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1 A mutations in HIV-1 plus-strand DNA (termed hypermutation).
2 -A mutations and (to a lesser extent) G-to-A hypermutation.
3 fine-tuning of BCR specificities by somatic hypermutation.
4 switch recombination and, possibly, somatic hypermutation.
5 larities in evolutionary dynamics leading to hypermutation.
6 rwent class-switch recombination and somatic hypermutation.
7 G1 memory B cells without additional somatic hypermutation.
8 nd lower frequency and complexity of somatic hypermutation.
9 tiate class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation.
10 and T-bet, and exhibits evidence of somatic hypermutation.
11 ycosylation sites that emerge during somatic hypermutation.
12 ugh clonal selection, expansion, and somatic hypermutation.
13 lass-switch recombination (CSR), and somatic hypermutation.
14 ry B cells showed increased rates of somatic hypermutation.
15 d immunoglobulin class-switching and somatic hypermutation.
16 e DNA sequences were defective due to G-to-A hypermutation.
17 lar defense mechanism called APOBEC-mediated hypermutation.
18 ity of binding at such low levels of somatic hypermutation.
19 tential N-glycosylation sites during somatic hypermutation.
20 munoglobulin variable regions during somatic hypermutation.
21 ir use of D genes and propensity for somatic hypermutation.
22 pe coverage and strong signatures of somatic hypermutation.
23 iled to produce IgG1 and had reduced somatic hypermutation.
24 onally distinct and exhibit enhanced somatic hypermutation.
25 ched antibodies and the frequency of somatic hypermutation.
26 onses, including class switching and somatic hypermutation.
27 long CDR H3, and limited subsequent somatic hypermutation.
28 their BCR repertoires or patterns of somatic hypermutation.
29 binding to group 1 subtypes through somatic hypermutation.
30 nisms that generate long ssDNA vulnerable to hypermutation.
31 by lower viral titres, lower infectivity and hypermutation.
32 -switched Abs and decreased rates of somatic hypermutation.
33 fidelity DNA polymerases to generate somatic hypermutation.
34 vents occurred prior to the onset of somatic hypermutation.
35 redicted by the mutation profiles of somatic hypermutation.
36 double-strand DNA breaks and pro-metastatic hypermutation.
37 s in B cells are off-target sites of somatic hypermutation.
38 of naive B cells that subsequently underwent hypermutation.
39 ne cells, ABCs displayed significant somatic hypermutation.
40 d IgG4 transcripts were analyzed for somatic hypermutations.
41 ely diversified by somatic recombination and hypermutations.
42 and IgA1 transcripts showed reduced somatic hypermutations.
43 explained by the Neuberger model of somatic hypermutation: 1) across multiple data sets there is sig
44 ad large internal deletions, 174 (23.7%) had hypermutations, 15 (1.4%) had small internal deletions,
46 l N-glycosylation motifs acquired by somatic hypermutation (ac-Nglycs) within Ig H chain V region (IG
48 the germinal center, B cells undergo somatic hypermutation, affinity-based clonal expansion, and diff
50 these clusters there was a range of somatic hypermutations along the IGHV germline segment-derived p
51 ght chain variable domains shaped by somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation of B cells in the
55 nal dose boosting increased antibody somatic hypermutation and avidity and sustained high protection
56 -69 polymorphism on V-segment usage, somatic hypermutation and B cell expansion that elucidates the d
57 iven BCR affinity maturation through somatic hypermutation and cellular selection in germinal centres
58 the expression of AID and increased somatic hypermutation and chromosomal translocation frequency to
60 d cytidine deaminase (AID) initiates somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination of the immu
61 n-dependent locus remodeling (global somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination to major is
65 ng antibodies display high levels of somatic hypermutation and cross-react with circulating HCoVs, su
66 cell clones had high frequencies of somatic hypermutation and encoded broadly cross-reactive monoclo
71 three lineages had modest levels of somatic hypermutation and normal antibody-loop lengths and were
73 d significantly lower frequencies of somatic hypermutation and predominantly encoded strain-specific
75 k BCL2:IGH translocation enables AID-induced hypermutation and propagates clonal evolution toward mal
76 nd removing their self-reactivity by somatic hypermutation and selection in germinal centers (GCs).
77 programs must balance proliferation, somatic hypermutation and selection to both provide effective hu
79 These antibodies had low levels of somatic hypermutation and showed a strong enrichment in VH1-69,
80 s" process is a major contributor to somatic hypermutation and therefore Ig diversification in mice a
81 tients have acquired lower number of somatic hypermutation and used focused IGHV repertoire with over
82 h expressed protein-coding fusions, breakend hypermutation, and acral, but not cutaneous, melanomas.
84 variable region transcription before somatic hypermutation, and antibody heavy chain production, but
85 ling, increased rounds of productive somatic hypermutation, and B-cell selection strength are among t
87 e class-switched antibodies, undergo somatic hypermutation, and differentiate into memory B cells.
88 al centers (GC), underwent extensive somatic hypermutation, and differentiated into memory B cells.
89 sing natural diversity introduced by somatic hypermutation, and screened half-antibodies for increase
91 ctions that support class switching, somatic hypermutation, and the generation of high-affinity Abs.
92 l repertoire, including kataegis and somatic hypermutation, and their relative contribution changes o
93 pproach to the detection of APOBEC3-mediated hypermutation, and use it to compare SFV sequences from
96 with oxidative DNA damage and local somatic hypermutation appeared to contribute to this signature i
99 e whether the extent of clonal expansion and hypermutation are regulated during interzonal GC cycles.
107 enerally exhibit very high levels of somatic hypermutation, both in their CDR and framework-variable
108 negative GC B cells displayed normal somatic hypermutation but defective affinity maturation and clas
110 ic and adult patients, including tumors with hypermutation caused by chemotherapy, carcinogens, or ge
111 ts of class switch recombination and somatic hypermutations characteristic of germinal center reactio
112 -induced deaminase (AID) involved in somatic hypermutations/class switch recombination, in primary hu
113 IgG contained equivalent numbers of somatic hypermutations compared with all other VHs, a characteri
114 nal mutational burden of MMBIR consisting of hypermutation confined to the locus and manifesting as S
116 es, which exhibited a high degree of somatic hypermutation, consistent with chronic antigen exposure.
117 lted in reduced GC sizes and reduced somatic hypermutation coupled with a failure to control chronic
118 iomas(1-5); however, the mechanisms by which hypermutation develops and whether it predicts the respo
119 trics that incorporate the biases of somatic hypermutation do not outperform simple Hamming distance.
123 IDH1-wild-type primary GBMs rarely developed hypermutation following temozolomide (TMZ) treatment, in
124 eatment, indicating low risk for TMZ-induced hypermutation for these tumors under the standard regime
126 of this interaction varies, since a range of hypermutation frequencies are observed in HIV-1 patient
127 s that displayed significantly lower somatic hypermutation frequencies than their counterparts with C
129 es CSP-specific antibody avidity and somatic hypermutation frequency in CSP-specific B cells, demonst
130 uch as large deletions and APOBEC3G-mediated hypermutation, from the majority of proviruses that have
131 e (AID) protein is known to initiate somatic hypermutation, gene conversion or switch recombination b
132 We show that these cells exhibit somatic hypermutation, gene expression characteristic of signali
134 CIN), which is often mutually exclusive from hypermutation genotypes, represents a distinct subtype o
135 ody-mediated selection, suggesting localized hypermutation has evolved to facilitate host persistence
136 omes are intact, lack APOBEC-3G/F-associated hypermutations, have limited genome truncations, and ove
137 d overusage of the IGHV4-34 gene and somatic hypermutation in 71/79 (89.8%) IGHV-IGHD-IGHJ gene rearr
138 change the frequency or spectrum of somatic hypermutation in Ab genes, indicating that DNA repair an
140 iota) is an attractive candidate for somatic hypermutation in antibody genes because of its low fidel
142 play an important role in generating somatic hypermutation in cancers as well as in noncancerous cell
143 oire diversity, clonal expansion and somatic hypermutation in cells from mice immunized with a vaccin
145 ing genome-wide increase in aberrant somatic hypermutation in EBV-positive tumors, supporting a link
147 o had significantly reduced rates of somatic hypermutation in IgG (P = .003) but not IgA or IgM heavy
151 rallels and differences in the mechanisms of hypermutation in prostate cancer compared with other MSI
152 e breadth through moderate levels of somatic hypermutation in response to emerging viral variants.
153 ns are restriction factors that induce G-->A hypermutation in retroviruses during replication as a re
154 tralization activity on the level of somatic hypermutation in the Ab framework, we applied a computat
156 iterative interzonal cycles of division and hypermutation in the GC dark zone followed by migration
157 d light chain contact with HIV Env, and less hypermutation in the heavy chain, compared with antibodi
161 lvability and help explain the prevalence of hypermutation in various settings, ranging from emergenc
162 stricts HIV-1 replication by inducing G-to-A hypermutation in viral DNA and by deamination-independen
165 ow, blood B and plasma cell subsets, somatic hypermutations in Ig genes, and in vitro proliferation a
168 vity revealed a precise targeting of somatic hypermutation indicative of an active, ongoing interacti
169 uired for class switch recombination/somatic hypermutation induction inhibits T1D development in the
171 h whether the sequence has undergone somatic hypermutation is dependent on the maturation stage at wh
173 able binding to AQP4, revealing that somatic hypermutation is required for the generation of anti-AQP
174 a glycan site at N332 on gp120, and somatic hypermutation is required to accommodate the neighboring
177 ocess that generates these lineages, somatic hypermutation, is biased by hotspot motifs which violate
178 inhibit viral replication by inducing G-to-A hypermutation, it is not known whether they are copackag
179 butions, class switch recombination, somatic hypermutation levels and in features of V(D)J recombinat
180 clonal lineage analysis reveals that somatic hypermutation levels are increased in both infants and t
181 lls showed reduced proliferation and somatic hypermutation levels, whereas these were normal in CD27(
182 pertaining to the hypothesis that localised hypermutation (LH) compensates for fitness losses caused
183 RISPR-X, a strategy to repurpose the somatic hypermutation machinery for protein engineering in situ.
184 which impaired apoptosis and ongoing somatic hypermutation may lead to an increased risk of lymphoma
185 ersification in infants and toddlers.Somatic hypermutation of antibodies can occur in infants but are
187 rmore, we provided statistical evidence that hypermutation of cancer driver genes on inactive X chrom
189 or of class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin in B cells, yet its role
190 h APOBEC3 protein and used them to show that hypermutation of proviral DNAs from seven patients was i
191 3 family of cytidine deaminases cause lethal hypermutation of retroviruses via deamination of newly r
193 ide protection against HIV-1Deltavif through hypermutation of the viral genome, inhibition of reverse
194 ells are Ag experienced, as shown by somatic hypermutation of their Ig genes in adaptive immune recep
196 uced (cytosine) deaminase to promote somatic hypermutation on both DNA strands to generate double-str
197 either point mutations in V exons in somatic hypermutation or deletion of intervening DNA sequences d
198 ed into untemplated mutations during somatic hypermutation or DNA double-strand breaks during class s
200 ed that J9 and J8 followed divergent somatic hypermutation pathways, and that a limited number of mut
202 Similarities included the presence of two hypermutation phenotypes, as defined by signatures for d
203 ium, Plantago, and Silene indicate localized hypermutation, potentially induced by a higher level of
204 omas, is an off-target of the normal somatic hypermutation process taking place in GC B cells in both
205 nalyses both V(D)J segment usage and somatic hypermutation profiles, we elucidate physiological BCR r
206 We show that VH gene repertoires and somatic hypermutation rates of atypical and classical MBCs are i
208 rsistent antibodies displayed higher somatic hypermutation relative to transient serum antibodies det
209 had several 'unusual residues' (rare somatic hypermutations, rSHM, with positional frequency of <1%)
212 ion occurs when Ig V regions undergo somatic hypermutation (SHM) and affinity-based selection toward
213 lobulins (Igs) during the process of somatic hypermutation (SHM) and also Ig class switching, can hav
214 ulin (Ig) genes to initiate antibody somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR)
215 rts cytosine into uracil to initiate somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR)
216 d cytidine deaminase (AID) initiates somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR)
217 immune repertoire pipeline, and the somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR)
219 deletions in antibody genes through somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class-switch recombination (CSR)
220 y diversity in B cells by initiating somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class-switch recombination (CSR)
222 hese plasmablasts had high levels of somatic hypermutation (SHM) and recognized the HA stem region of
223 ve antibodies, B cells undergo rapid somatic hypermutation (SHM) and selection for binding affinity t
224 class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM) by deaminating cytosine residues in
225 ed adults and exhibit high levels of somatic hypermutation (SHM) due to years of affinity maturation.
226 d nucleotide motif: the signature of somatic hypermutation (SHM) enzyme, Activation Induced Deaminase
227 ed cytidine deaminase (AID)-mediated somatic hypermutation (SHM) following neurotropic coronavirus in
228 initiates antibody variable (V) exon somatic hypermutation (SHM) for affinity maturation in germinal
229 idine deaminase (AID) initiates both somatic hypermutation (SHM) for antibody affinity maturation and
230 sual traits of bnAbs, including high somatic hypermutation (SHM) frequencies and in-frame insertions
232 d as evidenced by elevated levels of somatic hypermutation (SHM) in Ab sequences isolated at the late
234 class-switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM) in B cells, but the mechanism by whi
235 xycytidine deaminase (AID) initiates somatic hypermutation (SHM) in immunoglobulin variable (IgV) gen
236 ted the clonal overlap and extent of somatic hypermutation (SHM) in the ASC (effector) and ABC (memor
238 d, using laser microdissection, that somatic hypermutation (SHM) occurred efficiently at extrafollicu
241 induced deaminase (AID) mediates the somatic hypermutation (SHM) of Ig variable (V) regions that is r
242 class-switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM) of immunoglobulin genes, is essentia
244 oad dissemination and high levels of somatic hypermutation (SHM) of most lineages, including tier 2 v
245 hey are not accompanied by extensive somatic hypermutation (SHM) of targeted regions and because repa
246 lymphoma B cells undergo continuous somatic hypermutation (SHM) of their immunoglobulin variable reg
247 germinal center (GC) B cells undergo somatic hypermutation (SHM) of V(D)J exons followed by selection
249 egulates both the antigen-stimulated somatic hypermutation (SHM) process and plays a central function
250 ases (107/154) bearing an imprint of somatic hypermutation (SHM) ranging from minimal to pronounced.
251 s difference may be linked to B cell somatic hypermutation (SHM) targeting, including error-prone DNA
252 otably, the frequency of VH with low somatic hypermutation (SHM) was strikingly higher, especially in
253 mportance of affinity maturation via somatic hypermutation (SHM) within the Ig variable H (VH) and va
255 g) class switch recombination (CSR), somatic hypermutation (SHM), and gene conversion by converting D
256 r analysis of replication histories, somatic hypermutation (SHM), and immunoglobulin class-switching
257 and assess their ability to perform somatic hypermutation (SHM), class-switch recombination (CSR), o
259 class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM), to re-engineer their antibody gene
260 class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM), whereas AID targeting of non-Ig loc
261 class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM), which are both dependent on efficie
262 s-switch DNA recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM), which require activation-induced cy
266 th severely decreased frequencies of somatic hypermutations (SHMs), but their underlying molecular de
268 e B cells were characterized by more somatic hypermutation, shorter CDR3 segments, and less negative
269 vaccines driving immunoglobulin gene somatic hypermutation should be a priority to protect elderly in
270 et composition, replication history, somatic hypermutation status, and class-switch recombination in
271 d immunoglobulin heavy variable gene somatic hypermutation status, we propose a novel hierarchical mo
273 breadth, and extraordinary level of somatic hypermutation suggested commonalities in maturation amon
274 tract and have higher frequencies of somatic hypermutation, suggesting extensive and serial rounds of
275 EC3 proteins are devoid of detectable G-to-A hypermutations, suggesting one or multiple deaminase-ind
276 nventional GC B cells that underwent somatic hypermutation, survived despite losing antigen reactivit
277 s, creating lineage trees, inferring somatic hypermutation targeting models, measuring repertoire div
278 analysis of a published database of somatic hypermutations that arose in the IGHV3-23*01 human V reg
279 oantibodies after the acquisition of somatic hypermutations that improve affinity for self-antigens.
282 me of class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation; the transcription factor E47, crucial for
284 ls of class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation, two mutagenic DNA processes used to gener
286 This suggests an important role for biased hypermutation via an adenosine deaminase, RNA-specific (
289 ferent rates across the glioma subtypes, and hypermutation was not associated with differences in ove
291 efects, we identified six cases of synthetic hypermutation, where the combined effect of the drug and
293 body variable (V) regions results in somatic hypermutation, whereas its recruitment to switch (S) reg
294 trand breaks, chromosome rearrangements, and hypermutation, which are all sources of genomic instabil
296 MT expression in pretreated GBM is linked to hypermutation, which in turn contributes to increased ge
298 gue plasmablasts had high degrees of somatic hypermutation, with a clear preference for replacement m
299 associated (P < 0.001) with lack of somatic hypermutation within the clonotypic immunoglobulin heavy