ライフサイエンスコーパス: flow rate

1 the process parameters (processing time and flow rate).

2 d (control) silicon MRR, for the same vapour flow rate.

3 A can be underestimated at low transvalvular flow rate.

4 cid reactive substance (TBARS), and salivary flow rate.

5 fter intervention, indicating an increase in flow rate.

6 on products as a function of the electrolyte flow rate.

7 ed reductions in resistance and increases in flow rate.

8 fferent multiphase structures under the same flow rate.

9 le desorption was achieved at 1.0 mL min(-1) flow rate.

10 nternal tracer to accurately measure off-gas flow rate.

11 esults in a higher, rather than lower, total flow rate.

12 eflex, that was proportional to the urethral flow rate.

13 sponge shunt into LFA to decrease the fluid flow rate.

14 strating the benefits of the impinger's high flow rate.

15 made in each of five livers perfused at each flow rate.

16 e radio frequency power and nebulization gas flow rate.

17 ked column for a given column efficiency and flow rate.

18 orrelated with low unstimulated whole saliva flow rate.

19 the mice, which is consistent with the blood-flow rate.

20 m calcium distribution was achieved at lower flow rates.

21 ature variation did not significantly affect flow rates.

22 ecreased along the fluidic channel at higher flow rates.

23 itation front was influenced by the relative flow rates.

24 at physiologically relevant time scales and flow rates.

25 ties, limited pressure monitoring, and fixed flow rates.

26 ms will also experience flushing due to high flow rates.

27 rate flow rates, before decreasing at higher flow rates.

28 ificant improvements at reduced cooling mass flow rates.

29 mn temperature (25-55 degrees C), as well as flow rate (0.6-0.75 mL min(-1)), were optimized.

30 These devices with the optimal flow rate (1 mL/h) and channel length (2 cm) were demons

31 Testing conditions involved changes in flow rate (1-12 mL/sec), imaging depth (2.5-7 cm), color

32 ndomized to home oxygen alone (median oxygen flow rate, 1.0 L/min [interquartile range {IQR}, 0.5-2.0

33 to home oxygen plus home NIV (median oxygen flow rate, 1.0 L/min [IQR, 0.5-1.5 L/min]).

34 of the process time (5, 10, and 15 min) and flow rate (10, 20, and 30 mL/min) of cold plasma technol

35 were randomized to receive one of two blood flow rates: 150 or 250 mL/min.

36 At 24 months, measured maximum urine flow rate (16.3 mL/s from a volume voided of 109 mL) and

37 gh temperatures (90-120 degrees C) and CO(2) flow rates (3.3-3.7 mL/min) to demonstrate column stabil

38 9 cm(3) +/- 39 (39% +/- 29); maximum urinary flow rate, 6 mL/sec +/- 10 (155% +/- 293); and postvoid

39 utologous blood via the portal vein at three flow rates (60, 80, 100 mL/min per 100 g of liver) was u

40 To extend the upper limit of inlet flow rate, a 14:1 split-ratio flow splitter was tested w

41 : a potential for long sampling time, a high flow rate, a high sampling and retention efficiency, low

42 mortality (p = 0.003) if AVA was measured at flow rates above median (>242 ml/s).

43 ental conditions, such as pH, sample volume, flow rate, adsorbent dosage, and eluent type.

44 Transmembrane pressure and feed flow rate affected (p < 0.05) process efficiency (mean p

45 otein, AST, ALT, and LDH, decreased salivary flow rate and a significant adverse impact on OHRQoL.

46 anges result in significantly reduced saliva flow rate and buffering capacity and increased mucus aci

47 etion led to an increase in actin retrograde flow rate and cellular contractility in S2 and S2R+ cell

48 Parallel on-site measurements of flare gas flow rate and composition were successfully performed at

49 files for PBUTs and the effects of dialysate flow rate and dialyzer size on PBUT removal.

50 sequences applied to the MSPD cartridge, the flow rate and dilution of extract used for SPE loading.

51 on was demonstrated to depend upon both puff flow rate and duration, while nicotine mass ratio was no

52 ility and process variability including mass flow rate and feed frame paddle speed.

53 reliable results; (2) growth is dependent on flow rate and growth medium composition; and (3) efficac

54 In packed bed column, a bed height, feed flow rate and inlet acrylamide concentration of 20 cm, 1

55 uring LV developed pressure (LVDP), coronary flow rate and oxygen consumption in LANG and LWHs.

56 e error in Rh depends solely on the detector flow rate and particle size but not on the type of the s

57 Flow rate and perfusion were recorded for 10 hours follo

58 The mild (lower flow rate and process time) and more severe (higher flow

59 te and process time) and more severe (higher flow rate and process time) conditions led to a reductio

60 More drastic conditions like higher flow rate and processing time resulted in products with

61 The milder conditions like lower flow rate and processing time, resulted in higher vitami

62 s column type, buffer solution, mobile phase flow rate and sample injection volume were individually

63 The effects of fluid flow rate and surface topography on twitching motility a

64 ing the temperature, the pressure, the NH(3) flow rate and the carrier gas mixture.

65 Adjusting the flow rate and the electrical parameters of the incident

66 nd after the heat pulse, depends both on the flow rate and the surrounding temperature.

67 work provides a physical basis by which the flow rate and the voltage can be chosen for any nanosusp

68 In contrast, urinary potassium excretion, flow rate and urinary pH were not affected dose dependen

69 The synergistic influence of sample flow rate and various electrolytes (ammonium acetate, am

70 images of urinalysis strips, calculates the flow rate and volume of urine using computer vision as a

71 Using varied flow rates and a commercial glass chip, we produce capsu

72 was used to investigate the effects of fluid flow rates and calcium concentrations on the mass and di

73 aracterizes RBC behavior for a wide range of flow rates and channel sizes.

74 nditions determined by the LC method and the flow rates and concentrations of oxidation agent and pho

75 bacterial adhesion differ non-linearly with flow rates and depend on the epithelial source of the mu

76 ig was used to collect emissions across puff flow rates and durations spanning the range observed in

77 The new system was operated at varied biogas flow rates and external applied voltages.

78 dchips were subjected to a range of measured flow rates and influent nitrate concentrations with an a

79 pressure increased with increasing irrigant flow rates and insertion depths of a 30-gauge side-venti

80 n count and size particles across a range of flow rates and ionic strengths.

81 characterization of the signal dependence on flow rates and other reaction parameters and permit homo

82 liquid through the heat exchanger at desired flow rates and temperatures.

83 le setups where lead release under different flow rates and water chemistry scenarios was reported.

84 conditions were at pH 9, 1.0 mL/min of feed flow rate, and 2 mg/mL of feed concentration.

85 ic stress, U(b) = Q/A is bulk velocity, Q is flow rate, and A is cross-sectional area orthogonal to t

86 The roles of dose volume (VD), flow rate, and multiple aliquot delivery are investigate

87 rheology, subsurface channel geometry, mass flow rate, and spatiotemporally dependent pore-water pre

88 tion, standardizing or adjusting for urinary flow rate, and using covariate-adjusted standardization

89 tonographic outflow facility, aqueous humor flow rate, and uveoscleral outflow.

90 cts of varying the degree of stenosis, blood flow rate, and viscosity on two diagnostic metrics - pre

91 and environmental scenarios (rainfall, river flow rate, and water quality).

92 trength, elution solution, sample and eluent flow rates, and sample volume were determined.

93 rticles and by varying the applied voltages, flow rates, and the width ratios of the droplet splittin

94 (air inlet) pressure, perfusion (volumetric flow) rate, and tubing/oxygenator components.

95 IA system capable of operating at a range of flow rates ( approximately 50 nL/min to 500 muL/min) to

96 Depending on the gas flow rate, approximately 55% of the CO(2) could be remov

97 , including as a percentage of the total gas flow rate, are significantly higher during periods of in

98 uantitative microsampling with low injection flow rates (as low as 15 pL/s).

99 Use of the 3D serpentine column at a higher flow rate, as compared to the 3D spiral column, provided

100 ured current increasing exponentially to the flow rate, as opposed to the theoretically expected much

101 d with 10-fold slower local actin retrograde flow rates, as well as spatial homogenization of actin-b

102 Flow rate assessment should be incorporated into clinica

103 (Rh) only at the lowest investigated passage flow rate at the detector (0.2 mL/min).

104 or Erectile Function [IIEF] score) and urine flow rates at 24 months post transplant.

105 n independent method for determining nonzero flow rates based on a robust scaling relationship betwee

106 ty in the selection of column dimensions and flow rates because the two dimensions constrain each oth

107 e as 1 h, reference electrode frits with low flow rates become contaminated with sample components an

108 aqueous vein were calculated to compare the flow rate before and after intervention using autocorrel

109 cement (dependent on DNA length) at moderate flow rates, before decreasing at higher flow rates.

110 from individual microbubbles in vessels with flow rates below 2 mm/s.

111 mortality (p = 0.15) if AVA was measured at flow rates below median (<=242 ml/s).

112 The sensor behavior is reported for flow rates between 0-52.5 mL/h at 32-39 degrees C, adequ

113 ronchopulmonary dysplasia, the difference in flow rates between groups diminished.

114 were eligible if they reported on expiratory flow rates beyond 16 years of age in individuals born ve

115 volume, respiratory minute volume, and peak flow rate but also recognize unique respiration pattern

116 migration, morphology and F-actin retrograde flow rate can be shifted to lower stiffness by simultane

117 meters, including blockage ratio, volumetric flow rate, cell concentration, and polymer chain length.

118 NaHS increased coronary flow rate (CFR) during baseline (mean +/- SD for AUC: 13

119 al valve dynamics, such as the transvalvular flow rate, closure regurgitation and the orifice area, w

120 iquid chromatographic variable effects, e.g. flow rate, column temperature, and mobile phase composit

121 hase before a second phase is injected via a flow-rate-controlled pump.

122 -outdoor pressure difference (or exhaust fan flow rate), CPM test duration, exhaust fan location, and

123 The optimal flow rate cutoff for prognostic threshold was 210 ml/s.

124 revious measurements of overall lymph and BV flow rates demonstrated that fluid also crosses BV walls

125 meter is exponentially distributed with some flow rate dependencies caused by erosion and restructuri

126 Transvalvular flow rate determines prognostic value of AVA in AS.

127 eedle tip and the collector surface, applied flow rate, distance between the needle tip and the colle

128 e model of ionization mechanism, and at high flow rates-due to structural changes in protein molecule

129 ce elevations in resistance and decreases in flow rate during the ex vivo storage period.

130 exit port of the NTA and maintain consistent flow rates entering NTA for proper particle sizing.

131 The presented OCT-based NN flow rate estimation framework addresses the need for a

132 were the nebulization gas flow rate, liquid flow rate, extraction time, acid concentration, nebulize

133 h that modest, readily achievable changes in flow rates favor formation or dissociation of target-lig

134 Results For systems 1, 2, and 3, flow rate for constant and pulsatile flow was measured,

135 ting out effect, extraction temperature, and flow rate for sample introduction.

136 -line homogenization system was used at high flow rates for the oil- and water-phases, e.g., 100 mL/m

137 m pressure (for batch operations) or off-gas flow rate (for continuous operations).

138 obtained under various temperatures and gas flow rates form a basis for optimizing the process towar

139 s further increased to 12% by decreasing the flow rate from 0.50 to 0.25 mL min(-1).

140 zakii inactivation increased with increasing flow rate from 8 to 20 L/min.

141 Several strategies are possible to interpret flow rate from the sensor output, including the rate of

142 t chromatographic resolution at mobile phase flow rates from 1 to 55 muL min(-1).

143 to ESI for all drugs and peptides tested at flow rates from 15 to 55 muL min(-1).

144 Pumping flow rates from 5.3 to 40 microL min(-1) under different

145 g sharp-edge spray ionization functions with flow rates from 70 to 200 nL/min and did not perturb the

146 o create an analysis framework for measuring flow rates from individual blood vessels.

147 (Group I, n = 134), with reduced vacuum and flow rate (Group II, n = 137), and with IOL insertion be

148 induces steady-state maximal hyperemia at a flow rate >/=15 mL/min.

149 Flow rate had a significant effect on prognostic value o

150 ed the conditions of the device (bed volume, flow rate, immobilized target) such that modest, readily

151 We characterize a high-flow-rate impinger with respect to particle collection a

152 ations suggest that an increase in dialysate flow rate improves the reduction ratio (and removal) of

153 of two given liquids, for given geometry and flow rate in a Hele-Shaw cell.

154 r differentiation markers and restore saliva flow rate in a salivary gland wound model of C57BL/6 mic

155 The high pressure and flow rate in AF4 were reduced to the levels compatible w

156 e have previously been used to measure fluid flow rate in microfluidic channels.

157 establish a theoretical model to predict the flow rate in multilayered muPADs that takes into account

158 ruses to the SC lumen by retroperfusion, the flow rate in one anterior segment of pair was increased

159 ns resulting in reductions in hematocrit and flow rate in the daughter and mother vessels.

160 ependent predictor of mortality below median flow rate in the validation cohort.

161 le mass balance model for estimating TE mass flow rates in CFPP waste streams and evaluates model acc

162 These adaptations resulted in hindlimb blood flow rates in IUGR that were similar to control fetuses

163 Recent investigations have advanced the flow rates in muPADs through the generation of a gap or

164 to continuously monitor xylem cavitation and flow rates in the stem of an intact vine during 10 d of

165 es were supported by a heated repeller using flow rates in the upper nL min(-1) range.

166 lucidate the driving forces behind the rapid flow rates in these devices.

167 stable spiral and then to a stable spiral as flow rates increase.

168 L h2 keeps decreasing as the drilling fluid flow rate increases.

169 To determine whether blood flow rate influences circuit life in continuous renal re

170 By varying the sample flow rate, initial droplets of different sizes can be ge

171 nce, such as channel height, retention time, flow rate, initial water temperature, and light intensit

172 utrient foramina show Morganucodon had blood flow rates intermediate between living mammals and repti

173 used to infuse protein samples at different flow rates into a mass spectrometer.

174 teins showed high intensities, while at high flow rates, ions related to higher charge states of prot

175 d p-cresyl glucuronide, an increase in blood flow rate is advantageous.

176 For retained compounds, the optimal flow rate is found to be on the order of 0.4 mL/min, ach

177 AVA measured at low flow rate is not a good prognostic marker and therefore

178 Sample flow rate is one of the parameters that influence the se

179 eous pressure to be generated when the fluid flow rate is sufficiently high and when the needle tip i

180 al arrangement of the patches maximizing the flow rate is universal and independent of chemistry.

181 that were not observed in other conventional flow rate LC-MS strategies.

182 The intensity of effluent flow rates (less intensive vs intensive) did not substan

183 printing parameters (e.g., capillary length, flow rate, light intensity) to identify printing conditi

184 n mobility-based instruments, and (iii) high flow rate liquid chromatography mass spectrometry platfo

185 e extraction yield were the nebulization gas flow rate, liquid flow rate, extraction time, acid conce

186 Nitrogen gas was flushed at two flow rates; low (2.15 l/min) and high (4.35 l/min) into

187 in the presence of ammonium acetate, at low flow rates, lower charge states of proteins showed high

188 Melbourne at 11 years of age had expiratory flow rates measured according to the standards of the Am

189 In vivo retinal flow rate measurements were self-consistent across vascu

190 s assessed by residual urine volume, maximal flow rate (MFR), and International Prostate Symptom Scor

191 s eluent A and acetonitrile as eluent B at a flow rate of 0.2 mL min(-1).

192 water without salt, adjusted pH of 5.4 and a flow rate of 0.36mL/min.

193 e achieved in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at a flow rate of 0.5 mL min(-1) and an applied potential of

194 consisted of water and acetonitrile, with a flow rate of 0.5mL/min in gradient elution mode.

195 N(2)O as the reaction gas in ICP-MS/MS at a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min, so a total suppression of 2 x 1

196 the same test conditions (25 degrees C, air flow rate of 1 cm(3) min(-1)).

197 s cell suspension of ferri/ferrocyanide at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min was passed over the immunosensor

198 An optimal flow rate of 10 muL/min was selected for a continuous fl

199 At an intraluminal pressure of 50 mmHg and flow rate of 10 ul/min, platelets were delivered to the

200 f a HeLa digest, using a 1 h gradient at the flow rate of 12 nL/min, which represents an increase by

201 n human blood plasma in continuous flow at a flow rate of 15 muL min(-1).

202 the two species examined and at a 2-propanol flow rate of 160 muL/h, MPA demonstrated the greatest sh

203 .2% at the external voltage of 1.2 V and gas flow rate of 19.6 mL/h.

204 ct solution nebulization when using a sample flow rate of 2 mL min(-1) and 500 mg L(-1) Cd(2+) as a s

205 active coronavirus was in excess of 2.2 at a flow rate of 2439 L min(-1) (13.9 mJ cm(-2)) and in exce

206 nce wavelength shift of the coated LPFG at a flow rate of 30 mul/ml and 37 degrees C in the concentra

207 to -400 V during the infusion to ESI-MS at a flow rate of 4.0 muL/min.

208 When the flow rate of bridge electrolyte into the sample is small

209 ow rate, the concentration of AuNPs, and the flow rate of carries gas, were optimized in detail.

210 The model also allows the overall flow rate of CO(2) to be estimated based on field measur

211 This contrasts with the constant flow rate of dry granular hoppers and the decreasing flo

212 The frequency of breathing and peak flow rate of exhaled air are necessary parameters to det

213 feed concentration, the rotating speed, the flow rate of feed and the operating pressure were studie

214 e of dry granular hoppers and the decreasing flow rate of pure liquids.

215 Flow rate of sample solution was 2.0 mL min(-1), while d

216 Parameters such as the flow rate of the amplicon solution and trapping time wer

217 The reported flow rate of the calibrated NN framework was measured to

218 h could easily follow the frequency and peak flow rate of the human breathing.

219 ters including the effect of initial pH, the flow rate of the sample solution and volume, amount of b

220 can continuously process the fluid at a high flow rate of up to 1.5 mL/min.

221 Our modelling suggests an ice mass flow rate of ~5 x 10(6) kg/s for the initial explosive e

222 ards, we obtain analysis rates of 100K/s and flow rates of 10 mL/min, while maintaining optical perfo

223 anoliter resolution control over the desired flow rates of 10-100 nL/min was obtained by changing the

224 ored solutions under different angles and at flow rates of 25, 50, and 100 muL/min.

225 fference in circuit life whether using blood flow rates of 250 or 150 mL/min during continuous renal

226 rticle sizes are PLGA concentrations and the flow rates of dispersed and aqueous phases in microfluid

227 trapping approach, the 2015 plant-level mass flow rates of Hg, Se, As, and Cl to solid, liquid, and g

228 ze for bacterial aerosols, by optimizing the flow rates of the sample air and liquid medium.

229 Flow rates of up to 22.5 muL/min are achieved by the pre

230 Yet, the impact of flow rate on prognostic value of AVA <=1.0 cm(2) is unkn

231 This study aimed to evaluate the effect of flow rate on prognostic value of AVA in AS.

232 tested effects of shear stress and elevated flow rate on reporter expression in vitro and ex vivo.

233 of diabetic patients and b) effect of sample flow rate on the biosensing platform performance.

234 ate scan as a way to reveal the influence of flow rate on the CSDs of the studied proteins.

235 stematically studied the influence of sample flow rate on the ESI charge state distributions (CSDs) o

236 estigate the effect of change in portal vein flow rates on the size and shape of ablations created by

237 Decreasing the flow rate or flow interruption facilitated oxidation rea

238 e profiles can be produced by modulating the flow rate or inlet temperature of the water passing thro

239 et size and generation frequency rather than flow rates or pressures.

240 highly regular and symmetric even for linear flow rates over the packed microchip column in a range o

241 eated by the bipolar device at the different flow rates (P > .05 for all outcomes).

242 ance: selectivity, capacity (i.e. permeation flow rate per unit area) and transport of mass and momen

243 PSS), quality-of-life score, maximum urinary flow rate, postvoid residual volume, prostate-specific a

244 Theoretical flow rate predictions based on vessel diameters are not

245 Salivary flow rate, protein concentration and relative changes in

246 g tongue force, number of teeth and salivary flow rate, protein content and antioxidant capacity) of

247 apable of stable operation at the ~20 nL/min flow rate provided by the LC separation.

248 Co-primary outcomes were maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) and International Prostate Symptom Scor

249 Critical parameters including pH, flow rate, quantity of C. micaceus, quantity of gamma-Fe

250 t processing up to 120muL of DNA dilution at flow rates ranging from 1 to 5muL/min without compromisi

251 e the hydrodynamic focusing as a function of flow rate ratio of the microfluidic chamber inlets.

252 The effect of flow rate (ratio of stroke volume to ejection time) on p

253 n be adapted to different particle sizes and flow rate ratios.

254 , human anterior segments perfused at higher flow rates released significantly more nitrites and SEAP

255 s constant during the monitoring period (ie, flow rate remained low and resistance stayed high).

256 ow facility (C) was determined from the pump flow rate required to hold IOP at different levels.

257 , urinary protein, albumin/creatinine ratio, flow rate, resistance were measured.

258 In contrast, an increase in the fluid flow rate results in an increase in the microchannel cro

259 sence of a physiologically relevant shearing flow rate results in very different size and shape-depen

260 e) and the separation scheme (sample loading flow rate, rinsing volume, and eluent composition), we f

261 We propose the use of sample flow rate scan as a way to reveal the influence of flow

262 of all charge states was observed during the flow rate scan.

263 A dedicated programmable sample flow rate scanner was used to infuse protein samples at

264 inuous renal replacement therapy using blood flow rate set at 250 mL/min was not more likely to cause

265 nt concentration, current density, electrode flow rate, specific capacitance, contact resistance, por

266 ata show that a broad range of intravascular flow rates stimulate EC PKD2 channels, producing vasodil

267 Increased flow rates substantially improve the platform sensitivit

268 at are more sensitive to fluctuations in the flow rate than with traditional SFC.

269 izes (>300 mum) provide at least 169x faster flow rates than single-layer muPADs, but do not conform

270 Our observations suggest that at low flow rates the protein molecules follow a charged residu

271 he concentration of organic acid, the sample flow rate, the concentration of AuNPs, and the flow rate

272 By adjusting the flow rate, the force magnitude exerted on the cell can b

273 process input parameters, namely, the argon flow rate, the hydrogen flow rate, the powder feed rate,

274 s, namely, the argon flow rate, the hydrogen flow rate, the powder feed rate, and the current, that y

275 d with measured and reported data on TE mass flow rates, this model generally overestimates masses by

276 n normal and glaucomatous eyes despite lower flow rate through the latter due to their higher flow re

277 ight % could be obtained by tuning the water flow rate through the solid electrolyte, and the catalys

278 my and circulation, which we use to quantify flow rates through various major vessels.

279 malization confirmed the optimal carrier gas flow rate to be 1.7 mL min(-1).

280 ed geometry of the canal imposes the average flow rate to be null, explaining the reported bidirectio

281 rom 1.5 to 3 mm, and is capable of producing flow rates up to 1.6 mL min(-1).

282 Carbon dioxide at high flow rates (up to 4.0 mL/min) is delivered into gas chro

283 e highest recorded Karakoram glacier surface flow rate using feature tracking (~18 +/- 0.5 m d(-1)) a

284 vel (decoupling the confounding influence of flow rate variability on sensor response) and the system

285 iments that FCS can sensitively quantify the flow-rates, variability, and content of rapidly passing

286 Median hourly effluent flow rate was 43 mL/kg (interquartile range, 37-62).

287 this study, the range of laundry wastewater flow rate was calculated as 6.23-17.58 m(3)/day; also st

288 vs. 26.6+/-4.8 mmHg, P = 0.004), and aqueous flow rate was decreased by 15% (2.07+/-0.73 vs. 1.77+/-0

289 The aqueous humor flow rate was not detectibly different, nor did the calc

290 However, aqueous humor flow rate was not statistically different (2.47 +/- 0.9

291 parameters and the LS and the spray solution flow rates was tested in in-line LS DESI MS.

292 cant alterations to the CSDs with increasing flow rate were observed.

293 mpling end of the probe, and carrier solvent flow rate were optimized for maximum signal.

294 ient composition of the mobile phase and the flow rate were optimized with respect to the resolution

295 parameters (radio frequency power and argon flow rates) were optimized.

296 on parameters (radio frequency power and gas flow rates) were tested in the presented experiments her

297 elation between the applied pressure and the flow rate, which can be harnessed to switch the directio

298 ne major limitation of these devices is slow flow rates, which are controlled by capillary action in

299 ecreases with the increase in drilling fluid flow rate, while L h2 keeps decreasing as the drilling f

300 capillary column at a 300 nL/min flow rate with automated fraction concatenation, instead

301 ypically used 2.1 mm column at a 200 muL/min flow rate with manual concatenation.