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1 ed in stroma lamellae and is also present in grana.
2 e tight stacking and low protein mobility in grana.
3                             Here, we propose GraNA, a deep learning framework for the supervised NA p
4 different pairs of species, we observed that GraNA accurately predicted the functional relatedness of
5 o a case study on a humanized yeast network, GraNA also successfully discovered functionally replacea
6 ve the accessibility between damaged PSII in grana and its repair machinery in stroma lamellae: later
7 ron tomography techniques, we found that the grana and stroma lamellae are connected by an array of p
8  morphological and functional domains called grana and stroma lamellae.
9  morphological and functional domains called grana and stroma lamellae.
10  flow of ions and membrane molecules between grana and stroma thylakoid membrane domains.
11       The junctional connections between the grana and stroma thylakoids all have a slit-like archite
12 with the distribution of the MPH1 protein in grana and stroma thylakoids, and its interaction with PS
13 d alterations in the relative proportions of grana and stroma thylakoids.
14 plants contain intricate networks of stacked grana and unstacked stroma thylakoids.
15 mensional structure divided into the stacked grana and unstacked stromal lamellae domains.
16 lasts contained larger plastoglobules, lower grana, and more vesicles close to the envelopes compared
17             Most chlorophyll proteins in the grana appear immobile on the 10-min timescale of our mea
18                                              Grana architecture is correlated with the CURT1 protein
19 ease in neoxanthin distortion in overcrowded grana as compared with intact thylakoids.
20 d number of membrane layers (and margins) in grana at the expense of grana diameter in overexpressors
21 adation, well separated from active PS II in grana core and de novo protein synthesis in unstacked st
22 erates two main subcompartments: the stacked grana core and unstacked stroma lamellae.
23                     In contrast, the stacked grana core region contains fully assembled and functiona
24 , HL induces a partial conversion of stacked grana core to grana margin, which leads to a controlled
25 ts of land plants characteristically contain grana, cylindrical stacks of thylakoid membranes.
26 citing PSII (660 nm), causing a reduction in grana diameter and an increased number of grana per chlo
27 ery in stroma lamellae: lateral shrinkage of grana diameter and increased protein mobility in grana t
28 omplex II (LHCII), which cause a decrease in grana diameter and stacking, a decrease in energetic con
29 ers (and margins) in grana at the expense of grana diameter in overexpressors of CURT1A.
30 e long-term adjustment of thylakoid membrane grana diameter positively correlated with LHCII levels,
31 ain why higher plants have a narrow range of grana diameters since a larger diffusion distance for pl
32  carrier by employing mutants with different grana diameters.
33 ting flexibility that may be relevant to the grana formation in chloroplasts of the green lineage.
34 on of negative charges by phosphorylation of grana-hosted proteins.
35        Our study suggests that the origin of grana in evolution ensures high repair efficiency, which
36 the exchange of chlorophyll proteins between grana in intact spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and Arabi
37 recruitment of LHCII already residing in the grana into functional PSII-LHCII clusters, primarily dri
38                                  The code of GraNA is available at
39                          A major strength of GraNA is its flexibility to integrate multi-faceted non-
40 he grana where segregation exists within the grana itself.
41 3 mutants had straight thylakoids but lacked grana lamellae.
42 ted that thylakoid membrane stacking to form grana leads to protein crowding that impedes lateral dif
43 URT1 proteins, which play a critical role in grana margin architecture and thylakoid plasticity, also
44                The results indicate that the grana margin functions as a degradation and disassembly
45 oid domains, with no evidence for a distinct grana margin region where these complexes have been prop
46        However, a third distinct domain, the grana margin, has been postulated but its structural and
47  partial conversion of stacked grana core to grana margin, which leads to a controlled access of prot
48 ven higher than, those in flu Without SAFE1, grana margins (GMs) of chloroplast thylakoids (Thys) are
49 lobe-like thylakoids with considerably fewer grana margins in plants without CURT1 proteins to an inc
50                                          The grana margins of the thylakoid membrane were found to be
51 analyses reveals the distinct composition of grana margins.
52 on between CURT1B and PSI-LHCII complexes in grana margins.
53 chitecture by inducing membrane curvature at grana margins.
54 nd D) oligomerize and are highly enriched at grana margins.
55 roteins associated with PSII assemble in the grana membrane into PSII supercomplexes and surrounding
56 mbranes, and margins, which connect pairs of grana membranes at their lumenal sides.
57                          A large fraction of grana membranes contained proteins with quasistatic mobi
58 ty of individual photosynthetic complexes in grana membranes establishes a foundation that could be a
59            Chaotrope treatment of the paired grana membranes has allowed the separation and isolation
60                    The structure of isolated grana membranes has been studied here by cryo-electron m
61                     Our results suggest that grana membranes lie at or near phase coexistence, confer
62 dues of some photosynthetic complexes in the grana membranes occurs under conditions of high light in
63 quires an optimal protein packing density in grana membranes that is close to 70%.
64  (CP43) in the PSII-OEC extrinsic domains of grana membranes under conditions resulting in the disord
65 lly high protein packing density in isolated grana membranes was applied to study the dependence of t
66 tem II (PSII) on spinach (Spinacia oleracea) grana membranes were examined using contact mode atomic
67                                          (c) Grana membranes were found to retain a double-layered in
68                         Significantly larger grana membranes were produced with an increased synthesi
69  fluorescence data from PSII supercomplexes, grana membranes, and leaves.
70 isualize the fine ultrastructural details of grana membranes, as well as interactions between thylako
71 uch increase in mobility is seen in isolated grana membranes, or in the Arabidopsis stn8 and stn7 stn
72  induce large-scale structural remodeling of grana membranes-formation of extensive domains of the ma
73 within the membrane plane and across stacked grana membranes.
74 ganization and thermal stability of isolated grana membranes.
75 ne, accomplished by the formation of stacked grana membranes.
76                                   Evaluating GraNA on a benchmark dataset composed of several NA task
77 lorophyll fluorescence) can exchange between grana on this timescale.
78 m solid, sheet-like bridges between adjacent grana, others exhibit a branching geometry with small, m
79                                              Grana Padano (GP) cheese is a renowned PDO Italian chees
80 .2% respectively for Parmigiano Reggiano and Grana Padano cheese (n=5).
81 igestion of Cheddar, Gorgonzola, Maasdam and Grana Padano cheeses, type and amount of ACE-I peptides
82 low levels of sugars detected, authentic PDO Grana Padano could be safely included in the diet of peo
83 ow sugar levels in hard cheese, specifically Grana Padano PDO cheese.
84      The method was applied to 59 samples of Grana Padano PDO cheese: galactose showed the highest co
85  PDO cheeses such as Parmigiano Reggiano and Grana Padano.
86 in grana diameter and an increased number of grana per chloroplast.
87 g to structural differentiation into stacked grana regions and unstacked stroma lamellae for diffusio
88 HCII) are highly concentrated in the stacked grana regions of photosynthetic thylakoid membranes.
89 as this number drops to about 20% in stacked grana regions.
90 rotein-packing density compared with stacked grana regions.
91 astructure that consists of tightly stacked 'grana' regions interconnected by unstacked membrane regi
92 ysis of the polypeptides associated with the grana samples, are hypothesized to be a domain of photos
93 ocystis 6803 homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana grana-shaping proteins of the CURVATURE THYLAKOID1 famil
94  and, unlike wild type (WT), contain stacked grana similar to Fe-sufficient plants.
95 hloroplasts in mutant plants showed impaired grana stacking and increased accumulation of starch gran
96 ting complex assembly, and impairs thylakoid grana stacking in chloroplasts.
97                                              Grana stacking in plant chloroplast thylakoid membranes
98 sitively correlated with LHCII levels, while grana stacking negatively correlated with CURT1 and RIQ
99 xygen, potentially by promoting reduction of grana stacking to limit excitation and facilitate repair
100                Multiple forces contribute to grana stacking, but it is not known how the extreme curv
101            The molecular forces that lead to grana stacking, however, are poorly understood.
102 ylakoid membrane distortion and reduction of grana stacking.
103 tractive and repulsive forces fully explains grana stacking.
104 ttractive van der Waals (FvdWaals) forces in grana stacking.
105 the "Velcro" hypothesis to explain thylakoid grana stacking.
106                                              Grana stacks acquired more layers, differentiating them
107 thylakoid morphology, including disorganized grana stacks and alterations in the relative proportions
108 plasts were more rounded and contained fewer grana stacks and longer stroma thylakoids, more plastogl
109 out to a degree that the distinction between grana stacks and stroma thylakoids was obscured.
110 r plants, photosystems II and I are found in grana stacks and unstacked stroma lamellae, respectively
111                                              Grana stacks in the division zone were disrupted, and la
112 t the stroma thylakoids are wound around the grana stacks in the form of multiple, right-handed helic
113 le stacking mechanism for the arrangement of grana stacks in thylakoids.
114 stinct membrane architecture subdivided into grana stacks interconnected by non-stacked stromal lamel
115                                              Grana stacks represent a dry/high irradiance adaptation
116         In peripheral chloroplasts, however, grana stacks stretched out to a degree that the distinct
117 n the number and the orientation of adjacent grana stacks to which they are connected.
118 s dramatically fewer thylakoid membranes and grana stacks when compared with wild-type chloroplasts.
119                              We propose that grana stacks, acting like bellows in accordions, increas
120  have fewer thylakoid membranes with smaller grana stacks.
121                      We demonstrate that the grana/stroma thylakoid connections have a helical charac
122 e slit length results in less periodicity in grana/stroma thylakoid organization than proposed in the
123 formation and stabilization of the thylakoid grana structures, since the lamellar aggregates are well
124 tions, allowing us to construct a map of the grana thylakoid membrane that reveals nanodomains of col
125 identify the position of cytb6f complexes in grana thylakoid membranes from spinach (Spinacia olerace
126  mobility of individual protein complexes in grana thylakoid membranes isolated from Spinacia olerace
127 % area fraction to the value found in intact grana thylakoids (70%) leads to an improved functionalit
128 light-harvesting complex II-enriched stacked grana thylakoids and the photosystem I/ATP synthase-enri
129 risk lateral protein traffic between stacked grana thylakoids and unstacked stroma lamellae that is c
130                                          The grana thylakoids are organized in the form of cylindrica
131 eveal that Zmhcf136 lacks PSII complexes and grana thylakoids in M chloroplasts, consistent with the
132 decreased efficiency in overcrowded isolated grana thylakoids is caused by excited state quenching in
133 in, mediates electron transport from stacked grana thylakoids where photosystem II (PSII) is localize
134 a diameter and increased protein mobility in grana thylakoids.
135 to a large-scale migration of LHCII from the grana to the stromal lamellae.
136                        PSBS was localized in grana together with photosystem II (PSII), but LHCSR was
137                           The margins of the grana turn out to be the site of protein degradation, we
138             Employing graph neural networks, GraNA utilizes within-network interactions and across-ne
139 ternative model of the ultrastructure of the grana where segregation exists within the grana itself.

 
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