80 f ilp had no effect on bacterial blockage of flea blood feeding or colonization.

81 cuses on the ecology and epidemiology of the flea-borne bacterial zoonoses mentioned above with an em

82 We identified the flea-borne Bartonella parasites infecting sympatric popu

83 ionary model in which Y. pestis emerged as a flea-borne clone, with each genetic change incrementally

84 in coastal and temperate climates, fleas and flea-borne disease agents can occur almost anywhere in t

85 Other flea-borne human pathogens have emerged recently (e.g.,

86 he evolution and emergence of Y. pestis as a flea-borne pathogen.

87 Understanding flea-borne pathogens, and the associated risks for owner

88 ly documented environment where the agent of flea-borne plague, Yersinia pestis, must replicate to pr

89 vaccines for the ability to protect against flea-borne plague.

90 g examples from tick-borne Lyme borreliosis; flea-borne plague; and mosquito-borne dengue, malaria, a

91 ace antigens are more closely related to the flea-borne R. typhi than to the mite-borne R. akari.

92 For flea-borne Rickettsia typhi, the etiological agent of mu

93 A flea-borne rickettsia, previously referred to as ELB, ha

94 scenario in which plague first emerged as a flea-borne septicemic disease of limited transmissibilit

95 blocked, as a model for studying alternative flea-borne transmission mechanisms.

96 bstructs the flea's gut and thus hastens the flea-borne transmission of plague.

97 Here, we show that although flea-borne transmission usually leads to bubonic plague

98 have contributed to the recent evolution of flea-borne transmission.

99 abling proventricular blockage and efficient flea-borne transmission.

100 ked fleas has been the accepted paradigm for flea-borne transmission.

101 the evolutionary adaptation of Y. pestis to flea-borne transmission.

102 Cat-scratch disease, flea-borne typhus, and plague are three flea-associated

103 Flea-borne zoonoses such as plague (Yersinia pestis) and

104 pod vector, plague epizootics require a high flea burden per host, even when the susceptible host pop

105 he flea life cycle, targeting not only adult fleas but also the immature stages in the environment, c

106 rrelated with the number of bites by blocked fleas but not with the total number of fleabites.

107 ue depends on blockage of the foregut of the flea by a mass of plague bacilli.

108 The bacteria can starve fleas by blocking their digestive tracts, which stimulat

109 Of these taxa, the spiny water flea (Bythotrephes longimanus) most prospered.

110 The predatory zooplankton, the spiny water flea (Bythotrephes longimanus), invaded the Laurentian G

111 Control of fleas can be achieved, over a timescale of several month

112 ctious window often followed by death of the flea, cannot sufficiently explain the rapid rate of spre

113 However, due to the lack of any stable flea cell line or a published flea genome sequence, litt

114 given rodent from the principal host of this flea; changes in FGMCs were lower in the host species mo

115 es of crustaceans in orders Anostraca (water flea), Cladocera (brine shrimp), Isopoda (pill bugs), Am

116 habit temporary freshwater bodies, and water fleas (Cladoceromorpha), which live in all kinds of fres

117 was greater in veterans who reported wearing flea collars during the war (5 of 20, 25%) than in those

118 nce defect for the DeltapgmA mutant, nor was flea colonization or blockage affected.

119 To address if fleas combat rickettsial infection, we characterized the

120 Although flea concentrations may be heaviest in coastal and tempe

121 ection, and after 4 weeks 95% of co-infected fleas contained an average of 103 antibiotic-resistant Y

122 recently, selamectin have revolutionized cat-flea control.

123 e present the analysis of the sialome of cat flea Ctenocephaides felis.

124 kettsial infection, we characterized the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis) innate immune response to R

125 logy to a Wolbachia strain isolated from cat fleas (Ctenocephalides).

126 The cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis felis, is the most important

127 vestigated the chronic toxicity to the water flea Daphnia magna of two HFFRs, aluminum diethylphosphi

128 In the water flea Daphnia magna, SSRIs increase offspring production

129 The water flea Daphnia moves to deeper waters to avoid predators w

130 ed by planktonic organisms such as the water flea Daphnia.

131 n in metapopulations of two species of water fleas (Daphnia) in the skerry archipelago of southern Fi

132 The water flea, Daphnia magna is a key model to study phenotypic,

133 tate and fate of eDNA derived from the water flea, Daphnia magna, using a full factorial mesocosm exp

134 s and ponds disable the ability of the water flea, Daphnia pulex to respond effectively to its predat

135 thesis that a transmissible infection in the flea depends on the development of a biofilm on the hydr

136 Transmission of plague by fleas depends on infection of the proventricular valve i

137 icient early-phase transmission by unblocked fleas described in our study calls for a paradigm shift

138 highly bacteremic kittens in the absence of fleas did not become infected.

139 obial peptides had a normal phenotype in the flea digestive tract.

140 emain infectious for a long time because the fleas do not suffer block-induced mortality.

141 We evaluated the effects of four species of flea ectoparasites (Parapulex chephrenis, Synosternus cl

142 netic analysis correlated plasma levels with flea efficacy.

143 and were epidemiologically linked to cat and flea exposure (P< or =0.004), whereas those with B. quin

144 dulisporamides was examined in an artificial flea feeding system for intrinsic systemic potency as we

145 lization and adherence of the biofilm to the flea foregut is essential for transmission.

146 -mediated bacterial biofilm formation in the flea foregut, which greatly increased transmissibility.

147 reduced ability to localize to and block the flea foregut.

148 ility of Y. pestis to produce biofilm in the flea foregut.

149 .henselae isolates was evaluated by removing fleas from the naturally bacteremic, flea-infested catte

150 of any stable flea cell line or a published flea genome sequence, little is known regarding R. typhi

151 The rarer flea genotype had an 83% incidence of Rickettsia asembon

152 -EnvZ-regulated genes, we concluded that the flea gut environment triggers OmpR-EnvZ.

153 only is the PhoP-PhoQ system induced in the flea gut environment, but also this induction is require

154 sting ex vivo biofilm-forming ability to the flea gut environment, thus enabling proventricular block

155 acquisition and fitness of Y. pestis during flea gut infection, consistent with posttranscriptional

156 Taken as a whole, our data suggest that the flea gut is a complex, fluctuating environment in which

157 ynthesis is not required for survival in the flea gut.

158 genetic exchange with microbial flora of the flea gut.

159 xic digestion product of blood plasma in the flea gut.

160 rd" for identifying Yersinia pestis-infected fleas has been inoculation of mice with pooled flea mate

161 the etiological agent of plague, by blocked fleas has been the accepted paradigm for flea-borne tran

162 In recent years, the control of cat fleas has increasingly relied on the use of IGRs applied

163 Sialomes of cat and rat fleas have in common the enzyme families of phosphatases

164 ding Yersinia biofilm-forming ability to the flea host environment.

165 val of Y. pestis within the mammalian and/or flea host.

166 iofilm formation has been studied in the rat flea; however, little is known about the cat flea, a spe

167 host reservoir (great gerbil), main vector (flea), human cases, and external (climate) conditions, w

168 Accordingly, we assessed R. typhi-mediated flea IMD pathway activation in vivo using small interfer

169 eplicates as a biofilm in the foregut of cat fleas in a manner requiring hmsFR, two determinants for

170 An infestation of cat fleas in a research center led to the detection of two g

171 CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Fleas, in contrast to bloodsucking Nematocera (mosquitoe

172 ith increasing environmental temperature for fleas infected with either wild type or pPla- Y. pestis.

173 ry's deadliest infections, is transmitted by fleas infected with Yersinia pestis.

174 s required for growth on acetate but not for flea infection or virulence in mice.

175 Flea infestation was a significant risk factor for B. he

176 Following an acute flea infestation, a dog developed an unusual clinical pr

177 Flea infestation, adoption from a shelter or as a stray

178 emoving fleas from the naturally bacteremic, flea-infested cattery cats and transferring these fleas

179 eremia, the prevalence of B. henselae in the fleas infesting these cats, and whether B. henselae is t

180 ive genomics, and investigations of Yersinia-flea interactions have disclosed the important steps in

181 The Yersinia-flea interactions that enable plague transmission cycles

182 ch has been proposed as a model of Y. pestis-flea interactions.

183 During summer, the spiny water flea invasion sparked a cascade of shifting diversity wh

184 After the spiny water flea invasion, Cyanobacteria dominance crept earlier int

185 results suggest that feeding obstruction in fleas is a biofilm-mediated process and that biofilms ma

186 ce of infection and transmission via blocked fleas is a dominant paradigm in the literature, our mode

187 Ctenocephalides felis, the cat flea, is among the most prevalent and widely dispersed v

188 rders are secondarily wingless (for example, fleas, lice, grylloblattids and mantophasmatids), with a

189 ost invasive vectors, such as anthropophilic fleas, lice, kissing bugs, and mosquitoes.

190 t based upon a detailed understanding of the flea life cycle, targeting not only adult fleas but also

191 Possibly the oldest flea-like animals known, they provide a challenge to the

192 New flea-like fossils from China provide a rare, tantalizing

193 The poor vector competence of fleas likely imposed selective pressure that favored the

194 ng of how these organisms are transmitted by fleas, maintained in zoonotic cycles, and transmitted to

195 eas has been inoculation of mice with pooled flea material.

196 Horizontal gene transfer in the flea may be the source of antibiotic-resistant Y. pestis

197 smissible infection, Y. pestis colonizes the flea midgut and forms a biofilm in the proventricular va

198 that unrelated co-infecting bacteria in the flea midgut are readily incorporated into these aggregat

199 chia coli donor to Y. pestis occurred in the flea midgut at a frequency of 10-3 after only 3 days of

200 Y. pestis recently evolved, can colonize the flea midgut but does not form a biofilm in the foregut.

201 l infection rates and bacterial loads in the flea midgut but produced a less cohesive biofilm both in

202 The other strains persisted in the flea midgut for 4 weeks but did not increase in numbers,

203 d of 110 kb, however, failed to colonize the flea midgut normally, indicating that one or more genes

204 By enabling colonization of the flea midgut, acquisition of this PLD may have precipitat

205 d resistance to antibacterial factors in the flea midgut, and extending Yersinia biofilm-forming abil

206 s tested, were unable to stably colonize the flea midgut.

207 egulated at 21 degrees C in vitro and in the flea midgut.

208 Although infectious fleas might be an important source of infection and tran

209 d that, in contrast to the classical blocked flea model, O. montana is immediately infectious, transm

210 amides were selected for evaluation in a dog/flea model; pharmacokinetic analysis correlated plasma l

211 the complex habits of mosquitoes, ticks and fleas; most vector-borne viruses or bacteria infect anim

212 ids, proved able to block Xenopsylla cheopis fleas normally.

213 ne is a new insecticide for the treatment of fleas on domesticated pets and has recently been reporte

214 at provide tools for better control of adult fleas on the host.

215 Plague is transmitted by fleas or contaminated aerosols.

216 ly observed associations between climate and flea population dynamics in India.

217 tic species (including tadpoles, fish, water fleas, protozoan, and bacteria) with known nonspecific t

218 Fleas radiated with their vertebrate hosts, including wi

219 These data demonstrate that the cat flea readily transmits B. henselae to cats.

220 on of research on their biology and control, fleas remain such a burden for companion animals and the

221 Cat fleas removed from bacteremic cattery cats transmitted B

222 Infected Vero cell and flea RNAs were reverse transcribed by using random hexam

223 portant human pathogen that is maintained in flea-rodent enzootic cycles in many parts of the world.

224 appeared to incorporate components from the flea's blood meal, and bacteria released from the biofil

225 ce the biofilm that ultimately obstructs the flea's gut and thus hastens the flea-borne transmission

226 shrimp's ultrafast predatory strike and the flea's jump.

227 The flea's lumen gut is a poorly documented environment wher

228 tants established long-term infection of the flea's midgut but failed to colonize the proventriculus,

229 the host species more closely related to the flea's principal host.

230 ies and season, but interestingly not by the flea's vertebrate hosts.

231 Sixty of the 381 flea samples were positive for Y. pestis by PCR; 48 of t

232 an indicator of the presence of Y. pestis in flea samples.

233 g production and quality of offspring in two flea species (host-specialist Parapulex chephrenis and h

234 Bacterial composition appears driven by flea species and season, but interestingly not by the fl

235 nd compatibility barriers by identifying the flea species associated with each rodent host, and the B

236 FGMCs among rodents infested by the same flea species were correlated positively with the phyloge

237 Currently, only one flea species-the rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis-has been in

238 fspring in a generalist than in a specialist flea, supporting the association between life-history pl

239 but the assemblage of Bartonella variants in fleas tended to reflect the assemblage of Bartonella var

240 gue, replicates as biofilm in the foregut of fleas that feed on plague-infected animals or humans.

241 ed with higher host FGMCs than parasitism by fleas that spent most of their life 'off-host'.

242 l mammals, infectious prairie dog carcasses, fleas that transmit plague without blockage of the diges

243 However, we also found several fleas that were carrying variants never found in the hos

244 In these fleas, the plague-causing bacteria are surrounded by an

245 new pesticide currently sold for control of fleas, ticks, and mites on companion animals and poultry

246 blockage-dependent plague transmission from fleas to mammals.

247 infested cattery cats and transferring these fleas to specific-pathogen-free (SPF) kittens housed in

248 de an experimentally tractable surrogate for fleas to study plague transmission.

249 he disease plague, forms biofilms to enhance flea-to-mammal transmission.

250 A flea-to-mouse transmission model was developed for use i

251 barriers mediated by limited between-species flea transfer.

252 subcutaneous route of infection that mimics flea transmission of bubonic plague.

253 of transmission cycles; mechanisms by which fleas transmit Y. pestis; resistance and susceptibility

254 this evolutionary leap from an enteric to a flea-transmitted systemic pathogen.

255 At the temperature of its flea vector (approximately 20-30 degrees C), the causati

256 ms a bacterial biofilm in the foregut of the flea vector that interferes with normal blood feeding.

257 Thus, the interactions of Y. pestis with its flea vector that lead to colonization and successful tra

258 ole in producing the foregut blockage in the flea vector that precedes transmission.

259 lague, forms a biofilm in the foregut of its flea vector to produce a transmissible infection.

260 es in the non-sterile digestive tract of its flea vector to produce a transmissible infection.

261 generally considered to occur via a blocked flea vector), inhalation of infectious respiratory dropl

262 in vitro, infectivity and maintenance in the flea vector, and lethality in murine models of systemic

263 que life stage in the digestive tract of its flea vector, characterized by rapid formation of a bacte

264 lockage of the foregut proventriculus of its flea vector.

265 o environments of the mammalian host and the flea vector.

266 usative agent of bubonic plague, which has a flea vector.

267 at might interact with the mammalian host or flea vector.

268 o, exhibits significant oral toxicity to the flea vectors of plague, whereas Y. pestis does not.

269 ittle is known regarding R. typhi biology in flea vectors that, importantly, do not suffer lethality

270 ted mortality eliminates 30-40% of infective flea vectors, ureD mutation early in the evolution of Y.

271 olving transmission between rodent hosts and flea vectors.

272 d three gene losses, enabled transmission by flea vectors.

273 rtonella spp. infection in rodents and their flea vectors.

274 lite that exhibits systemic efficacy against fleas via modulation of an invertebrate specific glutama

275 end of this kinetic carnival we find jumping fleas, violent spider jaws, shrimp claw hammers, and squ

276 e highest number of eggs produced per female flea was accompanied by the longest duration of developm

277 Each flea was analyzed individually by both PCR and mouse ino

278 e maternal host from the principal host of a flea was found in X. ramesis (but not P. chephrenis) wit

279 The altered biofilm phenotype in the flea was not due to lack of PhoPQ-dependent or PmrAB-dep

280 fection of mice, Caenorhabditis elegans, and fleas was investigated.

281 GS: A salivary gland cDNA library from adult fleas was randomly sequenced, assembled, and annotated.

282 , the density of infected hosts and infected fleas was roughly twofold higher in sites where large wi

283 two European moles in Poland (n = 994), and fleas were collected from rodents (n = 833).

284 We found that the majority of fleas were host-generalists but the assemblage of Barton

285 Oropsylla montana fleas were implicated as the vector for disease transmis

286 A total of 132 fleas were removed from cats whose blood was simultaneou

287 ncipally vectored by insects (i.e., lice and fleas), whereas spotted fever group rickettsiae are excl

288 ive naive cats were injected with feces from fleas which had been feeding on cats infected with a pur

289 can be acquired from the bites of infectious fleas (which is generally considered to occur via a bloc

290 o mammals, including humans, by the bites of fleas whose digestive tracts are blocked by a mass of th

291 Bubonic plague is transmitted by fleas whose feeding is blocked by a mass of Yersinia pes

292 Bubonic plague is transmitted by fleas whose feeding is blocked by a Yersinia pestis biof

293 Parasitism by fleas with a 'stay on the host body' exploitation strate

294 B. henselae DNA was detected in 34% of 132 fleas, with seasonal variation, but without an associati

295 and Y. pseudotuberculosis to infect the rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis and to produce biofilms in the f

296 ofilm-dependent blockage in the oriental rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis respectively.

297 estis to its most proficient vector, the rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis, and subsequent transmission eff

298 Currently, only one flea species-the rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis-has been investigated by means o

299 the midgut of its principal vector, the rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis.

300 terization FS50, a salivary protein from the flea, Xenopsylla cheopis, that exhibits an inhibitory ac