ライフサイエンスコーパス: glutaredoxin

1 t two of the five cysteine residues in human glutaredoxin.

2 nzymes such as glutathione S-transferase and glutaredoxin.

3 from immobilized S-glutathionylated actin to glutaredoxin.

4 the reactivation of RNR through reduction of glutaredoxins.

5 isulfide on par with mammalian and bacterial glutaredoxins.

6 es required for synthesis of glutathione and glutaredoxins.

7 cystine reductase activity characteristic of glutaredoxins.

8 member of this new expanding family of large glutaredoxins.

9 lications for protein disulfide reduction by glutaredoxins.

10 reducing proteins glutaredoxin 3 (Grx3) and glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1) are structurally similar but exhib

11 hione redox couple: Inhibition of endogenous glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1) disrupted roGFP2 responses to O(3)

12 Glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1) is an evolutionally conserved anti

13 Here we report the role of glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1), an antioxidant enzyme, in flow-me

14 Moreover, neutrophils deficient in glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1), an enzyme required for deglutathi

15 Disruption of glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1), an enzyme that catalyzes actin de

16 Glutathionylation was reversed by glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1), and GSH plus Grx1 was able to sup

17 green fluorescent protein 2, coupled to the glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1-roGFP2).

18 Strains that lack thioredoxins 1 and 2 and glutaredoxin 1 do not grow because RNR remains in its ox

19 storing the ability of Atox1 to bind copper; glutaredoxin 1 facilitates this reaction when GSH is low

20 eak Na(+)-K(+) pump current when we included glutaredoxin 1 in patch pipette solutions to reverse glu

21 lically stressed monocytes by overexpressing glutaredoxin 1 protected MKP-1 from degradation and norm

22 This reaction was stimulated by glutaredoxin 1 via the so-called monothiol mechanism.

23 G, proline increased the expression of grxA (glutaredoxin 1) and trxC (thioredoxin 2) of the OxyR reg

24 edoxin superfamily, thioredoxins 1 and 2 and glutaredoxin 1, is unable to grow, a phenotype presumed

25 o that its properties are closer to those of glutaredoxin 1.

26 Glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx) is a cytosolic enzyme that regulat

27 Glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx) is a small cytosolic enzyme that r

28 AAVs coding for glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx) shRNA successfully inhibited Glrx

29 reversed by the cytosolic thioltransferase, glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx).

30 hionylation, that are selectively removed by glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx).

31 in lungs of mice lacking and overexpressing glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx1), and wild-type (WT) mice in respo

32 and the specific deglutathionylation reagent glutaredoxin-1 (Grx1).

33 n of Fas (Fas-SSG), which can be reversed by glutaredoxin-1 (Grx1).

34 Recently, the human enzyme glutaredoxin-1 (hGrx1) has been shown to possess Cu meta

35 catalase, a dominant-negative p47(phox), or glutaredoxin-1 decreased GSS-Ras, Ras activation, p38, a

36 promotes clearance of P. aeruginosa and that glutaredoxin-1 impairs bacterial clearance and increases

37 Glutaredoxin-1 overexpression maintained endogenous SirT

38 n of SERCA, and adenoviral overexpression of glutaredoxin-1 prevented both the HNO-stimulated oxidati

39 PTMs of SirT1 are glutathione (GSH) adducts, glutaredoxin-1 was overexpressed to remove this modifica

40 ss spectroscopy, five proteins, cathepsin G, glutaredoxin-1, thioredoxin, GP1b, and fibrinogen, showe

41 E. coli has three glutaredoxins: 1, 2, and 3, each with a classical -Cys-P

42 Glutaredoxin 2 (Grx2) from Escherichia coli is distingui

43 Vertebrate-specific glutaredoxin 2 (Grx2) is expressed in at least two isofo

44 Here, we discovered an essential function of glutaredoxin 2 during vascular development.

45 Consequently, overexpression of glutaredoxin 2 in the IMS results in a more reduced Mia4

46 revealed that morpholino-based knockdown of glutaredoxin 2 in zebrafish, a model organism to study v

47 In this report glutaredoxin 2 is shown to be the most effective hydroge

48 umed common ancestor of cytosolic GSTs (i.e. glutaredoxin 2).

49 ryogenesis has recently been exemplified for glutaredoxin 2, a vertebrate-specific glutathione-disulf

50 ion of a functional vascular system requires glutaredoxin 2-dependent reversible S-glutathionylation

51 Thereby, glutaredoxin 2-mediated redox regulation controls enzyma

52 catalytic region of sirtuin 1 as target for glutaredoxin 2-specific deglutathionylation.

53 Glutaredoxin-2 (Grx2) modulates the activity of several

54 Here, we demonstrate that glutaredoxin-2 (Grx2), a matrix oxidoreductase, is requi

55 The reducing proteins glutaredoxin 3 (Grx3) and glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1) are stru

56 s dependent on the action of a host protein, glutaredoxin 3 (GrxC).

57 Furthermore, we show that glutaredoxin 3 requires the glutathione biosynthesis pat

58 ion of mutations in the gene for the protein glutaredoxin 3 that suppress the growth defect.

59 ations that lead to RNR overproduction allow glutaredoxin 3 to reduce sufficient RNR for growth of th

60 cell allows more effective interaction with glutaredoxin 3, thus restoring an effective pool of deox

61 Human cytosolic monothiol glutaredoxin-3 (GLRX3) is a protein essential for the ma

62 tional role of the interaction between human glutaredoxin-3 (GRX3) and its protein partner BOLA2, we

63 [2Fe-2S]-bridged heterodimer formed between glutaredoxin-3 and the BolA-like protein Fe repressor of

64 Glutaredoxin 5 (GLRX5) deficiency has previously been id

65 racterization tool is demonstrated with holo glutaredoxin 5 (GLRX5) homodimer and holo GLRX5:BolA-lik

66 Together with glutaredoxin 5 (GLRX5), HSCB and HSPA9 facilitate the tr

67 LIAS), BolA type 3 (BOLA3), and a novel gene glutaredoxin 5 (GLRX5).

68 that Ssq1 also interacts with the monothiol glutaredoxin 5 (Grx5) at a binding site different from t

69 In mitochondria monothiol glutaredoxin 5 (GRX5) is involved in the maturation of a

70 Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial glutaredoxin 5 (Grx5) is the archetypical member of a ub

71 zebrafish mutants is caused by deficiency of glutaredoxin 5 (grx5), a gene required in yeast for Fe-S

72 de a sideroblastic anemia with deficiency of glutaredoxin 5 and a myopathy associated with a deficien

73 ever, the human diseases, Friedreich ataxia, glutaredoxin 5-deficient sideroblastic anemia, ISCU myop

74 Glutaredoxin 6 (Grx6) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an

75 eved with the reduced form of glutathione or glutaredoxin, a protein known to replace thioredoxin in

76 Both lipoic acid and glutaredoxins act in the reverse manner from their norma

77 een the toxin sulfurs and cysteine 22 in the glutaredoxin active site.

78 Purified recombinant Pv5-6 exhibited glutaredoxin activity that was increased 1.6-fold by 10

79 ng (13)C-labeled glucose, and an increase in glutaredoxin activity, which catalyzes the glutathione-d

80 sults reveal a novel neuroprotective role of glutaredoxin against dopaminergic neurodegeneration in m

81 Proteins such as thioredoxin, glutaredoxin, albumin, beta-lactoglobulin, and lactopero

82 ndings thus indicate that carefully balanced glutaredoxin amounts in the IMS ensure efficient oxidati

83 balance between cellular reductants such as glutaredoxin and copper activation pathways in controlli

84 ese results present a physiological role for glutaredoxin and ROS- induced reversible actin glutathio

85 ow that H encodes a novel epidermis-specific glutaredoxin and that the pattern of trichome distributi

86 In Escherichia coli, the glutathione/glutaredoxin and thioredoxin pathways are essential for

87 Using these proteins, we showed that the glutaredoxin and thioredoxin reductase domains of TGR co

88 Reduction of Hsp33 is catalyzed by the glutaredoxin and thioredoxin systems in vivo, and leads

89 redox homeostasis, including the glutathione/glutaredoxin and thioredoxin systems.

90 cross talk existing between the glutathione/glutaredoxin and Trx-dependent pathways.

91 The interaction between glutaredoxins and Aft1 is not modulated by the iron stat

92 In particular, cytosolic monothiol glutaredoxins and BolA-like proteins have been identifie

93 h a high amino acid sequence similarity with glutaredoxins and mycoredoxins but with a thioredoxin-li

94 Glutaredoxins and thioredoxins are highly conserved, sma

95 Glutaredoxins and thioredoxins are ubiquitous small heat

96 ative participation of the thioltransferase (glutaredoxin) and thioredoxin systems in overall cellula

97 S] clusters on Rieske, ferredoxin (Fdx), and glutaredoxin), and cluster oxidation states.

98 including glucanase, glutathione peroxidase, glutaredoxin, and a profilin were found to be widely exp

99 lular thiol oxidoreductases, thioredoxin and glutaredoxin, and found that these enzymes can control t

100 Glutathione S-transferase, thioredoxin, glutaredoxins, and DNA repair enzymes responded most str

101 d enzymes, including glutathione reductases, glutaredoxins, and glutathione S-transferases, indicated

102 we conclude that catalase and peroxiredoxin-glutaredoxin are determinants of bacterial persistence d

103 E10R and L1R viral membrane proteins and the glutaredoxin are in the cytoplasm, in which assembly of

104 stically in fungi and higher eukaryotes, the glutaredoxins are conserved, yet their precise function

105 In yeast cells, cytosolic monothiol glutaredoxins are required for the formation of heme and

106 zing glutathione as a resolving cysteine and glutaredoxin as a redox partner.

107 ction of arsenate to arsenite using GSH with glutaredoxin as electron donors.

108 rSynArsC employed glutathione and glutaredoxin as the source of reducing equivalents, like

109 Activity required GSH and glutaredoxin as the source of reducing equivalents.

110 we demonstrate that an Arabidopsis monothiol glutaredoxin, AtGRXS17 (At4g04950), plays a critical rol

111 ich has a redox potential similar to that of glutaredoxin, becomes essential for cell survival when G

112 se, superoxide dismutases, thioredoxins, and glutaredoxins between normal Prdx6-/- and Prdx6+/+ mice

113 po-form of A4V SOD1 was highly reactive with glutaredoxin but not SOD1 containing both copper and zin

114 isulfides, containing one adducted toxin per glutaredoxin but with elimination of two sulfur atoms fr

115 Escherichia coli is distinguished from other glutaredoxins by its larger size, low overall sequence i

116 We find that glutaredoxins can promote disulfide bond formation in th

117 subclass of the thioredoxin superfamily, the glutaredoxins, can become disulfide bond-formation catal

118 g to Grx1(as) cDNA showed that two different glutaredoxin cDNAs (Grx1(as) and Grx1) were generated fr

119 es within the DsbA family different from the glutaredoxin cluster to which mycoredoxin-1 (Mrx1 or Rv3

120 GRXS17 is a nucleocytosolic monothiol glutaredoxin consisting of an N-terminal thioredoxin dom

121 The glutaredoxin domain is a monothiol glutaredoxin containing a CxxS motif at the active site,

122 e observed that the catalytic enhancement by glutaredoxin could be ascribed fully to the difference b

123 The inactivated glutaredoxin could be reactivated by dithiothreitol only

124 concentration of inducer, and the amount of glutaredoxin could be varied from barely detectable to g

125 Physiological reductases, thioredoxins and glutaredoxins, could not dissolve AtGAPC1 aggregates but

126 ave identified mutations in the gene Grxcr1 (glutaredoxin cysteine-rich 1) in five independent alleli

127 nt in GSH biosynthesis) that is defective in glutaredoxin-dependent redox signaling and ntra/ntrb (de

128 ly complex proteins or deletion of cytosolic glutaredoxins did not reduce expression of Yap5 target g

129 or of thioredoxin 1 in this environment, the glutaredoxins do so independently of DsbB.

130 edoxin reductases, it contains an N-terminal glutaredoxin domain and exhibits a wide spectrum of enzy

131 It has an additional glutaredoxin domain and shows highest expression in test

132 entified, which is a fusion of an N-terminal glutaredoxin domain and the TR module.

133 s of cells but is dependent on the conserved glutaredoxin domain Cys residue.

134 The glutaredoxin domain is a monothiol glutaredoxin containi

135 ged between a BOLA2 molecule and a monothiol glutaredoxin domain of GRX3, and to transfer both [2Fe-2

136 de center within the TR domain to either the glutaredoxin domain or Trx.

137 to 72 forming a classical "thioredoxin-fold" glutaredoxin domain, connected by an 11 residue linker t

138 ch is v3 that carries an atypical N-terminal glutaredoxin domain.

139 he thiol/disulfide active site of TGR to the glutaredoxin domain.

140 evolutionary conserved fusion of the TR and glutaredoxin domains.

141 ox pathway was found for O2L, a nonessential glutaredoxin encoded by vaccinia virus.

142 ed by hktE) and a bifunctional peroxiredoxin-glutaredoxin (encoded by pdgX) in resistance of NTHI to

143 catalase-peroxidase system, but thioredoxin/glutaredoxin enzymes might alleviate oxidative stress.

144 Importantly, treatment of inactive KGDH with glutaredoxin facilitated the GSH-dependent recovery of K

145 interaction between members of the monothiol glutaredoxin family and members of the BolA-like protein

146 ld type highlights the role of mitochondrial glutaredoxin Fe-S-binding in whole plant growth and toxi

147 However, glutaredoxins from both S. cerevisiae and E. coli were a

148 signaling and that cytokinins could activate glutaredoxin gene expression independent of plant nitrat

149 We determined that nitrate induction of glutaredoxin gene expression was dependent upon cytokini

150 h2 mutation was caused by transposition of a glutaredoxin gene, MALE STERILE CONVERTED ANTHER1 (MSCA1

151 RNA silencing of four of these glutaredoxin genes (AtGRXS3/4/5/8) resulted in plants wi

152 dox state of the cell, particularly a set of glutaredoxin genes.

153 The monothiol glutaredoxin Glrx3 and BolA2 function as a [2Fe-2S] chap

154 se clusters are transferred to the monothiol glutaredoxin GLRX5 by an Hsp70 system followed by insert

155 substrates are protein disulfide isomerase, glutaredoxin, glutathione peroxidase, NK-lysin/granulysi

156 Thus, thioredoxin was more efficient than glutaredoxin, glutathione, or a 14-kDa thioredoxin-like

157 Glutaredoxin (Grx) and protein-disulfide isomerase (PDI)

158 as composed of a basic TR1 module fused to a glutaredoxin (Grx) domain that contained an unusual acti

159 Glutaredoxin (Grx) is a ubiquitous redox molecule that i

160 tion of deoxyribonucleotides are provided by glutaredoxin (Grx) or thioredoxin (Trx).

161 nhibitory RNA (siRNA) directed against GR or glutaredoxin (Grx) potentiated adriamycin-induced macrop

162 mulator fern Pteris vittata L., a cDNA for a glutaredoxin (Grx) Pv5-6 was isolated from a frond expre

163 Redox molecules thioredoxin (Trx) and glutaredoxin (Grx) superfamilies actively maintain intra

164 Thioredoxin (Trx) and glutaredoxin (Grx) systems have been implicated as elect

165 Glutaredoxin (Grx) was deactivated in a dose-dependent f

166 Epitope-tagged glutaredoxin (GRX) was utilized to determine the role of

167 Human glutaredoxin (GRx), also known as thioltransferase, is a

168 oxidoreductase component of the GSH system, glutaredoxin (Grx), is involved in the reduction of GSH-

169 onylation of IKK-beta Cys-179 is reversed by glutaredoxin (GRX), which restores kinase activity.

170 Glutaredoxin (GRx), which specifically catalyzes reducti

171 Glutaredoxin (Grx)-catalyzed deglutathionylation of prot

172 uction of AR-SSG to AR-SH was facilitated by glutaredoxin (GRX).

173 Glutaredoxin (GRx, thioltransferase) is implicated in ce

174 is catalyzed specifically and efficiently by glutaredoxin (GRx, thioltransferase), a thioldisulfide o

175 ard mixed disulfides between glutathione and glutaredoxin (Grx-S-SG), consistent with the in vivo req

176 The yeast monothiol multidomain glutaredoxins (Grx) 3 and 4 are essential for both trans

177 edox) changes in the glutathione pool (GSH), glutaredoxins (GRX) and thioredoxins (TRX) are important

178 ns of oxidative stress and are controlled by glutaredoxins (Grx) that, under physiological conditions

179 (1) Several recent reports have demonstrated glutaredoxins (Grx) to form [Fe(2)S(2)] cluster-bridged

180 [2Fe-2S]-containing complexes with monothiol glutaredoxins (Grx), structural details are lacking.

181 Alternatively spliced human glutaredoxin (Grx1(as)) cDNA was isolated from a neutrop

182 il cDNA library, using a (32)P-labeled human glutaredoxin (Grx1) cDNA probe under non-stringent condi

183 frame of the previously reported first human glutaredoxin (Grx1) cDNA, but the 3'-untranslated region

184 Glutaredoxin (Grx1) plays a key role in such regulation

185 contains two gene pairs encoding cytoplasmic glutaredoxins (GRX1, GRX2) and thioredoxins (TRX1, TRX2)

186 the form of [2Fe-2S]-GSH2 from the monothiol glutaredoxin Grx3/4, and the same electron source, in th

187 We presently show that the nuclear monothiol glutaredoxins Grx3 and Grx4 are critical for iron inhibi

188 A homologue Fra2 and the cytosolic monothiol glutaredoxins Grx3 and Grx4 together play a key role in

189 likely dependent on the cytosolic monothiol glutaredoxins Grx3/Grx4 and the Fe-S cluster protein Dre

190 athway that includes the cytosolic monothiol glutaredoxins (Grx3 and Grx4) and the BolA homologue Fra

191 NG1 to suppress disease susceptibility genes glutaredoxins GRX480, GRXS13 and thioredoxin TRX-h5.

192 3 form dimeric complexes with both monothiol glutaredoxin Grx5 and Nfu1.

193 on-sulfur cluster formation on the monothiol glutaredoxin (GRX5) acceptor protein.

194 arlier in Fe-S biogenesis with the monothiol glutaredoxin, Grx5, and Bol3 functions late with Nfu1.

195 roteins, accessory factors such as monothiol glutaredoxin, GrxD, and the FeS carrier protein NfuA are

196 structural similarity, CxxC/S-type (class I) glutaredoxins (Grxs) act as oxidoreductases, while CGFS-

197 Cytosolic monothiol glutaredoxins (GRXs) are required in iron-sulfur (Fe-S)

198 Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are small oxidoreductases that redu

199 Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are small proteins that function as

200 Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are ubiquitous small heat-stable di

201 Glutaredoxins (GRXs) catalyze the reduction of protein d

202 Glutaredoxins (GRXs) modulate redox-dependent signaling

203 idative modification that can be reversed by glutaredoxins (Grxs).

204 using T(SH)(2) instead of GSH, including the glutaredoxins (Grxs).

205 Here, we examined the function of the glutaredoxin GRXS17, a member of thiol reductase familie

206 ete reactivation was only possible using the glutaredoxin/GSH system (97 +/- 4% and 91 +/- 3% for hBC

207 We concluded that the two glutaredoxin homologs encoded by vaccinia virus have dif

208 ioned in two activities that are typical for glutaredoxins, hydroxyethyl disulfide reduction and elec

209 ed Srx as the reaction intermediate, whereas glutaredoxin I was more favorable for deglutathionylatin

210 Furthermore, relative to glutaredoxin I, Srx exhibited negligible deglutathionyla

211 current study sporidesmin inactivated human glutaredoxin in a time- and concentration-dependent mann

212 scU to apo-Grx5, a general purpose monothiol glutaredoxin in A. vinelandii, was monitored by circular

213 recedented role for the thiol oxidoreductase glutaredoxin in reducing the SOD1 disulfide and destabil

214 These data suggest that redox regulation by glutaredoxin in retinal glial cells is perturbed by hype

215 rved role of cytosolic monothiol multidomain glutaredoxins in cellular iron metabolism pathways, incl

216 ristem size and revealed a novel function of glutaredoxins in meristem growth.

217 Here we demonstrate the presence of glutaredoxins in the IMS and show that limiting amounts

218 ds to Grx3 and Grx4, two cytosolic monothiol glutaredoxins, in an iron-independent fashion.

219 epidithiopiperazine-2,5-diones to inactivate glutaredoxin indicated that at least one phenyl substitu

220 ubstitutions in the active site of the three glutaredoxins indicated that only the N-terminal cystein

221 specific dethiolase enzyme thioltransferase (glutaredoxin), indicating that the inactivated form of t

222 tranferase), because Cd(II), an inhibitor of glutaredoxin, inhibits intracellular actin deglutathiony

223 s of the oxidized probe with glutathione and glutaredoxin into a larger kinetic model of peroxide met

224 Glutaredoxin is characterized as a specific and efficien

225 disulfide interchange; either thioredoxin or glutaredoxin is then thought to reduce the cystine that

226 The primary function of Grx2 as a GST-like glutaredoxin is to catalyze reversible glutathionylation

227 art of the conserved CGFS motif in monothiol glutaredoxins is essential for this function.

228 n S-glutathionylation, and thioltransferase (glutaredoxin) is a specific and efficient catalyst of pr

229 Cp9 (a distant relative of bacterial glutaredoxins) is a direct electron acceptor for Cp34, p

230 By using these glutaredoxin knocked-out cells, we have demonstrated tha

231 ion, indicating that the protein possesses a glutaredoxin-like activity.

232 APR) is composed of a reductase domain and a glutaredoxin-like C-terminal domain.

233 lines with the attB site integrated into the glutaredoxin-like cg6 gene.

234 bolism encode a second thioredoxin (TrxC), a glutaredoxin-like protein and enzymes involved in the bi

235 as thioredoxins, thioredoxin reductases, and glutaredoxin-like proteins.

236 potential thioredoxin reductases, and three glutaredoxin-like proteins.

237 a and beta subunits of RNR; NrdH and TrxR, a glutaredoxin-like thioredoxin and a thioredoxin reductas

238 MtMrx1, a glutaredoxin-like, mycothiol-dependent oxidoreductase, d

239 Glutathione-dependent glutaredoxin-mediated deglutathionylation of eNOS has be

240 We hypothesized that changes in glutaredoxin might be important in the development of di

241 With this method, glutaredoxin, monitored by Western blot, was knocked out

242 Monothiol glutaredoxins (mono-Grx) represent a highly evolutionari

243 Vaccinia virus encodes two glutaredoxins, O2L and G4L, both of which exhibit thiolt

244 Specifically, the major cytosolic glutaredoxin of yeast was seen to reduce the intramolecu

245 ionylation of the alpha subunit catalyzed by glutaredoxin or dithiothreitol resulted in restoration o

246 by PrxV is reduced by thioredoxin but not by glutaredoxin or glutathione.

247 as reductant directly in the active site, or glutaredoxins or thioredoxins reduce a C-terminal cystei

248 t of the system revealed no interaction with glutaredoxins or thioredoxins, indicating that this clas

249 lar thiol oxidoreductases that interact with glutaredoxins or thioredoxins.

250 ion are delivered by a redoxin (thioredoxin, glutaredoxin, or NrdH) via a pair of conserved active si

251 the single-cysteine omega class, which have glutaredoxin oxidoreductase activity rather than GSH-S-t

252 due to their capacity to tap the glutathione/glutaredoxin pathway for DNA biosynthesis.

253 uctase, AhpC*, active in the glutathione and glutaredoxin pathway.

254 ced state by the thioredoxin and glutathione/glutaredoxin pathways.

255 selen known to modulate both thioredoxin and glutaredoxin pathways.

256 These include catalase (HktE), peroxiredoxin/glutaredoxin (PgdX), and a ferritin-like protein (Dps).

257 Monothiol glutaredoxins play a crucial role in iron-sulfur (Fe/S)

258 olds have diverged from a common thioredoxin/glutaredoxin progenitor but did so by different mechanis

259 tein that contains a region of similarity to glutaredoxin proteins and a cysteine-rich region at its

260 IMS and show that limiting amounts of these glutaredoxins provide a kinetic barrier to prevent the t

261 of the Grx1(as) genomic gene, two additional glutaredoxin pseudogenes were also isolated.

262 owing that a poplar ortholog is reduced by a glutaredoxin rather than NADP-thioredoxin reductase.

263 d (glutathione S-transferase P) and reverse (glutaredoxin) reactions creates a functional cycle that

264 n Bacteroides fragilis lacks the glutathione/glutaredoxin redox system and possesses an extensive num

265 Thioredoxin and glutaredoxin reduce the oxidized Dio3 at physiological c

266 e functionally replaces glutathione, and the glutaredoxins replace LpdA.

267 Inactivation of glutaredoxin required the reduced (dithiol) form of the

268 ally characterized the role of mitochondrial glutaredoxin S15 (GRXS15) in biogenesis of ISC containin

269 Cells lacking both glutaredoxins show constitutive expression of iron regul

270 " cytokinin-deficient plants and "long-root" glutaredoxin-silenced plants generated hybrids that disp

271 se has been shown to require glutathione and glutaredoxin, suggesting that thiol chemistry might be i

272 In conclusion, the glutaredoxin system and glutathione have a backup role t

273 utants lacking components of the glutathione/glutaredoxin system are unaffected.

274 e redox Western blot data indicated that the glutaredoxin system protected Trx1 in HeLa cells from ox

275 lutathionylation of hBCATc-SSG using the GSH/glutaredoxin system provides evidence that this protein

276 ts strongly suggest that the thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems are the key regulators for hSOD1 ag

277 uctase (TryR) instead of the thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems of mammalian hosts.

278 reased the capability of the thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems to reduce hSOD1 compared with wild-

279 The carboxyl-terminal domain functions as a glutaredoxin that mediates the transfer of electrons fro

280 of intramolecular disulfide bonds of the G4L glutaredoxin, the L1R membrane protein, and the structur

281 Glutaredoxin therefore preferentially targets the immatu

282 lutathionylation is most likely catalyzed by glutaredoxin (thioltranferase), because Cd(II), an inhib

283 Glutaredoxin (thioltransferase) is a thiol-disulfide oxi

284 osphatases using a descriptor built from the glutaredoxin/thioredoxin family, proteins that have no a

285 iosynthetic enzymes, glutathione reductases, glutaredoxins, thioredoxins, and thioredoxin reductases,

286 d disulfide with GSH before being reduced by glutaredoxin to regenerate the active Acr2p reductase.

287 d disulfide with GSH before being reduced by glutaredoxin to regenerate the active ArsC reductase.

288 e active RNR, the cell uses thioredoxins and glutaredoxins to reduce the disulfide bond.

289 of [2Fe-2S] cluster transfer from monothiol glutaredoxins to target proteins is a fundamental, but s

290 Aspartic proteases, BTB/POZ proteins (BTB), Glutaredoxins, Trypsin alpha-amylase inhibitor proteins,

291 n-associated protein, focal adhesion kinase, glutaredoxin, utrophin) may be novel mediators of NFT fo

292 By comparison, glutaredoxin was less reactive toward the disulfide of w

293 Various cysteine-to-serine mutants of glutaredoxin were resistant to inactivation by sporidesm

294 Seven genes encoding class III glutaredoxins were found to be strongly and specifically

295 namely, the L1R and F9L proteins and the G4L glutaredoxin-were completely reduced.

296 iamide-GSH is partially recovered by DTT and glutaredoxin, whereas the disulfide linkage of GSH with

297 ytosolic compartment that involves monothiol glutaredoxins, which bind iron in the form of iron-sulfu

298 al member of a ubiquitous class of monothiol glutaredoxins with a strictly conserved CGFS active-site

299 th the help of thioredoxin reductase and the glutaredoxins with the small molecule glutathione and gl

300 pathways via either the thioredoxins or the glutaredoxins without, evidently, the intermediary of gl