ライフサイエンスコーパス: hemichannel

1 re visualized on a comparative model of Cx32 hemichannel.

2 dynamics, six IC pockets were identified per hemichannel.

3 els and the distribution of V(j) across each hemichannel.

4 CT residues (ACAR(219)) of the Cx32( *)43E1 hemichannel.

5 ices and TM1/E1 bend angles of the open Cx26 hemichannel.

6 the gap junction but the open state for the hemichannel.

7 quent disruption of salt bridges in the open hemichannels.

8 proteins that form gap junction channels and hemichannels.

9 red for the CO(2) -dependent opening of Cx26 hemichannels.

10 rvation that ATP is released via connexin 43 hemichannels.

11 utants that do not show functional homomeric hemichannels.

12 ar constituents of gap junction channels and hemichannels.

13 n enteric glia of mice were mediated by Cx43 hemichannels.

14 onnexin (Cx) in astrocytes, Cx43, also forms hemichannels.

15 uence neuronal activity through gap-junction hemichannels.

16 synapses to connexin-based gap junctions and hemichannels.

17 lar concentrations of Zn(2+) inhibit WT Cx26 hemichannels.

18 I3K, which is correlated with the opening of hemichannels.

19 nt cells by the end-to-end docking of two Cx hemichannels.

20 lies on extracellular Ca(2+) or gap junction hemichannels.

21 ture through activation of neuronal pannexin hemichannels.

22 diated by a mechanism involving gap junction hemichannels.

23 eractions can differ in unapposed and docked hemichannels.

24 ghboring cells following ATP release through hemichannels.

25 ver that gather in structures reminiscent of hemichannels.

26 nels form both gap junctions and undecameric hemichannels.

27 permeation of ions and ethidium through Cx30 hemichannels.

28 mediated by ATP released from osteocyte Cx43 hemichannels.

29 t to be involved in gating rearrangements of hemichannels.

30 ane current flow through formation of active hemichannels, a novel activity that was not displayed by

31 hat elevated macrophage Panx1 expression and hemichannel activation contribute to the pathogenesis of

32 lux into cells under conditions that lead to hemichannel activation, such as ischemic damage.

33 lar communication, Cx43 phosphorylation, and hemichannel activity among Cx43 variants, as well as sub

34 strocytes bordering the abscess demonstrated hemichannel activity as evident by enhanced ethidium bro

35 3/Cx26 (syndromic mutants) shows exacerbated hemichannel activity but nonfunctional GJCs; this also o

36 function activity, suggesting that augmented hemichannel activity could play a role in skin-limited d

37 rst time in astrocytes, we demonstrated that hemichannel activity depends on the intracellular calciu

38 our findings suggest that inhibition of Cx43 hemichannel activity does not influence Cx43-dependent s

39 They also implicate a role for aberrant hemichannel activity in the pathogenesis of PPK and furt

40 ons resulted in significantly increased Cx43 hemichannel activity in the presence of Cx26 mutants.

41 in the heart and prevention of aberrant Cx43 hemichannel activity in the skeletal muscle macrophages

42 ic inhibitory peptide, 10Panx, on macrophage hemichannel activity in vitro and animal sepsis lethalit

43 This work demonstrates that astroglial Cx43 hemichannel activity is associated with D-serine release

44 armacological and genetic inhibition of Cx43 hemichannel activity reduced the amplitude of NMDA EPSCs

45 Blocking hemichannel activity reduced the LTP of these excitatory

46 tic interventions to block connexin-mediated hemichannel activity specifically in a glial cell popula

47 ha also increased connexin-43 expression and hemichannel activity, but not gap junction communication

48 H2O2 transiently increased hemichannel activity, but reduced gap junction intercell

49 channels incompletely inhibited H2O2-induced hemichannel activity, indicating the presence of other h

50 ausing mutations confer a novel expansion of hemichannel activity, mediated by connexin channels in a

51 tracellular Ca(2+), which drastically reduce hemichannel activity.

52 of proliferation and a reduction of connexin hemichannel activity.

53 This corrected both gap junction and hemichannel activity.

54 ling, with a corresponding reduction of Cx43 hemichannel activity.

55 to WT, MK4 astrocytes displayed reduced Cx43 hemichannel activity.

56 tion was reduced by prior inhibition of Cx43 hemichannel activity.

57 nctional gap junction coupling yet increases hemichannel activity.

58 tively invading breast cancer cells and, via hemichannels, adenosine nucleotide/nucleoside release in

59 dy, we tested the hypothesis that opening of hemichannels after cerebral ischemia may contribute to d

60 Cx43 hemichannels allow passage of small molecules between th

61 of connexins, which also exist as functional hemichannels allowing exchange of molecules between the

62 st decade, it has become clear that connexin hemichannels also provide a pathway for cellular communi

63 mbrane proteins that assemble into hexameric hemichannels, also known as connexons.

64 lation induces ATP release via Cx43 and Cx45 hemichannels, although pannexin 1 may also play a role.

65 s and keratinocyte-mesenchyme cross-talk via hemichannel and endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) channel fun

66 presence of both fast and slow gates in each hemichannel and the serial head-to-head arrangement of t

67 ignificantly reduced FFSS-induced opening of hemichannels and disrupted the interaction between Cx43

68 stimuli when they are not apposed to another hemichannels and face the external milieu.

69 r compartment can also exit the cell through hemichannels and following shear stress or membrane dama

70 f these interactions and the consequences on hemichannels and gap junction channel (GJC) functions re

71 The differential effects of VVAA mutants on hemichannels and gap junction channels imply that inter-

72 through the ER Ca(2+) channel, only via the hemichannels and gap junction routes.

73 Connexin (Cx) protein forms hemichannels and gap junctional channels, which play div

74 nd connexin inhibitors established roles for hemichannels and gap junctions in platelet function.

75 indicating an important role for connexin37 hemichannels and gap junctions in platelet thrombus func

76 ng suggests that the effect of CO(2) on Cx26 hemichannels and gap junctions is mediated through chang

77 tly inhibited glutamate release via connexin hemichannels and glutamate uptake via the glutamate tran

78 Therefore, expression of Cx hemichannels and P2X7R promotes a feed-forward mechanism

79 We show that Ca(2+) does move through Cx26 hemichannels and that the permeability of the hemichanne

80 into account contingent gating of two series hemichannels and the distribution of V(j) across each he

81 gh action of P2X7 receptors to open pannexin hemichannels and then connexin hemichannels, both of whi

82 Examination of voltage gating in undocked hemichannels and Vj gate polarity reversal by a negative

83 specific inhibitory role of osteocytic Cx43 hemichannels, and exploiting the activity of this channe

84 eceptors on HCs, thereby possibly modulating hemichannel- and/or pH-mediated feedback.

85 The putative hemichannel antagonist lanthanum alone was a potent inhi

86 oreceptors, potentially mediated by connexin hemichannels, appeared unaffected.

87 Cx32 and Cx43 hemichannels are activated by <500 nm [Ca(2+)](i) but in

88 However, whether astroglial Cx43 hemichannels are active in resting conditions and regula

89 authner cell, we show here that gap junction hemichannels are added at the edges of GJ plaques where

90 Subsequently, several hours later, connexin hemichannels are also opened by an unknown mechanism.

91 the olfactory bulb, where astrocyte connexin hemichannels are both targets and modulators of neuronal

92 Connexin hemichannels are Ca(2+)-permeable plasma membrane channe

93 Previously we have shown that Cx26 hemichannels are directly opened by CO2.

94 lving microtubule highways, vesicles of Cx43 hemichannels are efficiently trafficked to adherens junc

95 Gap junctions and connexin hemichannels are key regulators of the biology of neural

96 Indirect evidence suggests that connexin hemichannels are permeable to Ca(2+), but direct demonst

97 Cx26 hemichannels are permeable to Ca(2+).

98 Gap junction channels and hemichannels are permeable to ions and hydrophilic molec

99 nAChRs and connexin hemichannels are potential molecular targets for therape

100 Consequently, Cx hemichannels are potential targets for new therapeutic a

101 ermeant-specific manner and underscores that hemichannels are selective rather than non-discriminatin

102 Although it is known that Cx43 hemichannels are transported along microtubules to the p

103 These data reveal Cx43 hemichannels as a novel astroglial release pathway at pl

104 rophysiological evidence to support pannexin hemichannels as downstream mediators of toxin-evoked ATP

105 se results elucidate for the first time PNX1-hemichannels as potentially main extracellular transloca

106 d de novo expression of Cx39, Cx43, and Cx45 hemichannels as well as P2X7Rs and transient receptor po

107 autocrine purinergic signaling, through Cx43 hemichannels, as a critical pathway in leader cell funct

108 a protein forming gap junction channels and hemichannels associated with dynamic neuroglial interact

109 Aberrant opening of nonjunctional connexin hemichannels at the plasma membrane is associated with m

110 us studies suggest Ca(2+) permeation through hemichannels, based on indirect arguments.

111 In contrast to gap junctions, connexin hemichannels become particularly active in liver disease

112 This screen identified Cx43 (connexin 43) hemichannel blockade as a robust suppressor of the abnor

113 injection of carbenoxolone (a non-selective hemichannel blocker) and selective connexin-43 blockers

114 sed following microinjection of gap-junction hemichannel blockers into the NAcore at doses that block

115 inence was unaffected by NAcore gap-junction hemichannel blockers.

116 ect was attenuated with Cx43(E2), a specific hemichannel-blocking antibody.

117 open pannexin hemichannels and then connexin hemichannels, both of which are ATP permeable.

118 not affect unitary conductance or block the hemichannel but rather promoted gating to the closed sta

119 owever, R76W transgenic mice with functional hemichannels but not gap junctions in osteocytes did not

120 phorylation and attenuated the inhibition of hemichannels by CM and PGE2.

121 Moreover, defect of connexin hemichannels by deletion of connexin26 (Cx26) and Cx30,

122 Consistently, the opening of hemichannels by FFSS was blocked by PGE2 and CM and this

123 The opening of osteocytic Cx43 hemichannels by mechanical stimulation had similar inhib

124 with that of the cell-cell channels and open hemichannels can be a release site for relatively large

125 We suggest that hemichannels can be a significant pathway for Ca(2+) inf

126 Connexin hemichannels can open during ischemia, resulting in loss

127 Here we show that connexin 26 (Cx26) hemichannels, causally linked to respiratory chemosensit

128 these salt bridges by mutations facilitates hemichannel closing.

129 channels; however, sustained FFSS results in hemichannel closure, as continuous opening of hemichanne

130 43 phosphorylation by activated ERK leads to hemichannel closure.

131 GJ1) has been implicated in gap junction and hemichannel communication of cytosolic contents through

132 The hemichannel configuration of connexins (Cxs) displays is

133 aging of ringlike structures of Cx26/Cx30-HA hemichannels confirmed these findings and also detected

134 d gap junction communication and hyperactive hemichannels, confirmed by dye transfer, patch clamp, an

135 layer, six connexin subunits assemble into a hemichannel (connexon).

136 couple neighboring cells are formed when two hemichannels (connexons) of apposed cells dock head-on i

137 nsitive conformational changes of Connexin40 hemichannels (connexons) reconstituted in 1,2-dioeloyl-s

138 Because connexin hemichannels constitute an important route for astrocyti

139 We show that hemichannels containing the innexin protein UNC-7 are al

140 Each hexameric hemichannel contains the same or different Cx isoform.

141 lectively, these data indicate that connexin hemichannels contribute to BK-induced oscillations by al

142 Together, these data suggest that connexin hemichannels contribute to spontaneous depolarizations i

143 Panx1, which is predicted to be a major hemichannel contributor in astrocytes, did not appear to

144 quinine for suppressive effects on aberrant hemichannel currents elicited by KID mutations.

145 e further ATP; by 7 h treatment, connexin 43 hemichannels (Cx43 HCs) are also opened.

146 Connexin hemichannels display two distinct forms of voltage-depen

147 Furthermore, functional gap junction/hemichannel domain, and the C-terminal domain of Cx43, i

148 etween the open states of GJ channels versus hemichannels during acute infection.

149 e determined whether hyperammonemia leads to hemichannel dysfunction and impairs lactate transport in

150 Cortical dye loading experiments revealed hemichannel dysfunction in HE with improvement following

151 HE is associated with central nervous system hemichannel dysfunction, with ammonia playing a key role

152 athways through multiple channel activities: hemichannels, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+) channels

153 in43, thus representing precursors (i.e., GJ hemichannels) engaged in assembly.

154 Cx43 hemichannels exhibited one major mean conductance of 224

155 in, connexin43, which can form transmembrane hemichannels for ATP release.

156 thner cells are constructed by apposition of hemichannels formed by two homologs of mammalian connexi

157 hat mefloquine (MFQ) inhibits several mutant hemichannel forms implicated in KID syndrome when expres

158 llular channels formed by the docking of two hemichannels from adjacent cells.

159 s intercellular communication through linked hemichannels from each of two adjacent cells.

160 show that in the olfactory bulb, connexin 43 hemichannel function is promoted by neuronal activity an

161 and rescue strategies, we identify that Cx43 hemichannel function, but not intercellular communicatio

162 nd lipid-rafts, shown to be involved in PNX1-hemichannel function, resulted in marked intracellular a

163 ration could be explained by shifts in their hemichannel G(j)-V(j) relations.

164 x3 forms three distinct functional channels: hemichannels, gap junctions, and endoplasmic reticulum (

165 the hemichannel pore play critical roles in hemichannel gating reactions and are tightly controlled

166 Connexin hemichannels had distinct sensitivity to alterations of

167 Thus far, excessive opening of KID mutant hemichannels has been attributed, almost solely, to aber

168 The connexin 43 (Cx43) hemichannel (HC) in the mechanosensory osteocytes is a m

169 ntercellular signaling by forming functional hemichannels (HCs) and gap junction channels (GJCs), res

170 s connexin in various cells, and presents as hemichannels (HCs) and gap junctions (GJs) on the cell m

171 Hemichannels (HCs) are hexamers of connexins that can fo

172 ed that fluid flow shear stress (FFSS) opens hemichannels; however, sustained FFSS results in hemicha

173 studies implicate two kinds of gap junction hemichannel in inflammatory responses and cell death.

174 ated the possible role of Pannexin 1 (Panx1) hemichannel in lethal sepsis by assessing its expression

175 Each hemichannel in the GJ channel contains fast and slow gat

176 is chimera expresses currents as an undocked hemichannel in Xenopus oocytes and provides a model syst

177 at in basal conditions Cx43 forms functional hemichannels in astrocytes from mouse hippocampal slices

178 x43) forms intercellular channels as well as hemichannels in astrocytes.

179 TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, which open connexin hemichannels in astrocytes.

180 The release of ATP from connexin hemichannels in cochlear non-sensory cells has been prop

181 The release of ATP from connexin hemichannels in cochlear nonsensory cells has been propo

182 assess the role of gap junction channels and hemichannels in health and disease.

183 ther Cx26V37I nor Cx26A40G formed functional hemichannels in low extracellular calcium.

184 agonists trigger ATP-release via Connexin-43 hemichannels in macrophages leading to poor sepsis survi

185 tivity, indicating a specific role for UNC-7 hemichannels in mechanosensation.

186 Connexin (Cx) 43 hemichannels in osteocytes are thought to play a critica

187 r cells: a critical role of connexin (Cx) 43 hemichannels in osteocytes in the suppression of breast

188 (ALN) or zoledronic acid (ZOL), opened Cx43 hemichannels in osteocytes.

189 nstrate that the activity of astroglial Cx43 hemichannels in resting states regulates basal excitator

190 the edges of GJ plaques where they dock with hemichannels in the apposed membrane to form cell-cell c

191 o assess the pathomechanistic involvement of hemichannels in the development of hyperkeratosis in KID

192 Individual hemichannels in the membrane overlying the nanopore were

193 rted an important role of Connexin 43 (Cx43) hemichannels in the pathogenesis of lethal sepsis throug

194 Excessive opening of undocked Cx26 hemichannels in the plasma membrane is associated with d

195 michannels, we heterologously expressed Cx30 hemichannels in Xenopus laevis oocytes.

196 Blockage of Cx43 hemichannels incompletely inhibited H2O2-induced hemicha

197 expression of these hyperactive heteromeric hemichannels increases cell membrane permeability, favor

198 We also found that the Panx3 hemichannel inhibited cell growth by promoting beta-cate

199 Additionally, the Panx3 hemichannel inhibited cyclin D1 transcription and Rb pho

200 ; however, their contribution was crucial as hemichannel inhibition stopped the oscillations.

201 Application of the gap junction and hemichannel inhibitors octanol, flufenamic acid, and car

202 ed a mimetic peptide that blocks connexin 43 hemichannels into the lateral ventricle of chronically i

203 (type II) cells secrete ATP via gap junction hemichannels into the narrow extracellular spaces within

204 e a tentative model in which the cytoplasmic hemichannel is located at the interface of TM7 and TM8 o

205 nd the proteolipid ring, whereas the lumenal hemichannel is located within subunit a at the interface

206 port the hypothesis that opening of connexin hemichannels is a significant mediator of postischemic w

207 emichannel closure, as continuous opening of hemichannels is detrimental to cell viability and bone r

208 Understanding Ca(2+) permeation through Cx26 hemichannels is important to assess the role of gap junc

209 at regulates the opening of mechanosensitive hemichannels is largely unknown.

210 results demonstrate that the permeability of hemichannels is regulated in a permeant-specific manner

211 mechanism that regulates the closure of the hemichannels is unknown.

212 m for Ca(2+) gating among different connexin hemichannel isoforms.

213 reviously in the Ca(2+) sensitivity of other hemichannel isoforms.

214 In co-culture studies, connexin43/45 hemichannel knockout or knockdown increased innervation

215 udy shows that opening of connexin 43 (Cx43) hemichannels leading to the release of ATP is the key ce

216 man subcutaneous fibroblasts, via pannexin-1 hemichannels, leading to [Ca(2+)]i mobilization and cell

217 We aimed to investigate how hemichannels may contribute to Ca(2+) oscillations.

218 SIGNIFICANCE: Cx26 hemichannels may play a role in Ca(2+) influx into cells

219 intracellular pathogen, suggesting that PNX1-hemichannels may represent a therapeutic target for chro

220 Undocked connexons, referred to as hemichannels, may open and connect the cytoplasm with th

221 rbamylation motif into Cx31 created a mutant hemichannel (mCx31) that was opened by increases in PCO2

222 ur results suggest that at the cone synapse, hemichannel-mediated (ephaptic) and pH-mediated feedback

223 We provide evidence that hemichannel-mediated (putative ephaptic) feedback sets t

224 tial neuronal energy deficit due to impaired hemichannel-mediated lactate transport between astrocyte

225 ers from denervated muscles also showed high hemichannel-mediated permeability that was slightly redu

226 usion, supporting the hypothesis of connexin hemichannel-mediated release of signaling molecules by a

227 synchronization in the heart, connexin-based hemichannels must be correctly targeted to intercalated

228 Findings also indicated that "docking" of GJ hemichannels occurs within FP domains and contributes to

229 ow general, if not universal, agreement that hemichannels of both classes can open in response to var

230 t directly by gap junctions as compared with hemichannels on single cells in normal cartilage.

231 nxs), glycoproteins that oligomerize to form hemichannels on the cell membrane, are topologically sim

232 hannels, presumably by reducing insertion of hemichannels on the dendritic side.

233 of this, the effect of blocking gap-junction hemichannels on the motivation for ethanol was examined.

234 gap junction, each channel is formed by two hemichannels, one contributed by each of the coupled cel

235 re formed by head to head association of two hemichannels, one from each of the cells.

236 Cx26 hemichannels open in response to moderate elevations of

237 that the activity of astroglial connexin 43 hemichannels, opened in an activity-dependent manner, in

238 CM treatment inhibited hemichannel opening and this inhibition was reversed whe

239 tion of PI3K appears to be required for Cx43 hemichannel opening by mechanical stimulation.

240 Proper control of hemichannel opening is essential to maintain cell viabil

241 Inappropriate Cx26 hemichannel opening is hypothesized to compromise kerati

242 eraction between these two proteins and Cx43 hemichannel opening, a crucial step to mediate the anabo

243 bind with alpha5 and hence could not inhibit hemichannel opening.

244 ght junction permeability; and 3) no claudin hemichannel or heterotypic channel made of claudin-16 an

245 pression, but was completely inhibited by Cx hemichannel or P2X7R blockers, as well as by degradation

246 ing by direct permeation of D-serine through hemichannels or indirectly by Ca(2+) entry and activatio

247 after spreading depolarization, the neuronal hemichannel pannexin 1 (PANX1) opens and forms a pore co

248 ibers was acutely inhibited by connexin (Cx) hemichannel/pannexin1 (Panx1) channel and purinergic ion

249 nulation of cultured MCs through a pannexin1 hemichannel (Panx1 HC)-dependent mechanism induced by Ab

250 Connexin (and likely pannexin) hemichannel permeability is consistent with that of the

251 Here, we demonstrate for the first time hemichannel permeability to Ca(2+) by measuring Ca(2+) t

252 ssential role on the modulation of the hCx26 hemichannel permeability.

253 bited the BK-triggered release of calcein, a hemichannel-permeable dye.

254 the nanopore were resolved and transport of hemichannel-permeant LY dye was visualized when the hemi

255 Furthermore, depletion of pannexin-1-hemichannel (PNX1) coupled with P2X7-receptor blocks the

256 etworks at the extracellular entrance of the hemichannel pore play critical roles in hemichannel gati

257 l activity, indicating the presence of other hemichannel proteins.

258 g P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) that open pannexin hemichannels (Px1 HCs) that release further ATP; by 7 h

259 ucture-activity relationship of gap junction hemichannels reconstituted in lipid bilayers.

260 uring Ca(2+) transport through purified Cx26 hemichannels reconstituted in liposomes.

261 We showed that the activity of Cx43 hemichannels recorded in cultured astrocytes was [Ca(2+)

262 re, and dynamics of water inside Cx GJCs and hemichannels remains largely unexplored.

263 Although hemichannels represent a powerful medium for intercellul

264 Cx43 hemichannels serve as a portal for the release of prosta

265 However, A40V KID mutant hemichannels show substantially reduced inhibition by th

266 ic mice with impaired Cx43 gap junctions and hemichannels showed significantly increased tumor growth

267 tal paradigms in which connexin and pannexin hemichannel signaling occurs.

268 inistration of Gap19 peptide mimetic, a Cx43 hemichannel-specific inhibitor.

269 for divalent cation-dependent gating of Cx30 hemichannels, substitutions of the two other residues ha

270 HA tag onto Cx26 or Cx30 subunits and imaged hemichannels that were liganded by Fab-epitope antibody

271 racellular ATP, most likely released through hemichannels, that activates the inflammasome.

272 g actions of CO(2) on Cx26 gap junctions and hemichannels thus depend on the same residues and presum

273 bridge between Lys125 and Arg104 biases the hemichannel to the open state.

274 emichannels and that the permeability of the hemichannels to Ca(2+) is high, similar to that for Na(+

275 cking machinery, increasing delivery of Cx43 hemichannels to cardiac intercalated discs.

276 consistent with a contribution by astrocytic hemichannels to post-traumatic ATP release that aggravat

277 4 and Cx43 with altered localization of Cx43 hemichannels to the lateral membrane in MYL4 mutants, as

278 an assay to detect transport of de novo Cx43 hemichannels to the plasma membrane after release from B

279 ossible that increased Ca(2+) influx through hemichannels under ischemic conditions contributes to ce

280 demonstrate that platelet gap junctions and hemichannels underpin the control of hemostasis and thro

281 ting multiple factors that act to close Cx26 hemichannels via this gating mechanism.

282 nnel-permeant LY dye was visualized when the hemichannel was opened by lowering calcium in the medium

283 ability of DCPIB to directly block connexin hemichannels was confirmed using a gene-specific siRNA k

284 Activation of Cx43 hemichannels was necessary for nuclear localization of Y

285 gating and permeability features of connexin hemichannels, we heterologously expressed Cx30 hemichann

286 ecid, or carbenoxolone but not when connexin hemichannels were inhibited with mefloquine or 2-octanol

287 Hemichannels were not sufficient to ignite oscillations

288 Cx43 and Cx43-GFP hemichannels were reconstituted in giant unilamellar ves

289 Both failed to form gap junction channels or hemichannels when expressed alone.

290 tact-dependent manner via connexin-43 (Cx43) hemichannels, which are mediators of active ATP release.

291 f apposing cells is realized by two adjacent hemichannels, which can form gap junction channels.

292 anism of permeabilization is opening of Cx43 hemichannels, which can lead to cell death.

293 Connexin proteins are the building blocks of hemichannels, which dock further between adjacent cells

294 e tissues and depended on connexin-43 (Cx43) hemichannels, which opened preferentially in cells locat

295 the expression of connexin43 and connexin45 hemichannels, which promote muscle atrophy.

296 e of ATP, and ATP causes opening of pannexin hemichannels, which then release further ATP.

297 ne was also reduced upon blocking pannexin-1 hemichannels with (10)Panx, probenecid, or carbenoxolone

298 mM calcium, or 5 uM gadolinium, mediated by hemichannels with a unitary conductance of ~250 pS, and

299 Pharmacological blockade of Cx43 hemichannels with TAT-Gap19 also significantly decreased

300 human pathology, by demonstrating that Cx26 hemichannels with the mutation A88V, linked to Keratitis