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1 ids that have been artificially added to the genetic code).
2 on-based regulatory response inherent to the genetic code.
3 NA to allow for accurate reading of the mRNA genetic code.
4 at must be overcome in order to engineer the genetic code.
5 ities beyond those directly specified by the genetic code.
6 nslation that enabled Asn to be added to the genetic code.
7 e limited functionality contained within the genetic code.
8 ues remain unsolved, such as the origin of a genetic code.
9 chemical steps that translate the universal genetic code.
10 NAs are essential for the translation of the genetic code.
11 e codon readings comprising about 15% of the genetic code.
12 perform an essential role in translating the genetic code.
13 effectively side-steps the degeneracy of the genetic code.
14 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, establishes the genetic code.
15 t in possibly catastrophic corruption of the genetic code.
16 t amino acid, as defined by the rules of the genetic code.
17 s commonly thought to strictly adhere to the genetic code.
18 ins of life is not confined to the universal genetic code.
19 SR1 bacteria use a unique genetic code.
20 ase-pairing in mRNA, which is imposed by the genetic code.
21 tant protein molecules that deviate from the genetic code.
22 selected very early in the evolution of the genetic code.
23 ve advantage underlying the expansion of the genetic code.
24 oacylation, both essential for expanding the genetic code.
25 provided an effective mechanism to alter the genetic code.
26 e found in their respective positions in the genetic code.
27 ding of AUA, resulting in a deviation in the genetic code.
28 tral dogma of DNA to RNA to protein, and the genetic code.
29 ents across membranes is as universal as the genetic code.
30 g experimental evidence for a stereochemical genetic code.
31 yptophane, Prochlorococcus uses the standard genetic code.
32 mechanism, may offer a new way to expand the genetic code.
33 d constitute a second transient layer of the genetic code.
34 vertically and reflect the evolution of the genetic code.
35 synthetic protein produced using an expanded genetic code.
36 for conveying information in addition to the genetic code.
37 ential to the physical interpretation of the genetic code.
38 NAs to decode multiple codons, expanding the genetic code.
39 derations and technologies for expanding the genetic code.
40 ive during the finalization of the universal genetic code.
41 the pairing rules are the molecule basis of genetic code.
42 onding orthologs, and display an alternative genetic code.
43 nism that cysteine was originally added into genetic code.
44 nexpected surprises in mRNA splicing and the genetic code.
45 lation is determined by a triplet-of-triplet genetic code.
46 and elongation codons is used to expand the genetic code.
47 tive fixation of the last amino acids in the genetic code.
48 involved in maintaining the fidelity of the genetic code.
49 n the formation of UV-induced lesions of the genetic code.
50 no acid side chains via the expansion of the genetic code.
51 systems, cellular memories, and alternative genetic codes.
52 signing genomes exhibiting radically altered genetic codes.
53 reassigned codons in organisms with expanded genetic codes.
54 ependence of these features on variations of genetic codes.
55 sts substantially accelerated development of genetic coding.
59 d evolution protocols adapted to an expanded genetic code, affording a biocatalyst capable of acceler
60 y' during an early expansion of a primordial genetic code, allowing for multiplexed protein coding an
65 ls is a crowded environment that consists of genetic code along the DNA, together with a condensed so
66 these fungi survived this potentially lethal genetic code alteration and its relevance for their biol
67 open the door to produce microorganisms with genetic code alterations for basic and applied research.
70 eriophages can infect hosts with a different genetic code and demonstrate phage-host antagonism based
71 ponsible for the faithful translation of the genetic code and have lately become a prominent target f
73 s embedded in the structure of the universal genetic code and may have contributed to shaping it.
75 is highly demanding for the expansion of the genetic code and other possible biotechnological applica
78 ein-coding regions, our understanding of the genetic code and splicing allows us to identify likely c
79 The origins of cells, the emergence of the genetic code and translation, the evolution of the eukar
80 iety of mechanisms to ensure fidelity of the genetic code and ultimately select the correct amino aci
81 rase was expressed in cells with an expanded genetic code and used in the photochemical activation of
82 ity to identify sequences that use alternate genetic codes and confidence values for each gene call.
84 ng the cortex at the level of its underlying genetic code, and rapid technological advances have prop
85 very of antibiotics, the decipherment of the genetic code, and rational approaches to understand and
86 uch as scrambled coding regions, nonstandard genetic codes, and convoluted modes of posttranscription
87 they are linked by ancestral sense/antisense genetic coding, and their evident modularities suggest d
88 esearch increases the possibility of finding genetic coding anomalies that are not the primary object
91 netic code, suggesting that ciliate-specific genetic codes arose after Stentor branched from other ci
92 de all 20 amino acids found in the universal genetic code as some amino acids have complex biosynthet
93 h potential impact can be estimated from the genetic code, but determining the impact of rare noncodi
95 n amino acids were subsequently added to the genetic code by changing nonsense codons into sense codo
96 ically affects mRNA function--it changes the genetic code by facilitating non-canonical base pairing
97 Pyl-decoding archaea adapted to an expanded genetic code by minimizing TAG codon frequency to typica
98 mino acid supply, lift the degeneracy of the genetic code by splitting codon families into a hierarch
99 milar to DNA replication, translation of the genetic code by the ribosome is hypothesized to be excep
101 the genetic code was deciphered, but how the genetic code came into being has not been satisfactorily
102 es have shown that all 20 amino acids of the genetic code can act, in cognate sequence contexts, as d
103 ules that direct alternative readings of the genetic code can be employed as basic circuit components
105 hanges in gene expression independent of the genetic code can be transmitted from one generation to t
112 xtent to which the structure of the standard genetic code constrains evolution by analyzing adaptive
113 he past 20 years for reading and writing the genetic code converged when the first synthetic cell was
115 to T7 bacteriophage, demonstrating that new genetic codes could enable increased viral resistance.
119 It is now widely accepted that the earliest genetic code did not encode all 20 amino acids found in
120 lipons are elements of a binary, instructive genetic code directing how genomic sequences are compile
121 (tRNA) are quintessential in deciphering the genetic code; disseminating nucleic acid triplets into c
123 ecoding (local deviation from using standard genetic code) due to possessing specific sequence motifs
124 have critical roles in interpretation of the genetic code during protein synthesis, and in non-canoni
126 s are required that provide control over the genetic code - enabling targeted modifications to DNA se
127 alteration will be important as the field of genetic code engineering continues to infiltrate the gen
129 in the first organism possessing an altered genetic code (Escherichia coli strain C321.DeltaA) to co
131 ) hypothesis proposes that an early stage of genetic code evolution involved RNA molecules acting as
132 olecular level is critical for understanding genetic code evolution, and provides clues to genetic co
139 the number of orthogonal pairs available for genetic code expansion and provides a pipeline for the d
146 ), and demonstrate practical applications of genetic code expansion in protein labeling, photocrossli
149 ss of proteoforms, based on residue-specific genetic code expansion labeling with a molecular beacon
150 ic incorporation of bioorthogonal groups via genetic code expansion provides a powerful general strat
155 y, which will augment the current efforts on genetic code expansion through quadruplet decoding.
158 a useful guidance for further efforts on the genetic code expansion using a non-canonical quadruplet
162 f C-terminal residues of Hst2, introduced by genetic code expansion, stimulates its deacetylase activ
170 utilized in many research fields, including genetic-code extension, novel therapeutics development,
171 ation into proteins via the expansion of the genetic code, F-PSCaa reacts with a nearby cysteine with
173 nsfer RNA (tRNA) synthetases, which preserve genetic code fidelity by removing incorrect amino acids
176 s bearing ncAAs, but stabilizing an expanded genetic code for sustained function in vivo requires an
177 collectively, its genome) provides a primary genetic code for what makes that individual unique, just
178 proposes that early in the evolution of the genetic code four amino acids-valine, alanine, aspartic
184 ibonucleoprotein machine that translates the genetic code in all cells, synthesizing proteins accordi
185 l feature of life is that ribosomes read the genetic code in messenger RNA (mRNA) as triplets of nucl
187 nown organism that modulates the size of its genetic code in response to its environment and energy s
189 rk highlights the dynamic feature of natural genetic codes in mitochondria, and the relative simplici
190 design of engineered organisms with altered genetic codes in order to preclude the exchange of genet
191 does our work demonstrate the involvement of genetic codes in regulating protein synthesis and foldin
193 to divide the 20 amino acids of the standard genetic code into groups, thereby forming a simplified a
196 e in cell vitality by the translation of the genetic code into proteins; hence, it is a major target
197 to the life of a cell, as they translate the genetic code into the amino acid language of proteins.
202 evolutionary mechanism for expansion of the genetic code is described in which individual coded amin
204 Here we show that the degeneracy of the genetic code is lifted by environmental perturbations to
206 adapt to changing environments, and show the genetic code is much more flexible than previously thoug
211 cate that the selective value of an expanded genetic code is related to carbon source range and metab
212 of 20 amino acids found within the standard genetic code is the result of considerable natural selec
215 mino acid found to be encoded in the natural genetic code, is necessary for all of the known pathways
218 ng features, including use of an alternative genetic code, large intergenic regions that are highly e
220 some organisms developed naturally expanded genetic codes long ago over the course of evolution.
221 ity reflects differences in the evolution of genetic code machineries of emerging bacterial clades.
224 ids for Val-216, indicating that an expanded genetic code may offer novel solutions to proteins as th
225 o which amino acids that are not part of the genetic code might also threaten translational accuracy.
232 We have changed the amino acid set of the genetic code of Escherichia coli by evolving cultures ca
234 of many genes, viruses that alter the entire genetic code of their hosts and organisms that adjust th
235 , the addition of new building blocks to the genetic code of tissues from human origin has not yet be
239 making it possible to rationally change the genetic code, offering resistance to viruses, genetic is
244 is encoded in the structure of the standard genetic code, providing robustness against mutations tha
246 e data show how a natural proteome adapts to genetic code reduction and indicate that the selective v
249 illion years of genetic drift, the canonical genetic code remains such a fundamental foundation for t
250 canonical monomers into polypeptides through genetic code reprogramming permits synthesis of bio-base
253 , the limited functionality presented by the genetic code restricts the range of catalytic mechanisms
254 of such representations are specified by the genetic code, robust learning of such complex representa
255 stablished molecular biology methods such as genetic coding, selection, and DNA sequencing to combina
256 ECENT FINDINGS: NGS sequencing of the entire genetic coding sequence (the exome) has successfully ide
259 Emerging strategies aim to reprogram the genetic code so that noncanonical biopolymers can be syn
261 the Newfoundland Population: Environment and Genetics (CODING) study were genotyped by using probe-ba
262 oach can be applied to sequences lacking the genetic code such as ncRNAs and 5'-untranslated regions.
263 irst, we find that Stentor uses the standard genetic code, suggesting that ciliate-specific genetic c
264 ient specificity to ensure a fully developed genetic code, suggesting that they participated in synth
266 structure to function, we exploited expanded genetic-code technology to insert photo-activatable prob
267 Synonymous codons provide redundancy in the genetic code that influences translation rates in many o
268 These auxotrophic GROs possess alternative genetic codes that impart genetic isolation by impeding
271 ts do not preclude an adaptive origin of the genetic code, they suggest that the code was not selecte
274 (TMA), A. arabaticum dynamically expands its genetic code to 21 amino acids including pyrrolysine (Py
275 lement selenium can alter the readout of the genetic code to affect the expression of an entire class
276 ogical systems exploit the degeneracy of the genetic code to control gene expression, protein folding
278 from benign rare variants have leveraged the genetic code to identify deleterious protein-coding alle
280 that protein composition works alongside the genetic code to minimize impact of mutations on protein
283 messenger RNA (mRNA) and the cracking of the genetic code took place within weeks of each other in a
285 radical compositional evolution is the novel genetic code used by Balanophora plastids, in which TAG
286 s the stop codon UAG to pyrrolysine (Pyl), a genetic code variant that results from the biosynthesis
287 intron gain and loss, extensive patterns of genetic code variation and complex patterns of gene loss
292 ngs support the hypothesis that the standard genetic code was shaped by selective pressure to minimiz
293 ss the feasibility of radically altering the genetic code, we selected a panel of 42 highly expressed
294 me interprets two codes within the mRNA: the genetic code which specifies the amino acid sequence and
297 The knowledge obtained by rewriting the genetic code will deepen our understanding of how genome
300 icular, an essential activity leading to the genetic code would be the reaction of ribozymes with act