ライフサイエンスコーパス: goods

1 r contingencies of the choice task (space of goods).

2 hibited in Halal, Kosher and Hindus consumer goods.

3 al cortex (OFC) encode the values of offered goods.

4 essful provision of multigenerational public goods.

5 nce in health focusing more on global public goods.

6 identities and values of offered and chosen goods.

7 nomic decisions involving a large variety of goods.

8 ary feedbacks due to the emergence of public goods.

9 es the expression of private or quasi-public goods.

10 ay involve a potentially infinite variety of goods.

11 devices in aerospace, medicine, or consumer goods.

12 minals to allow the exchange of all types of goods.

13 election of the actions that will obtain the goods.

14 ice behavior reveals the underlying value of goods.

15 f the most energy and CO2-intensive consumer goods.

16 nt patterns of intermediate inputs and final goods.

17 qualities, and locations of metal-containing goods.

18 designed to sustain intergenerational public goods.

19 n the authenticity of imported and purchased goods.

20 ing relative efficiencies in producing those goods.

21 for arbitrary spatial structures and social goods.

22 eria resulting from the production of public goods.

23 hanges in well-being, especially for digital goods.

24 um, in which cells were able to share public goods.

25 s to cheat by using but not producing public goods.

26 antly higher values for future environmental goods.

27 y, efficiency and the provisioning of public goods.

28 ies and in how much they benefit from public goods.

29 ccuracy, short warm-up time, and low cost of goods.

30 that convert and distribute food and nonfood goods.

31 ehaviors are generally referred to as public goods.

32 ts whether donations actually provide public goods.

33 nprofit groups are assumed to provide public goods.

34 large-scale manufacturing with lower cost of goods.

35 e the subjective value of offered and chosen goods(5).

36 own than they would pay to purchase the same goods-a well-known economic bias called the endowment ef

37 including private, quasi-public, and public goods according to their impacts on bacterial fitness.

38 inistration (FDA) and Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) prior to conducting a Phase I

39 Therapeutic Goods Administration, Australia; Commonwealth Department

40 Economic and health benefits, cost of goods, administrative complexity, and user perspectives

41 luences several properties of leavened baked goods also because Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts

42 r a mix of private, public, and quasi-public goods also spreads.

43 s contains information about the movement of goods and ancient economies, yet our understanding of cr

44 thium-ion batteries are classed as dangerous goods and are therefore subject to stringent regulations

45 h quantify the valuations of popular digital goods and categories.

46 Public goods and common-pool resources are fundamental features

47 ociated with levels of cooperation in public goods and dictator games and a resource dilemma; people

48 isphenol A (BPA) in some "BPA-free" consumer goods and in thermal papers.

49 range of applications in industry, consumer goods and medicine.

50 se interactions are the production of public goods and metabolic cross-feeding, which can be understo

51 ing, QS) to control the production of public goods and other co-operative behaviours.

52 onment upon the use and disposal of consumer goods and other products.

53 The circulation and exchange of goods and resources at various scales have long been con

54 Material balances on the level of goods and selected substances (C, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, N,

55 dicated studies, especially for reproducible goods and service estimates, implies gross underestimati

56 Taking all reported goods and service estimates, invasive insects cost a min

57 6 to 24.3), but not for consumption taxes on goods and services (-$4.37, -12.9 to 4.11).

58 Budget costs include market goods and services (economic impact), whereas externalit

59 ubling of income, blue water embedded in the goods and services a nation consumed and imported on a p

60 would affect the supply of certain ecosystem goods and services and could affect ecosystem resilience

61 Coral reefs provide essential goods and services but are degrading at an alarming rate

62 and consumption of (inter)nationally traded goods and services by presenting consumption-based biodi

63 Differences in the types of goods and services consumed by each group are less impor

64 utant emissions in 2007 were associated with goods and services consumed outside of the provinces whe

65 ctions, including more investments in public goods and services for health and redressing the intraco

66 ming (producing) of primary and manufactured goods and services from the sectors of "Primary Crops an

67 are economically open systems that depend on goods and services imported from national and global mar

68 ect emissions caused by final consumption of goods and services in a nation).

69 nsport and the production and consumption of goods and services in different world regions.

70 he need to account for the role of ecosystem goods and services in product life cycles.

71 er regions-are related to the consumption of goods and services in the USA and Europe through interna

72 disproportionately caused by consumption of goods and services mainly by the non-Hispanic white majo

73 ossibilities are emerging for payment of the goods and services needed for indoor environmental inter

74 s on Earth, and provide a range of ecosystem goods and services on which human populations depend.

75 r cent (762,400 deaths) were associated with goods and services produced in one region for consumptio

76 cur along the global production chain of the goods and services purchased by local consumers.

77 Coastal marine environments provide goods and services that are imperative to human survival

78 cts on marine and coastal ecosystems-and the goods and services they provide-for growing cumulative c

79 ital that tropical forests represent and the goods and services they provide.

80 d pollutants are altering ecosystems and the goods and services they provide.

81 nt an optimal compromise between delivery of goods and services to humans and preserving most forest

82 stem functions that provide energy and other goods and services to the human being.

83 f the blue water consumption embedded in the goods and services traded internationally, 89 countries

84 s necessary for the functioning of essential goods and services(9) while reducing the probability of

85 tion, urban household consumption, export of goods and services, and infrastructure investment are th

86 Owing to the intra-regional trade of goods and services, APAC economies grew increasingly int

87 y querying a large, representative sample of goods and services, including those which are not priced

88 g, and importing of primary and manufactured goods and services, measured on a per country and per ca

89 Organizations devoted to the production of goods and services, such as guilds, partnerships and mod

90 infrastructures to meet growing demands for goods and services, which causes socioeconomic and envir

91 ing food, timber, energy, housing, and other goods and services, while maintaining ecosystem function

92 , and protect their capacity to supply vital goods and services.

93 s important marine ecosystems and associated goods and services.

94 le to changes in the supply of plant-related goods and services.

95 resources associated with the production of goods and services.

96 lations and for the supply of some ecosystem goods and services.

97 mplications associated with the loss of reef goods and services.

98 ndirect emissions embodied in consumption of goods and services.

99 actively fostered the movement of sumptuary goods and the arrival of workers from diverse homelands

100 d pollution as a result of the production of goods (and their associated emissions) in one region for

101 n the spatial distribution of environmental "goods" and "bads." The accompanying article by King and

102 The human remains, grave goods, and associated fauna provide rare direct data on

103 family income, parent's schooling, number of goods, and household crowding), self-esteem, oral health

104 les (AgNPs) are widely available as consumer goods, and over-the-counter or nutraceutical products us

105 of demand for energy, transportation, food, goods, and services that were used to derive average hou

106 ng anyone, violence against others, damaging goods, and suicide.

107 nce, tensions among various important social goods, and tensions among various social interests.

108 ues as opposed to physical properties of the goods, and/or whether offer value cells integrate multip

109 Prime examples of credence goods are all kinds of repair services, the provision of

110 commons predicts social collapse when public goods are jointly exploited by individuals attempting to

111 ernative is readily available whereby public goods are kept private?

112 ecision neuroscience is that choices between goods are made by comparing subjective values computed t

113 While the benefits of common and public goods are shared, they tend to be scarce when contributi

114 Economic choices between goods are thought to rely on the orbitofrontal cortex (O

115 ems, OME is rather indiscriminate in what OM goods are transferred.

116 ends on the cooperative production of public goods are usually threatened by the rise of cheaters tha

117 anufacturing of many industrial and consumer goods, are widely found in groundwater resources, along

118 These secretions, or "public goods," are frequently coregulated by stress and starvat

119 , and that both will be able to consume more goods as a result of trade than either would be able to

120 s that used consumption of durable household goods as an indicator of financial insecurity supported

121 self-interested entities producing the same goods as long as they have opposing relative efficiencie

122 orhoods to display the most lavish sumptuary goods, as well as to manufacture specific symbols of ide

123 with the very first demonstrations in sports goods, automotive coatings, conductive inks and touch sc

124 However, when goods available for choice bear different action costs,

125 Finally, we show that these public goods-based interactions occur among Bacteroidales speci

126 perform a systematic investigation of public goods-based syntrophic interactions among the abundant h

127 This study examines public goods-based syntrophic interactions between bacterial me

128 aining the maintenance of cooperative public goods behaviors in certain natural systems will be more

129 should generalize to other taxa with public goods behaviors.

130 This exchange of goods between host and mobile element-wherein the mobile

131 oto agreements must focus not only on traded goods but also on the environmental efficiency of all do

132 a higher generation of non-excludable public goods, but it may also allow evolution toward a more coo

133 rmacies that together mediate the receipt of goods by patients after prescription by clinicians.

134 In a globalized economy, production of goods can be disrupted by trade disputes.

135 th microbial communities, privatizing public goods can become unsustainable, leading to population de

136 Some microbial public goods can provide both individual and community-wide ben

137 dustrial expansion, transfer and mobility of goods, climate change and population growth.

138 make a significant reduction in the Cost of Goods (CoGs), a new approach to route design has been in

139 those interested in the provision of public goods, collective action, and prosocial behavior, and we

140 elative values given to future environmental goods compared to present ones.

141 Consumer goods contain multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) that c

142 subtly increases the observability of public goods contributions when people are solicited privately

143 Public goods cooperation is exploitable by cheaters, cells that

144 illing should favour the evolution of public goods cooperation, and empirically support this predicti

145 g the highest welfare gains as more services/goods could be consumed with the same income, could also

146 obtained from store-bought consumer packaged goods (CPGs), whether brands (name brands compared with

147 olid polymer chitin, we show that the public goods dilemma may be solved by two very different mechan

148 ment wealth inequality in a threshold public goods dilemma of cooperation in which players also face

149 e conveniently formulated in terms of Public Goods Dilemmas often assuming that a minimum collective

150 lict in mutualisms as well as several public goods dilemmas, but also demonstrate how conflict can he

151 metabolism, microbes face persistent public goods dilemmas.

152 warding from deterring cooperation in public goods dilemmas.

153 Widely present in nature and in manufactured goods, elastomers are network polymers typically crossli

154 materials are increasingly found in consumer goods, electronics, and pharmaceuticals.

155 orkers who sell or exchange sex for money or goods encompass a very diverse population across and wit

156 ly, selection can favour producers of social goods even if the total costs exceed the total benefits.

157 from the 2016 GB Kantar Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) panel, a large representative household pur

158 ibution and purchase of fast-moving consumer goods (FMCGs) via three prevalent retail channels in the

159 etary compensation if and only if they forgo goods for predefined periods.

160 to the phenomenon where individuals purchase goods for signalling social status, rather than for its

161 production of common household and consumer goods for their nonflammable, lipophobic, and hydrophobi

162 d resource consumption compared to importing goods from centralized production.

163 Thus, increasingly importing water-intensive goods from other water-scarce regions may just shift the

164 ers (PFRs) are increasingly used in consumer goods, from which they can leach and pose potential thre

165 laboratory version of the intergenerational goods game (IGG) to investigate whether peer punishment

166 maintain cooperation in a large-scale public goods game (PGG).

167 mild conditions, a simple model of a public goods game featuring increasing returns to scale.

168 orm experiments involving a networked public goods game in which subjects interact and gain or lose w

169 The public goods game is a famous example illustrating the tragedy

170 We exploit the public goods game occurring on complex networks as a paradigm f

171 soner's dilemma game and the repeated public goods game played by human participants to examine wheth

172 or the prisoner's dilemma and for the public goods game suggests that strategies of this class readil

173 model and experimental results from a public goods game where subjects can choose between a community

174 empirical study where subjects play a Public Goods Game with a Critical Mass, such that the return fo

175 xperimental paradigm, the 'Intergenerational Goods Game'.

176 r's Dilemma (i.e. one-shot two-player Public Goods Game).

177 er groups are more cooperative in the Public Goods game, but less cooperative in the N-person Prisone

178 spond to heterogeneous behaviour in a public goods game.

179 ion in either compulsory or voluntary public goods games if anti-social punishment is possible.

180 tions serve as favourable examples of public goods games in which the degrees of increasing returns t

181 game) and interdependent tasks (e.g. public goods games).

182 l cooperation, prisoner's dilemma and public goods games, and well-mixed groups and networks.

183 Unlike in other public goods games, however, future generations cannot reciproc

184 ned collective action in multi-player public-goods games, in which players have arbitrarily long memo

185 We show that, in public goods games, some simple strategies that choose between

186 dilemma, relaxed social dilemmas and public goods games.

187 dying voluntary as well as compulsory Public Goods Games.

188 Our overall analyses reveal that digital goods have created large gains in well-being that are no

189 ricket powder provides to bakery gluten-free goods high nutritional value proteins and antioxidant pr

190 entity or the subjective value of particular goods in a given context 'remap' and become associated w

191 e the subjective value of offered and chosen goods in a quasilinear way.

192 Production of public goods in biological systems is often a collaborative eff

193 goods or exotic or expensive-to-manufacture goods in household assemblages, have been proposed, the

194 germplasm improvement and reduce the cost of goods in seed production(1-3).

195 , and ways in which microbes maintain public goods in the face of cheating.

196 ants provided value judgments about consumer goods in the presence of online reviews.

197 arger, and people contributed more to public goods in treated villages.

198 In utilitarianism, the distribution of goods-in this case, health-is not important; rather, it

199 These "public goods" include autoinduced, quorum-sensing (QS) molecule

200 1 was detected in samples of common consumer goods including magazines, advertisements, maps, postcar

201 ns mediated through multiple forms of public goods, including quorum-sensing signals, exoenzymes, and

202 serving as an important emporium for luxury goods, including sacred baboons (Papio hamadryas), but i

203 ure with associated organic and lithic grave goods, including the earliest known North American hafte

204 ng applications of nanomaterials in consumer goods, industrial products, medical practices, etc., cal

205 ation, environmental assessments, or durable goods integral to home environmental interventions.

206 of cooperation, but the diffusion of public goods introduces new phenomena that must be modeled expl

207 te in the provision or preservation of these goods is fundamental to sustainability challenges, rangi

208 ta set available when resolving used and new goods is illustrated.

209 ion based on the production of costly common goods is observed throughout nature.

210 re typically consumed as thermally processed goods like jams and syrups.

211 re websites that facilitate trade in illicit goods, mainly using Bitcoin.

212 strate how a combination of effective public goods management, in highly collective states, and the g

213 global functions (provision of global public goods, management of cross-border externalities, and fos

214 ge affects the degree of honesty in credence goods markets.

215 The provision of extracellular GHs as public goods may influence microbial community dynamics in nati

216 that the replacement of private with public goods may reverse selection for toxicity in the absence

217 Economic goods may vary on multiple dimensions (determinants).

218 r determining the environmental footprint of goods moved within the network.

219 007) and after (2008-2013) implementation of goods movement actions in California.

220 se results indicate that policies regulating goods movement are achieving the desired outcome of impr

221 ns into three location categories, including goods movement corridors (GMCs), nongoods movement corri

222 g air quality for the state, particularly in goods movement corridors where most disadvantaged commun

223 namometer emissions testing of 11 heavy-duty goods movement vehicles, including diesel, natural gas,

224 Galaxies such as GOODS-N-774 seem to be rare; however, from the star form

225 This galaxy, GOODS-N-774, has a stellar mass of 100 billion solar mas

226 y dispersions of the putative descendants of GOODS-N-774, which are compact quiescent galaxies at z a

227 more consistent with the pricing of network goods observed in practice.

228 een 8 and 24% is stored in durable household goods or becomes part of other urban stocks.

229 eological proxies for wealth, such as burial goods or exotic or expensive-to-manufacture goods in hou

230 ring successive, independent choices between goods or gambles.

231 either on the selection of desired economic goods or on the selection of the actions that will obtai

232 quality cannot be adequately assessed until goods or services are actively exchanged.

233 ve bipartite cooperation via the exchange of goods or services between actors of different types.

234 A tension between the free flow of goods or species down communication channels and free fl

235 ive action problems such as providing public goods (or reducing public bads).

236 how social interactions mediated by public 'goods' or 'bads' evolve by emphasizing the role of spati

237 siological data for decisions about consumer goods, perceptual stimuli, eyewitness testimony, memorie

238 een more active in providing other sumptuary goods: pigments, cosmetics, slate, greenstone, travertin

239 e-based decisions, the selection of economic goods precedes and guides the selection of actions.

240 -negative cells benefit by exploiting public goods produced by the QS-proficient population.

241 complexes are better at absorbing the public goods produced by their own individuals.

242 Here we show that goods produced in China for foreign markets lead to an i

243 es as well as between intermediate and final goods producers and consumers.

244 rium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Although public goods producers were selected against in all populations

245 ral effect in the specific context of public goods production and find conditions for stochastic sele

246 Cheats are a pervasive threat to public goods production in natural and human communities, as th

247 oved pharmacokinetics, low projected cost of goods, prophylactic activity, and the potential for a si

248 ividuals to avoid problems related to public goods provision, like free-riding or underprovision, and

249 rmines trust, social capital, and collective goods provision.

250 ed incentives (redeemable for food/household goods) ranging in value from USD4 to USD8 for achieving

251 In the absence of enforcement, public-goods regimes that evolve through a proliferation of vol

252 When gathering valued goods, risk and reward are often coupled and escalate ov

253 m unpurchased food commodities were spent on goods/services with a more environmentally damaging prod

254 fit: gross profit (revenue minus the cost of goods sold); earnings before interest, taxes, depreciati

255 ervability can be replicated whenever public goods solicitations are made in private.

256 e reflects the use of an underlying model or goods space and that lateral OFC is only required for no

257 on the fly" from the underlying model of the goods space, allowing decisions to meet current needs.

258 PFCv and LPFCd encoded the choice outcome in goods space.

259 gets, indicating that decisions were made in goods space.

260 er variable action costs could take place in goods space.

261 The results of our global public goods study - conducted in South Korea and the United St

262 Preserving global public goods, such as the planet's ecosystem, depends on large-

263 and industries and consumers importing final goods (Textiles, Other manufactures, Computers, and Mach

264 would be beneficial for QS-dependent public goods that act broadly and nonspecifically, and whose ne

265 ions, direct the robust exchange of cellular goods that allows heterogeneous populations to transitio

266 he price-quantity equilibrium in markets for goods that are immediately consumed, but they produce sp

267 t, involving the production of costly public goods that can be exploited by neighbouring individuals.

268 ic population and the production of communal goods that form the biofilm matrix.

269 e Teotihuacan elite may have been one of the goods that granted economic importance to neighborhood c

270 How do we choose between goods that have different subjective values, like apples

271 , metabolically prudent regulation of public goods that minimizes production costs and thereby helps

272 vations of this consortium and act as public goods that sustain the community.

273 le often demand a greater price when selling goods that they own than they would pay to purchase the

274 production of extracellular factors, "public goods" that can benefit the entire population.

275 e we describe the nature of microbial public goods, the associated problem of cheating, and ways in w

276 geographic disconnect between consumption of goods, the extraction and processing of resources, and t

277 ecreted factors behave as cooperative public goods: they can be exploited by nonproducing cells [6-11

278 oposes that this is done by reducing complex goods to a single unitary value to allow comparison.

279 rmine the broadcasters' property rights, the goods to be exchanged, the quantities to be traded, the

280 ely heavily on the import of water-intensive goods to offset insufficient food production driven by s

281 can produce thick biofilms that confine the goods to producers, or fluid flow can remove soluble pro

282 contaminants that have been used in consumer goods to slow combustion.

283 he costing study indicated that the "cost of goods" to develop a group A - containing conjugate vacci

284 ucer-derived glycoside hydrolases are public goods transported extracellularly in outer membrane vesi

285 tworks (transporting information, people, or goods) under eventual random failures is of utmost impor

286 Many packaged goods undergo transition metal-catalyzed oxidative spoil

287 Dual fuel diesel and natural gas heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) operate on a combination of the tw

288 largely used to flavour all kinds of edible goods, was intended to be proposed by Agroforex Company

289 ater scarcity constrains production of these goods, we need to consider limits to the green water foo

290 Regular-fat baked goods were less available when the state law, alone and

291 nt locations, including South Asia, and such goods were likely consumed as oils, dried fruits, and sp

292 the ability of the poor to afford essential goods, were associated with increased rates of post-neon

293 'remap' and become associated with different goods when the context changes.

294 People contribute more to public goods when their contributions are made more observable

295 The theory evokes a tradeoff between goods whereby individuals improve themselves by trading

296 Many ecosystem services are public goods whose provision depends on the spatial pattern of

297 orientation, treatment, and associated grave goods within a single feature and evidence for residenti

298 e rise to cheaters that can exploit communal goods without contributing to their production.

299 over which decisions are made (e.g., between goods worth a few dollars, in some cases, or hundreds of

300 e increasingly produced and used in consumer goods, yet our knowledge regarding their environmental r