ライフサイエンスコーパス: hypotonic

1 do not feed and are hypoactive and markedly hypotonic.

2 Finally, daily treatment with the hypotonic 2-PMPA enema ameliorated macroscopic and micro

3 In previous studies, we have shown that the hypotonic activation of sClC3 is linked to cell swelling

4 ctin directly and that binding modulates the hypotonic activation of the channel.

5 hey had acute viral croup, tracheal surgery, hypotonic airway, or vocal cord paralysis or if they die

6 ors that influence the collapsibility of the hypotonic airway, the critical pressure (Pcrit) and nasa

7 on of the TRP vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channel by hypotonic and heat stimuli requires PIP2 binding to and

8 The responses to both hypotonic and hypertonic challenge are abolished by cyto

9 y of the exchanger was markedly decreased by hypotonic and hypertonic conditions in normal erythrocyt

10 We found that strongly hypotonic and hypertonic enemas caused rapid systemic dr

11 After exposure to hypotonic and hypertonic solutions, reversible changes i

12 mbly in intact cells exposed sequentially to hypotonic and isotonic conditions.

13 ralgesia, also induced hyperalgesia for both hypotonic and mechanical stimuli that was decreased by T

14 ut of the channel makes the channel contents hypotonic and results in coupled water flow into the cha

15 depletes the vestibule of glucose, making it hypotonic and thereby inducing water efflux.

16 riplegic and mixed CP (dyskinetic, athetoid, hypotonic, and ataxic) more often had high myopia, CVI,

17 hrocyte lysis was reduced in the presence of hypotonic aqueous solutions (0-0.05 M saline) or staphyl

18 rols, gabrb3(-/-) mice were also found to be hypotonic, as was indicated by poor performance on the w

19 was grouped in 4 categories: normal, A; soft/hypotonic, B; borderline, C; and hypertonic, D.

20 M) consistently reduced ICl,vol in Ca2+-free hypotonic bath solutions with strong intracellular Ca2+

21 In Ca2+-containing hypotonic bath solutions with weak Ca2+i buffering, howe

22 this study, we show that, when subject to a hypotonic bath, giant vesicles consisting of phase separ

23 uently, the cells were washed and exposed to hypotonic buffer (112 mM NaCl) containing 100 mM mannito

24 Exposure of cells to hypotonic buffer (20 or 40% less NaCl) caused an initial

25 ing cells to 1,6-hexanediol (5%, w/v), or to hypotonic buffer (40-50 mosm), consistent with propertie

26 opy showed that cell swelling (stretch) with hypotonic buffer also caused thickening of cortical acti

27 polymerized primarily to decavanadate, in a hypotonic buffer efficiently releases over 90% of estrog

28 e have previously shown, MeHg, when added to hypotonic buffer inhibits RVD, primarily due to increase

29 racted from tissues by homogenization with a hypotonic buffer, whereas hormone-occupied ER becomes ti

30 rus attaches to its receptor or is heated in hypotonic buffers, the virion undergoes an irreversible

31 corporated a low detergent concentration and hypotonic buffers.

32 d within monocytes by immunoprecipitation in hypotonic cell fractions.

33 Hypotonic cell swelling accelerated the activation and i

34 Hypotonic cell swelling stimulated outwardly rectifying

35 Enhancing VRAC activity by hypotonic cell swelling, cisplatin, GTPgammaS, or the cy

36 f morphological abnormalities accentuated by hypotonic challenge and also exhibit deficits in motilit

37 s regulatory volume decrease (RVD) following hypotonic challenge by an autocrine mechanism involving

38 uman bronchial epithelial cells subjected to hypotonic challenge exhibited enhanced ATP release, whic

39 Hypotonic challenge in CF mouse BDCCs also increased rel

40 Following hypotonic challenge to promote cell swelling, cell-surfa

41 all, which was further evidenced by use of a hypotonic challenge to separate the plasma membrane from

42 , indicating that the ICl(swell) response to hypotonic challenge was intact in these cells.

43 Upon hypotonic challenge, Src was rapidly activated in transi

44 of the cell volume after swelling induced by hypotonic challenge.

45 lease and enhances ATP release stimulated by hypotonic challenge.

46 rease in current normally observed following hypotonic challenge.

47 of the cells to volume regulate following a hypotonic challenge.

48 changing the duration of cell swelling after hypotonic challenge.

49 , in which K+ efflux was increased 3-fold by hypotonic challenge; the increase in K+ efflux was fully

50 of cell cultures to significant isotonic and hypotonic challenges, and to hypertonic saline, an effec

51 s in response to extracellular hypertonic or hypotonic challenges.

52 th MCM3AP variants, by describing a severely hypotonic child and a sibling pair with a progressive en

53 rous vortexing of whole organisms in low-pH, hypotonic citrate buffer and isolated by isopycnic sucro

54 gamma, replacement of isotonic Cl- media by hypotonic Cl- resulted in strong volume stimulation and

55 folded proteins, they already occur at low, hypotonic concentrations of salt.

56 abrb3(-/-) mice could be associated with the hypotonic condition exhibited by these mice.

57 When exposed to a hypotonic condition, the inward K+ current (IKin) was hi

58 stants > 1.7 s) upon hyperpolarization under hypotonic condition.

59 thesis (lacking exon 5) restored coupling in hypotonic conditions and at elevated temperature.

60 In this article, we report that, under hypotonic conditions and independently of NLRP3, ASC was

61 e essential pulsatile behavior of GUVs under hypotonic conditions by advancing a comprehensive theore

62 Exposure of intact mitochondria to hypotonic conditions causes most of Cox17p to be release

63 in KCC3 that are rapidly dephosphorylated in hypotonic conditions in cultured cells and human red blo

64 Positive stress was observed in hypotonic conditions or when one of the polyamines, sper

65 xperiments indicate that both hypertonic and hypotonic conditions reduce the mobility of GFP-WNK1 in

66 erologously in Xenopus laevis oocytes: under hypotonic conditions that induce oocyte swelling, oocyte

67 s KCC-2 transports chloride, is activated by hypotonic conditions, and is inhibited by the loop diure

68 , with a minimum at 6 min after onset of the hypotonic conditions, and then the SM contents were reco

69 Under isotonic and hypotonic conditions, Cl(-) channels displayed voltage-

70 l size, causing quantal size increases under hypotonic conditions, presumably due to the influx of cy

71 or survival for many free-living cells under hypotonic conditions.

72 that were unable to regulate cell volume in hypotonic conditions.

73 hondria exposed to increased temperature and hypotonic conditions.

74 ase by volume-regulated anion channels under hypotonic conditions.

75 though Sty1 phosphorylation is unaffected by hypotonic conditions.

76 myoinositol release compared with release in hypotonic conditions.

77 ar bending elastic regime in both hyper- and hypotonic conditions.

78 tected, the stroma should be reexpanded with hypotonic dextran-free riboflavin solutions.

79 for maintaining an open upper airway become hypotonic during REM sleep.

80 Lastly, we found that moderately hypotonic enema formulations caused little to no detecta

81 Local administration of 2-PMPA in a hypotonic enema vehicle resulted in increased colorectal

82 Furthermore, local delivery of 2-PMPA in hypotonic enema vehicle resulted in prolonged drug conce

83 Similarly, moderately hypotonic enemas provided improved local drug retention

84 pid systemic drug uptake, whereas moderately hypotonic enemas with ion compositions similar to feces

85 port that sodium-based, absorption-inducing (hypotonic) enemas rapidly transport hydrophilic drugs an

86 , but little is known about the effects of a hypotonic environment on AQP abundance.

87 ion in response to danger signals, such as a hypotonic environment, largely has been unexplored.

88 Hypotonic exposure evoked increased biochemical associat

89 p38, but increases in cell volume caused by hypotonic exposure increased p38 activity tenfold.

90 We found that hypotonic exposure of HTC hepatoma cells evoked the open

91 lomycin A(1)-sensitive pool, are depleted by hypotonic exposure, and are not rapidly replenished from

92 On hypotonic exposure, we found that there was time-depende

93 n of IK1 and inhibited volume recovery after hypotonic exposure.

94 slowed, the regulatory volume decrease after hypotonic exposure.

95 Consistent with previous reports, hypotonic extracts from 293 cells were shown to contain

96 incidence of hyponatremia when compared with hypotonic fluid for maintenance intravenous fluid therap

97 Compared with hypotonic fluid, isotonic fluid is associated with a low

98 in over 600 children have demonstrated that hypotonic fluids cause acute hyponatremia, whereas 0.9%

99 ildren with edematous or oliguric states and hypotonic fluids needed for children with urinary or ext

100 Hypotonic fluids should not be administered routinely in

101 54 received isotonic fluids and 56 received hypotonic fluids.

102 On topical application, the hypotonic formulation forms a highly uniform and clear t

103 ically, the initial step is to differentiate hypotonic from nonhypotonic hyponatremia.

104 Hypotonic gradients applied to living yeast cells trigge

105 isotonic group and 139.6 (2.6) mEq/L in the hypotonic group (95% CI of the difference, -0.94 to 1.74

106 Two patients in the hypotonic group developed hyponatremia, 1 in each group

107 this end, red-blood-cell ghosts were made by hypotonic hemolysis and then reconstituted such that the

108 duced mechanical hyperalgesia and attenuated hypotonic hyperalgesia by 42%.

109 Hypotonic hyponatremia is further differentiated on the

110 Treatment of hypotonic hyponatremia often challenges clinicians on ma

111 rally by overcoming the recipient's salivary hypotonic inactivation of HIV-transmitting leukocytes wa

112 d for their ability to overcome the salivary hypotonic inactivation.

113 Hypotonic-induced cell swelling, in contrast, had effect

114 nium, or tetraethylammonium-Cl did not alter hypotonic-induced swelling or volume regulation.

115 mmalian Golgi stress response, we found that hypotonic-induced tubule extension from the Golgi appara

116 A negative osmotic gradient (-300 mOs/kg, hypotonic inside) increased CM two- to threefold for bot

117 ients were randomized to receive isotonic or hypotonic intravenous fluid at maintenance rates for 48

118 Use of hypotonic intravenous fluids for maintenance requirement

119 that the historic approach of administering hypotonic IVFs results in a high incidence of hospital-a

120 Two hypotheses, "hypotonic [low salt]/defensin" and "isotonic volume tran

121 S100A2 in hypotonic lysates remained soluble after centrifugation

122 onation of the insulin granule components by hypotonic lysis followed by sucrose gradient centrifugat

123 thiol-binding agents were also sensitized to hypotonic lysis in the absence of TLF-1.

124 hibition using an optical assay based on the hypotonic lysis of acetamide-loaded mouse erythrocytes.

125 ion, also colocalized with glucokinase after hypotonic lysis or detergent extaction of the granules.

126 r of polylysine on glass plates, followed by hypotonic lysis with ice-cold distilled water and subseq

127 membrane attachment in cells as assessed by hypotonic lysis, detergent solubility, carbonate extract

128 Here, by hypotonic lysis, differential centrifugation, and glycer

129 brucei brucei became rapidly susceptible to hypotonic lysis.

130 Clinical trial data comparing isotonic and hypotonic maintenance fluids in nonsurgical hospitalized

131 ) for 15 min, followed by 45-min exposure to hypotonic media (112 mM NaCl, mimicking in vivo hyponatr

132 NCX activity was stimulated in hypotonic media and inhibited in hypertonic media; the o

133 purified brush border membranes prepared in hypotonic media are lyophilized and then rehydrated in b

134 Taking exposure of cells to hypotonic media as the best-known example of mammalian G

135 Exposure of HTC cells to hypotonic media evoked an increase in cytosolic [Ca(2+)]

136 Hepatocyte swelling induced by hypotonic media resulted in: 1) time- and medium osmolar

137 tly decreased SC cell volume by 14%, whereas hypotonic media significantly increased cell volume by 1

138 ypothesis, we used whole-cell patch clamp in hypotonic media to examine the effects of inhibitors of

139 tures due to exposure to either high K(+) or hypotonic media was studied.

140 t unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are exposed to hypotonic media, they respond to the osmotic assault by

141 yglucose and rotenone, 100 mM K(+) media- or hypotonic media-induced D-[3H]aspartate release was comp

142 with the view that during high [K(+)](o) or hypotonic media-induced swelling of primary astrocyte cu

143 ersibly blocked by 5 microM Ctx added to the hypotonic media.

144 s C), exposure of TRPV4-transfected cells to hypotonic medium (225 mOsm/liter) or a non-protein kinas

145 With hypotonic medium (50%), tension that was calculated from

146 A hypotonic medium on the basolateral side reversibly redu

147 Confocal imaging of HTC cells exposed to hypotonic medium revealed a swelling-induced association

148 mouse lung epithelial cells were exposed to hypotonic medium, a dose-responsive decrease in AQP5 abu

149 TC rat hepatoma cells, evoked by exposure to hypotonic medium, elicited transient increases in intrac

150 sed parasites resist swelling when placed in hypotonic medium, unlike their control counterparts, whi

151 h-cultured cells are rapidly pipetted into a hypotonic medium.

152 h wild-type mice, an effect accompanied by a hypotonic medullary interstitium and impaired countercur

153 sequently modified by the ducts to produce a hypotonic, NaCl-depleted final saliva.

154 In late 2003 a severely hypotonic neonate, just 38 h old at onset of illness, wa

155 f the paracellular pathway, had no effect on hypotonic or forskolin-induced water secretion in IBDUs.

156 ter several hours of sustained incubation in hypotonic or hypertonic medium.

157 ocifensive paw-withdrawal reflex elicited by hypotonic or mechanical stimuli in rat.

158 that the liquids lining airway surfaces were hypotonic or that salt concentrations differed between C

159 Similarly, addition of hypotonic PBS to mouse trachea in vivo decreased AQP5 wi

160 tics of a B1-like subset and are depleted by hypotonic peritoneal lysis.

161 rvivors are fertile but exhibit hypokalemia, hypotonic polyuria, and apparent mineralocorticoid activ

162 In addition to backwards channels' being hypotonic rather than hypertonic, they are predicted to

163 Hypotonic reduction of AQP5 was blocked by ruthenium red

164 Hypotonic reduction of AQP5 was observed only in the pre

165 rvations indicate that TRPV4 participates in hypotonic reduction of AQP5, including a requirement for

166 exposure of the external corneal surface to hypotonic saline (100 mosm), the rate of corneal swellin

167 After exposure of the endothelial surface to hypotonic saline by anterior chamber perfusion, the rate

168 lling (10-min exposure of corneal surface to hypotonic saline) was remarkably delayed in AQP1 null mi

169 mples, in physiologic volumes, prevented the hypotonic saliva from inactivating HIV-transmitting leuk

170 be due to their isotonicity, which overcomes hypotonic salivary inactivation of HIV-transmitting leuk

171 , we locally depleted peritoneal B cells via hypotonic shock before disease induction.

172 found in many bacteria, protects cells from hypotonic shock by reducing intracellular pressure throu

173 Inhibition of protein synthesis by hypotonic shock has not been reported previously.

174 However, treatment with hypotonic shock or EGTA transiently increased transepith

175 tes that animal cells, in response to either hypotonic shock or ER stress, can bypass the cholesterol

176 PS), they have a differential sensitivity to hypotonic shock proportional to their size.

177 Results obtained using a hypotonic shock should, therefore, be viewed with cautio

178 lly delivered into the macrophage cytosol by hypotonic shock treatment, indicating that ESX-1 is not

179 sphorylated ERK1/ERK2 expression following a hypotonic shock was up-regulated by protein kinase C (PK

180 sin D, by K(+)-depletion in combination with hypotonic shock, and by mutation of the protein kinase A

181 Minutes after hypotonic shock, srp-6 null animals underwent a catastro

182 Faced with hypotonic shock, to circumvent cell lysis, bacteria open

183 ury resulting from DNA alkylating agents and hypotonic shock, whereas it promotes a caspase-8-mediate

184 We depleted peritoneal B cells in mice by hypotonic shock.

185 ase cascade are critical for the response to hypotonic shock.

186 ulant was decreased 2-fold within 2 hours of hypotonic shock.

187 rsus systemic drug delivery, and that mildly hypotonic, sodium-based vehicles can provide uniform dru

188 o single-fiber recordings in rat showed that hypotonic solution activated 54% of C-fibers, an effect

189 Exposure to a hyposmotic/hypotonic solution also led to a significant increase in

190 HIT cell volume initially increased in hypotonic solution and was followed by a regulatory volu

191 al membrane is permeable when replicating in hypotonic solution and within macrophages, resulting in

192 For CBCEPCs challenged with a 10% hypotonic solution at 37 degrees C, the kinetic constant

193 Exposure to a hypotonic solution caused the activation of a large, out

194 Here, we describe a gelling hypotonic solution containing a low concentration of a t

195 owing cell swelling induced by exposure to a hypotonic solution or in response to calcium-mobilizing

196 ic acid and, to a lesser extent, DIDS to the hypotonic solution potentiated swelling and blocked the

197 ed with isomolar amounts of sucrose, whereas hypotonic solution was the same as isotonic solution wit

198 ntly placed in a high ionic strength buffer, hypotonic solution, or detergent.

199 For the hypotonic solution, we found that hypotonicity inhibited

200 nd blocked cell swelling normally induced by hypotonic solution.

201 ed ciliary epithelial (NPCE) cells by a 23 % hypotonic solution.

202 onic solution and was decreased 38% by a 33% hypotonic solution.

203 howed impaired regulatory volume decrease in hypotonic solution.

204 Hypotonic solutions ( approximately 230 mOsm) activated

205 Hypotonic solutions first elicited a rapid increase in f

206 Hypotonic solutions increased and hypertonic solutions d

207 Exposure to hypotonic solutions increased relative CSAs of normal BD

208 Longer (>1 h) exposures to hypotonic solutions permitted a subsequent slow decrease

209 4alphaPDD and hypotonic solutions stimulated SP and CGRP release from

210 In hypotonic solutions with ionic strengths ranging from <

211 icantly attenuated cell volume regulation in hypotonic solutions, consistent with VRAC inhibition.

212 ls, we show that Ca2+ influx is triggered by hypotonic solutions, which can be partially blocked by G

213 also observed in cells following exposure to hypotonic solutions.

214 e filament, and varied it with hypertonic or hypotonic solutions.

215 esicles followed by washes with isotonic and hypotonic solutions.

216 ha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (4alphaPDD) and hypotonic solutions.

217 esponses to the TRPV4 agonists 4alphaPDD and hypotonic solutions.

218 rtonic media but with a steeper slope in the hypotonic solutions.

219 cells secreted insulin when challenged with hypotonic solutions.

220 in cRNA by measuring the rate of swelling in hypotonic solutions.

221 manifestations of SRS include osteoporosis, hypotonic stature, seizures, cognitive impairment, and d

222 Exposure to hypotonic stimulation evoked robust increases in [Ca2+](

223 45 (47 and 35%, respectively), implying that hypotonic stimulation induces ATP release via Cx43 and C

224 Hypotonic stimulation of cultured epithelial cells incre

225 nts, but significantly delayed and inhibited hypotonic stimulation of I(Cl,swell).

226 behavioral responses to both mechanical and hypotonic stimulation of the hind paw.

227 ATP released by hypotonic stimulation rapidly (<10 min) increased phosph

228 The swelling of cells in response to hypotonic stimulation was traced in real time using the

229 GC responses to TRPV4-selective agonists and hypotonic stimulation were absent in Ca2+ -free saline a

230 a(2+)]i elevations evoked in Muller cells by hypotonic stimulation were antagonized by the selective

231 through a silicon substrate, in response to hypotonic stimulation with ms temporal resolution that a

232 ciation of NKCC2 by 5-fold upon low chloride hypotonic stimulation, whereas AnxA2-Y24A-GFP and PKC-de

233 m in mouse lung epithelial (MLE) cells after hypotonic stimulation; and reduction of AQP5 abundance a

234 reduced hyperalgesia to both mechanical and hypotonic stimuli in different models of inflammatory an

235 reversed the hyperalgesia to mechanical and hypotonic stimuli induced by inflammatory mediators with

236 Hypotonic stimuli induced sustained [Ca(2+)]i elevations

237 a novel pathway in mammalian cells whereby a hypotonic stimulus directly induces intracellular calciu

238 4 confirmed that the channel is required for hypotonic stimulus-induced nociception.

239 Hypotonic stress (from 280 to 221 mosmol kg(-1)) to roun

240 ) polymorphism showed diminished response to hypotonic stress (relative to the wild-type channel) and

241 expression of factors required to respond to hypotonic stress - a mechanism that may allow the cell t

242 In addition, hypotonic stress also led to a modest increase in WNK1 a

243 omplexes and other osmotic stressors, namely hypotonic stress and glutamate, induced transient swelli

244 ls, basal ATM activity and ATM activation by hypotonic stress and inhibition of DNA replication was i

245 One of these kinases, Lyn, was activated by hypotonic stress and phosphorylated TRPV4 in an immune c

246 mbrane Cl- currents that can be activated by hypotonic stress are involved in mechanisms controlling

247 Our results identify hypotonic stress as a (previously unrecognized) contribu

248 Insig-2 is not affected by hypotonic stress because of its slower turnover rate.

249 s together constitute the VRAC pore and that hypotonic stress can activate VRAC through a decrease in

250 Increasing the hypotonic stress did not result in an increased activati

251 nase is specific for hyperosmotic stress, as hypotonic stress does not activate it.

252 helial cells release less ATP in response to hypotonic stress in an inflammatory environment (IFN-gam

253 The activity induced by hypotonic stress in erythrocyte membranes had the pH dep

254 mammalian hypothalamus, and is activated by hypotonic stress in vitro.

255 eduction of [Cl(-)]i, either by low chloride hypotonic stress or coinjection of oocytes with the solu

256 s are unable to fuse vacuoles in response to hypotonic stress or nutrient starvation.

257 rks in two different types of cells, and how hypotonic stress promotes tumor formation when the funct

258 We observed that hypotonic stress resulted in rapid tyrosine phosphorylat

259 In aggregate, these data indicate that hypotonic stress results in Src family tyrosine kinase-d

260 Here we report that hypotonic stress reverses the sterol-mediated inhibition

261 Hypotonic stress to flattened, non-dividing cells activa

262 eness) and in kidney and heart (resulting in hypotonic stress).

263 nd, NCCbeta is not activated by low-chloride hypotonic stress, although the unique Ste20-related prol

264 esponse to ATM activation by chloroquine and hypotonic stress, but not after induction of double-stra

265 Hypotonic stress, causing tension in the vesicle membran

266 f endothelial cells with fluid shear stress, hypotonic stress, or membrane fluidizing agent leads to

267 hways, to signal responses to hypertonic and hypotonic stress, respectively.

268 al actin filaments, sClC3 contributes to the hypotonic stress-induced VSOACs in NIH/3T3 cells.

269 ls also displayed increased constitutive and hypotonic stress-stimulated release of UDP-GlcNAc.

270 um, mercury, and zinc exposure as well as by hypotonic stress.

271 inhibition of protein synthesis mediated by hypotonic stress.

272 holine, and during mechanical stimulation by hypotonic stress.

273 n basal ATP release or release stimulated by hypotonic stress.

274 l role in allowing the cell to survive acute hypotonic stress.

275 exhibited distinctly different responses to hypotonic stress.

276 cei brucei was reminiscent of swelling under hypotonic stress.

277 icantly decreased ATP release in response to hypotonic stress.

278 for efficient ATM signalling in response to hypotonic stress.

279 response to AVP stimulation and low chloride hypotonic stress.

280 imuli, including ionising radiation (IR) and hypotonic stress.

281 of corneal transparency and thickness after hypotonic swelling (10-min exposure of corneal surface t

282 Cell hypotonic swelling and lysis, nuclei isolation/washing a

283 acking TRPV4 but not AQP4 showed deficits in hypotonic swelling and regulatory volume decrease.

284 Hypotonic swelling and the selective agonist GSK1016790A

285 We demonstrate that hypotonic swelling of cells converts the ER and other me

286 Hypotonic swelling of voltage-clamped mIK1-expressing oo

287 Whereas control oocytes subjected to hypotonic swelling remained swollen, mIK1 expression con

288 7-triacetic acid (HP-DO3A) or saline via the hypotonic swelling technique were implanted into the ant

289 Hypotonic swelling was associated with a transient incre

290 was inversely correlated with the degree of hypotonic swelling, suggesting that reduced ion channel

291 sion of these vesicles in a solution that is hypotonic to the intravesicular solution increases chann

292 radually shaping nucleus is not disrupted by hypotonic treatment and brief Triton X-100 extraction.

293 Hypotonic treatment of intact mitochondria revealed that

294 We conclude that the hypotonic upper airway becomes most collapsible by the t

295 aracterized by excretion of large amounts of hypotonic urine.

296 polydipsia and produced a copious amount of hypotonic urine.

297 ic diabetes insipidus-like excessive loss of hypotonic urine.

298 Hypotonic volume expansion of skate erythrocytes rapidly

299 Upon hypotonic volume expansion, skate erythrocytes lose solu

300 d not be detected in membranes pretreated by hypotonic wash and freeze-thaw.