ライフサイエンスコーパス: haem

1 ting different routes to the biosynthesis of haem.

2 ravelling to allow Lys52(E10) to bind to the haem.

3 ed signal sequence and two covalent bonds to haem.

4 th the synthesis of its cognate tetrapyrrole haem.

5 efficiency of vertebrate Fech to synthesize haem.

6 y the acquisition of nutrient iron from host haem.

7 with an increased bioavailability of luminal haem.

8 eractions in the enzyme cavity, and with the haem.

9 e bioavailable iron from haemoglobin-derived haem.

10 otocatalytic generation of a mononuclear non-haem [(13-TMC)Co(IV)(O)](2+) (2) by irradiating [Co(II)(

11 lly regulate ACT drug interactions with host haem, a product of parasite-mediated haemoglobin degrada

12 porter (NEAT) domains play a central role in haem acquisition and trafficking across the cell envelop

13 However, haem acquisition can lead to the accumulation of toxic a

14 al haem-associated protein, Hb had the lower haem affinity than Mb.

15 T domains of Shr are responsible for binding haem, although they are missing a critical tyrosine resi

16 ses indicated that FixK positively regulates haem and bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis, cbb3 oxidase

17 The sensor protein RsbR binds haem and exhibits ligand-dependent control of the stress

18 erae through the acquisition of host-derived haem and fatty acids.

19 Haem and iron homeostasis in most eukaryotic cells is ba

20 y in ticks and underscores the importance of haem and iron metabolism as rational targets for anti-ti

21 thogen growth was dependent on the uptake of haem and long-chain fatty acids during infection, but on

22 esses the transcription of genes involved in haem and metal uptake.

23 Enzymatic haem and non-haem high-valent iron-oxo species are known

24 f African trypanosomes allows acquisition of haem and provides an uptake route for trypanolytic facto

25 Cysteine lyase contains haem and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate co-factors and converts

26 suggest a model in which membrane-associated haem and quinone molecules form a redox cycle that conti

27 2 PAS domain binds penta-co-ordinated b-type haem and that reversible signalling requires four of the

28 eoxyMb) form upon ligand detachment from the haem and the reverse process upon ligand binding are wha

29 s that enable V. cholerae to obtain iron via haem and vibriobactin confer a growth advantage to the p

30 lated form within the porphyrin structure of haem, and the ability to use haem as a source of iron is

31 ositioned histidines to bis-histidine ligate haems, and exploited helical rotation and glutamate buri

32 Finally, we show that the haem- and HssRS-regulated hrtAB promoter is activated in

33 agents that counteract free haemoglobin and haem, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-thrombotic agents a

34 in structure of haem, and the ability to use haem as a source of iron is genetically encoded by V. ch

35 As determined by apo Streptococcal haem-associated protein, Hb had the lower haem affinity

36 s localizing to the cell membrane potentiate haem-associated superoxide production and subsequent oxi

37 that Cyc2p controls a reductive step in the haem attachment reaction is the finding that the require

38 o control the redox state of the iron in the haem attachment reaction to apocytochromes c.

39 (CCHL, CC(1) HL) and Cyc2p catalyse covalent haem attachment to apocytochromes c and c(1) .

40 ex with CCHL, reduces the haem iron prior to haem attachment to the apoforms of cytochrome c and c(1)

41 m binding motifs become oxidised, preventing haem attachment.

42 extends, substantially, current knowledge of haem auxotrophy in ticks and underscores the importance

43 ear the PQ oxidation site (Q(p)) adjacent to haem b(p) and chlorophyll a.

44 The tetrapyrroles haem, bacteriochlorophyll and cobalamin (B12 ) exhibit a

45 tor of genes involved in the biosynthesis of haem, bacteriochlorophyll, carotenoids as well as struct

46 carotenoid complex, proposed to regulate the haem/bacteriochlorophyll branchpoint by directing porphy

47 We show that PufQ governs the haem/bacteriochlorophyll switch; pufQ is found within th

48 chelatase activities, oligomeric status and haem binding abilities.

49 that in the absence of CccA, apocytochrome c haem binding motifs become oxidised, preventing haem att

50 ses, has evolved CbiK(P) a new function as a haem binding protein permitting it to act as a potential

51 c assembly requires sulphydryls at the CXXCH haem binding site on the apoprotein and also chemical re

52 ted helical rotation and glutamate burial on haem binding to introduce distal histidine strain and fa

53 aem to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of haem binding, trafficking and redox control.

54 found in the ligand-binding pocket of other haem-binding NEAT domains.

55 re of the alpha subunit reveals that it is a haem-binding PAS domain, similar in structure to PAS gas

56 Globins are haem-binding proteins with a conserved fold made up of a

57 how that BTB and CNC homology1 (BACH1)(4), a haem-binding transcription factor that is increased in e

58 quinone methide mechanism involving metal or haem bioactivation.

59 ic cells is based on a balanced flux between haem biosynthesis and haem oxygenase-mediated degradatio

60 y, HbrL activates the expression of numerous haem biosynthesis genes.

61 , the presence of a transitional pathway for haem biosynthesis within many Gram positive pathogenic b

62 catalytic activity of the terminal enzyme in haem biosynthesis, ferrochelatase (Fech), impair haem sy

63 A number of these mutations clustered in the haem biosynthetic and cytochrome c maturation pathways.

64 are caused by mutations in genes that encode haem biosynthetic enzymes with resultant buildup of cyto

65 most eukaryotes, ticks possess an incomplete haem biosynthetic pathway and, together with other (non-

66 The role of the haem biosynthetic pathway in the survival of the bacteri

67 ong metabolism-related proteins, whereas the haem biosynthetic pathway was poorly represented.

68 tinuously generates semiquinones and reduced haem, both of which react with atmospheric oxygen to pro

69 Serum iron, rather than haem-bound iron, was utilized by the mosquito iron metab

70 We also present the crystal structure of haem-bound IsdI in which haem ruffling and constrained b

71 uired to avert the cytotoxic effects of free haem, but the constituents of such trafficking pathways

72 Some bacteria and archaea synthesize haem by an alternative pathway, which involves the seque

73 A conformational switch involving the haem c(n) propionate promotes two-electron, two-proton r

74 ith purified proteins revealed that the mono-haem c-type cytochromes Cj1153 (CccA) and Cj1020 (CccB)

75 ures of the newly characterized three-domain haem-c-Cu nitrite reductase from Ralstonia pickettii (Rp

76 Enzymatic haem catabolism by haem oxygenases is conserved from bac

77 protein permitting it to act as a potential haem chaperone or transporter.

78 s Cj1153 (CccA) and Cj1020 (CccB) and the di-haem Cj0037 (CccC) are electron donors to the cb-oxidase

79 poprotein and also chemical reduction of the haem co-factor.

80 that the biosynthetic route for both the d1 -haem cofactor of dissimilatory cd1 nitrite reductases an

81 The use of the native iron-haem cofactor of these enzymes to mediate sp(3) C-H alky

82 ers activity on an otherwise unreactive iron-haem cofactor.

83 onalized by placing it close to the iron-oxo haem complex.

84 ere obtained: (i) the redox potential of the haem-containing centre of the enzyme was measured to be

85 in, regulates electron transfer by targeting haem-containing cytochrome oxidases under microaerobic c

86 Under inflammatory conditions, this haem-containing enzyme is expressed in arterial endothel

87 thetic enzyme is prostaglandin H synthase, a haem-containing enzyme.

88 This model may be relevant to haem-containing globins in a broad range of NOS-containi

89 sicles with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) - a haem-containing plant enzyme - or antibodies against syn

90 ed to the mammalian enzymes, but a bacterial haem-containing receptor for endogenous enzymatically ge

91 natural reduction of oxygen to water using a haem-copper centre.

92 Haem-copper oxidase (HCO) catalyses the natural reductio

93 This pathway delivers and attaches haem covalently to two cysteines (of Cys-Xxx-Xxx-Cys-His

94 RNA gene copy numbers and mRNA expression of haem Cu oxidases (FoxA) associated with Fe(II)-oxidation

95 Combined with the detection of large multi-haem cytochromes in the genomes of methanotrophic archae

96 Oxygen binding to the haem decreases activity, while ferrous RsbR results in i

97 In mammals, haem degradation to biliverdin (BV) through the action o

98 dent and -independent NO effects and between haem-dependent and -independent sGC effects.

99 ganese-replete conditions, but degrades in a haem-dependent manner under high iron conditions, mangan

100 characterization of the first PAS enzyme: a haem-dependent oxidative N-demethylase.

101 Abrogation of Irr activation function was haem-dependent, thus haem has two functionally separable

102 PAiRFPs utilize haem-derived biliverdin, ubiquitous in mammalian tissues

103 ion, novel methods of haemoglobin digestion, haem detoxification, vitellogenesis and prolonged off-ho

104 nt system, which regulates expression of the haem-detoxifying transporter HrtAB.

105 main was found to be sufficient to sequester haem directly from methaemoglobin.

106 ows clearly defined redox transitions of the haem domain in both CYP2A6 and CYP2A6-FLD.

107 port, reveal the influence of adipose tissue haem dynamics on physiology and suggest that modulation

108 involves the biosynthesis and degradation of haem, enables Fh1-deficient cells to use the accumulated

109 ere analysed for concentrations of total Fe, haem Fe and non-haem Fe by ICP-MS.

110 concentrations of total Fe, haem Fe and non-haem Fe by ICP-MS.

111 Total Fe and non-haem Fe concentrations were measured in nitric acid-dige

112 nt by this technique may have underestimated haem Fe content.

113 acetone extracts and Fe in the residue after haem Fe extraction) was not significantly different from

114 entres-including a penta-His-coordinated non-haem Fe site-and well-defined binding pockets that can a

115 measured in nitric acid-digested samples and haem Fe was extracted using acidified 80% acetone for 60

116 ions ranged from 0.55-14.43 mg/100 g FW, and haem Fe% ranged from 18%-93% of total Fe.

117 minimized computer model contains a haem/non-haem Fe(B) centre that is remarkably similar to that in

118 se) from Sphingobium chlorophenolicum, a non-haem Fe(II) dioxygenase capable of cleaving the aromatic

119 ylglutaryl mediated by Cur halogenase, a non-haem Fe(ii), alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent enzyme.

120 itive signal is generated by a series of non-haem Fe(II)- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases t

121 ctions with 80% acetone recovered additional haem Fe, suggesting that previous measurement by this te

122 ), yet the final attachment requires reduced haem (Fe(2+)).

123 es coordination of the substrate's N-atom to haem-Fe(II) with electron transfer and concomitant N-O h

124 o other amine oxidases, this enzyme contains haem, flavin mononucleotide, 2Fe-2S and tetrahydrofolic

125 can bind a broad range of ligands, including haem, flavins and metal ions.

126 Haemoglobin and haem fractionation assays suggest a mode of action that

127 Here we introduce Apo-sGC mice expressing haem-free sGC.

128 a, gonorrhoea and endocarditis, and extracts haem from haemoglobin as an important iron source within

129 that the previously identified activator of haem gene expression HbrL is a crucial regulator of iron

130 r disease, results in loss of the prosthetic haem group of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), preventin

131 dly, CbiK(P) is shown to bind two additional haem groups through interaction with His103.

132 His96 is responsible for the binding of two haem groups within the main central cavity of the tetram

133 activation function was haem-dependent, thus haem has two functionally separable roles in modulating

134 Enzymatic haem and non-haem high-valent iron-oxo species are known to activate

135 g of the mechanisms regulating mitochondrial haem homeostasis and red blood cell development.

136 n-bound HpuA, an essential component of this haem import system.

137 We show that Shr obtains haem in solution and furthermore reduces the haem iron;

138 h has a high demand for haem, reduced labile haem in the nucleus and increased stability of the haem-

139 stigated the function of biliverdin (BV) and haem in the parasite.

140 Increased numbers of erythrocytes and the haem-induced response also correlate with poor response

141 parasite survival, can be subverted by drug-haem interaction as in the case of quinolines and many o

142 The malaria parasite converts haem into the chemically inert haemozoin to avoid toxici

143 , we show that in S. aureus the formation of haem involves the conversion of coproporphyrinogen III i

144 Mononuclear non-haem iron (NHFe) enzymes catalyse a broad range of oxida

145 s the ability to acquire siderophores and/or haem iron chelates is beneficial.

146 The non-haem iron complex alpha-[Fe(II)(CF3SO3)2(mcp)] (mcp=(N,N

147 (2+) and iron chelates (e.g. siderophore and haem iron complexes).

148 contained the lowest remaining myoglobin and haem iron content and also showed the lowest total lipid

149 The haem iron content in beef (A-age), lamb, pork and chicke

150 ric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and non-haem iron content throughout hydrolysis period (P<0.05).

151 This study provides data on the total and haem iron contents in raw lean beef, chicken, lamb and p

152 During storage, the extractable haem iron decreased (p < 0.05), while the non-haem iron

153 lability from a vegetarian diet, meaning non-haem iron deficiency anaemia and zinc deficiency immune

154 biosynthesis protein EgtB, a mononuclear non-haem iron enzyme capable of catalysing the C-S bond form

155 lpha-ketoglutarate-dependent mononuclear non-haem iron enzyme that can catalyse an endoperoxide forma

156 Carboxylate-ligated, non-haem iron enzymes demonstrate the capacity for catalysin

157 talytic cycles of dioxygen activation by non-haem iron enzymes.

158 d by the 2-His-1-carboxylate mononuclear non-haem iron family of enzymes.

159 mportant dietary implications in calculating haem iron fractions of meat as this is higher than the c

160 We report that a non-haem iron hydroxylase catalyst [Fe(PDP)] can also be div

161 Mechanistically, endothelial Hb alpha haem iron in the Fe(3+) state permits NO signalling, and

162 aem iron decreased (p < 0.05), while the non-haem iron increased (p < 0.05).

163 possibly in a complex with CCHL, reduces the haem iron prior to haem attachment to the apoforms of cy

164 ant displays a decreased capacity to use non-haem iron sources in vitro, a growth defect in a low iro

165 strate selectivity, enzyme efficiency and/or haem iron spin state.

166 Unlike Bordetella siderophore-dependent and haem iron transport systems, and in agreement with its h

167 ion of oxygen free radicals catalysed by non-haem iron was investigated in an in vitro mimetic model

168 The protein is a mononuclear non-haem iron(ii)-dependent dioxygenase that converts HEP to

169 rt the synthesis and characterization of non-haem iron(III)-peroxo complexes that bind redox-inactive

170 Mononuclear non-haem iron(III)-superoxo species (Fe(III)-O2(-.)) have be

171 Although non-haem iron(III)-superoxo species have been trapped and ch

172 The non-haem iron(III)-superoxo species undergoes both electroph

173 In particular, although nature's non-haem iron(IV)-oxo compounds possess high-spin S = 2 grou

174 Both of these inhibitors bind the haem iron, forming a 60 degrees angle above the haem pla

175 oxidative carbocyclizations catalysed by non-haem iron-dependent oxidases and define a novel type of

176 ite their efficiency at reducing hypervalent haem iron.

177 haem in solution and furthermore reduces the haem iron; this is the first report of haem reduction by

178 reductase (Nir) that is solely dependent on haem-iron as a cofactor (e.g. Paracoccus denitrificans)

179 2-HPP) epoxidase (HppE) is a mononuclear non-haem-iron-dependent enzyme responsible for the final ste

180 in the catalytic cycle of a mononuclear non-haem-iron-dependent enzyme.

181 s, expands the catalytic capabilities of non-haem-iron-dependent enzymes to include N-N bond formatio

182 lipin complex by specifically binding to its haem-iron.

183 Haem is a life supporting molecule that is ubiquitous in

184 Haem is an essential prosthetic group of numerous protei

185 Acquired haem is distributed by haemolymph carrier protein(s) and

186 In Staphylococcus aureus, the importance of haem is highlighted by the presence of systems both for

187 However, the presence of excess haem is highly toxic, necessitating tight regulation of

188 a recent report indicates that HrtAB exports haem itself, the haem-resistant mutants uncovered by the

189 hly toxic, necessitating tight regulation of haem levels.

190 ogue (C8j_0040), lacking the unusual His-Cys haem ligation of TsdA, had low thiosulphate dehydrogenas

191 Cytochrome c biogenesis requires haem ligation to reduced apocytochrome cysteines, cataly

192 In yeast mitochondria, the cytochrome haem lyases (CCHL, CC(1) HL) and Cyc2p catalyse covalent

193 The chemical reactivity of haem means that a network of intracellular chaperone pro

194 identify a pathway worthy of further study: haem metabolism.

195 of haem oxygenase (HO) is a critical step in haem metabolism.

196 decades of research on HCOs, the role of non-haem metal and the reason for nature's choice of copper

197 heory calculations, demonstrate that the non-haem metal not only donates electrons to oxygen but also

198 oglobin that selectively binds different non-haem metals to demonstrate 30-fold and 11-fold enhanceme

199 synthase (NOS) result from targeting of the haem moiety of soluble guanylate cyclase.

200 Surprisingly, CcmF is a cytochrome b with a haem never before realized, and in vitro, CcmF functions

201 Summary Haem Nitric oxide/OXygen (H-NOX) binding domains are a f

202 that the minimized computer model contains a haem/non-haem Fe(B) centre that is remarkably similar to

203 change from the LS (S = 1/2) MbNO to the HS haem occurs in ~800 fs, and that it proceeds via an inte

204 ning reductase domain to oxygen bound at the haem of an oxygenase domain, which also contains binding

205 a precursor to N2O, is performed by either a haem- or copper-containing nitrite reductase (CuNiR) whe

206 For stable oxygen binding without haem oxidation, water is excluded by simple packing of t

207 ed, and in vitro, CcmF functions as a quinol:haem oxidoreductase.

208 ion to biliverdin (BV) through the action of haem oxygenase (HO) is a critical step in haem metabolis

209 a(2+)/calmodulin-mediated signalling and the haem oxygenase (HO) pathway in the hypoxic regulation of

210 KEY POINTS: Haem oxygenase 1 (Hmox1) is a cytoprotective enzyme with

211 and GP5 (glycoprotein 5), as well as HMOX1 (haem oxygenase 1) and BCL2L1 (BCL2-like 1) which are inv

212 uctures distinct from those of the canonical haem oxygenase family, suggesting that IsdG-family membe

213 Carbon monoxide (CO)--produced by haem oxygenase in cardiomyocytes--has been reported to p

214 s by which H2 S, reactive oxygen species and haem oxygenase may integrate to provide a rapid oxygen s

215 glutathione S-transferases Alpha-1 and Mu-1, haem oxygenase-1 and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1.

216 e of O2 sensing in the carotid body, express haem oxygenase-2 and cystathionine-gamma-lyase, the enzy

217 nteraction of cystathionine-gamma-lyase with haem oxygenase-2, which generates CO.

218 balanced flux between haem biosynthesis and haem oxygenase-mediated degradation.

219 -haematophagous) mites, lack a gene encoding haem oxygenase.

220 Herein we report that the IsdG-family of haem oxygenases degrade haem to the oxo-bilirubin chromo

221 these data establish that the IsdG-family of haem oxygenases degrades haem to a novel chromophore dis

222 Enzymatic haem catabolism by haem oxygenases is conserved from bacteria to humans and

223 The first members of a novel class of haem oxygenases were recently identified in Staphylococc

224 and IsdI) and were termed the IsdG-family of haem oxygenases.

225 ient cells to demonstrate that inhibition of haem oxygenation is synthetically lethal when combined w

226 We show that animal haem peroxidases (AHPs) located on the outer membrane an

227 CIE L( *), a( *) and b( *) values and higher haem pigment content than those from Intensive system.

228 e constants for the reduction of hypervalent haem pigment ferrylmyoglobin (MbFe(IV)O) by proteins and

229 m iron, forming a 60 degrees angle above the haem plane and packing against the central I helix with

230 objective of this study was to develop a new haem protein determination method for fish muscle overco

231 Using classic haem protein quantification methods, the extraction step

232 e dioxygen binding ability equivalent to the haem protein under physiological conditions.

233 e for the Cys residues on MPI as targets for haem protein-mediated oxidation.

234 The presented method of preparing artificial haem proteins containing abiological metal porphyrins se

235 e sp(3) C-H alkylation suggests that diverse haem proteins could serve as potential catalysts for thi

236 Although the S-nitrosylation catalysed by haem proteins is well known, no direct evidence of S-nit

237 e constants for the oxidation of proteins by haem proteins of relevance to food oxidation and should

238 chloroperoxidase (CPO) are thiolate-ligated haem proteins that catalyse the activation of carbon hyd

239 muscle components and convert ferrous/ferric haem proteins to hemichromes with a unique absorption pe

240 as inhibition of lipid oxidation induced by haem proteins with selected phenolic compounds, should b

241 xanal were formed in washed mince containing haem proteins, especially Hb.

242 imiting if muscle is oxidised and/or stored; haem-proteins then tend to bind to muscle components lik

243 trates the conservation of NOS-derived NO(*)-haem receptor signalling between bacteria and mammals.

244 C2 in brown fat, which has a high demand for haem, reduced labile haem in the nucleus and increased s

245 s the haem iron; this is the first report of haem reduction by a NEAT protein.

246 One model is that a positive haem-related signal promotes photosynthetic gene express

247 uld provide a counterbalance to the positive haem-related signal to fine tune regulation of chloropla

248 Prevention of haem release, as well as inhibition of lipid oxidation i

249 Haem remains an immutable and vulnerable target, because

250 to provide a mechanistic explanation for the haem resistance of B. anthracis.

251 Expression of a haem-resistant BACH1 mutant in cells that express a shor

252 ndicates that HrtAB exports haem itself, the haem-resistant mutants uncovered by the transposon selec

253 rboxysirohaem into Fe-coproporphyrin III and haem respectively.

254 n the nucleus and increased stability of the haem-responsive transcriptional repressors Rev-Erbalpha

255 efficiency of vertebrate Fech to synthesize haem, resulting in anaemia.

256 t Wolbachia may provision metabolites (e.g., haem, riboflavin, and nucleotides) and/or contribute to

257 rystal structure of haem-bound IsdI in which haem ruffling and constrained binding of oxygen is consi

258 vading pathogens by sequestering iron within haem, S. aureus surmounts this challenge by employing hi

259 demonstrate the evolutionary conservation of haem sensing among multiple Gram-positive bacteria and b

260 Elevated haem sensing is likely required by B. anthracis due to t

261 uired by B. anthracis due to the significant haem sensitivity exhibited by members of the genus Bacil

262 ietary haemoglobin as an exogenous source of haem since, feeding with haemoglobin-depleted serum led

263 make three distinct modified tetrapyrroles, haem, sirohaem and adenosylcobamide, where sirohydrochlo

264 Further, these data suggest that haem stress is experienced by bacterial pathogens during

265 To overcome haem stress, S. aureus expresses the detoxification syst

266 Defects in the availability of haem substrates or the catalytic activity of the termina

267 screen was performed in the background of a haem-susceptible, HrtAB-deficient S. aureus strain to id

268 on of mitochondrial Atpif1 as a regulator of haem synthesis advances our understanding of the mechani

269 biosynthesis, ferrochelatase (Fech), impair haem synthesis and thus cause human congenital anaemias.

270 rial homeostasis and enzymes responsible for haem synthesis are largely unknown.

271 Haem synthesis is completed in mitochondria, with ferroc

272 This is most evident in their chimerical haem synthesis pathway.

273 ductases and haem, via the novel alternative-haem-synthesis pathway, involves siroheme as an intermed

274 new antimalarial chemotype that combines the haem-targeting character of acridones, together with a c

275 Furthermore, addition of BV and haem targets the phosphorylation of Plasmodium falciparu

276 an outer-membrane extracellular-facing deca-haem terminus for such a module has recently been resolv

277 In many denitrifiers (which require d1 -haem), the pathway to make siroheme remained to be ident

278 . anthracis resists haem toxicity by sensing haem through the HssRS two-component system, which regul

279 f the mammalian host, allowing it to acquire haem through the uptake of haptoglobin-haemoglobin compl

280 the IsdG-family of haem oxygenases degrades haem to a novel chromophore distinct from biliverdin.

281 me, we purify pathway complexes with trapped haem to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of haem bindi

282 Addition of external BV and haem to P. falciparum-infected red blood cell (RBC) cult

283 hat CcmFH facilitates covalent attachment of haem to the apocytochrome; namely, that it is the synthe

284 hange from the low-spin (LS) hexacoordinated haem to the high spin (HS, S = 2) pentacoordinated domed

285 t the IsdG-family of haem oxygenases degrade haem to the oxo-bilirubin chromophore staphylobilin.

286 ep in trafficking that involves oxidation of haem (to Fe(3+)), yet the final attachment requires redu

287 quired for delivery of labile, or signalling haem, to the nucleus.

288 Here, we show that B. anthracis resists haem toxicity by sensing haem through the HssRS two-comp

289 rted by this putative pump and the source of haem toxicity.

290 ucidate the cellular factors contributing to haem toxicity.

291 s uncover a role for PGRMC2 in intracellular haem transport, reveal the influence of adipose tissue h

292 ll, which shares a biosynthetic pathway with haem up to protoporphyrin IX.

293 group of NEAT composite proteins involved in haem uptake found in pyogenic streptococci and Clostridi

294 ferric iron uptake systems in addition to a haem uptake system.

295 ts this challenge by employing high-affinity haem uptake systems.

296 d catecholate siderophore iron complexes and haem using gene neighbourhood analysis and co-clustering

297 suggesting that IsdG-family members degrade haem via a unique reaction mechanism.

298 of dissimilatory cd1 nitrite reductases and haem, via the novel alternative-haem-synthesis pathway,

299 barkeri enzyme complexes both copurify with haem, whose redox state influences the activity of the l

300 lead to the accumulation of toxic amounts of haem within B. anthracis.