ライフサイエンスコーパス: informal

1 a better integration of the formal with the informal.

2 Many theories provide informal accounts of communicative inference, yet there

3 tween species was in fact due to reliance on informal accounts of perceptual processing.

4 ific discovery is sometimes recorded only in informal accounts that may be inaccurate or biased for s

5 Due to economic and societal reasons, informal activities including open burning, backyard rec

6 uages needed for graduate studies, and as an informal advisor for most rust research theses.

7 ental simulations underlie the abductions of informal algorithms and deductions from these algorithms

8 nematic mental model in creating and testing informal algorithms and showed that individuals differ r

9 delivery approach; (2) experimentation with informal and contractual partnership arrangements that c

10 Weight truncation is presented as an informal and easily implemented method to deal with thes

11 rces of variation and be amenable to further informal and formal methods of analysis.

12 humanism largely consist of elements of the informal and hidden curricula in medical schools.

13 Informal and in-depth interviews with HWs were also perf

14 eloped nations urban food growing is largely informal and localised, in gardens, allotments and publi

15 the analysis of proteomics data is currently informal and relies heavily on expert opinion.

16 Mentorship programmes may be formal or informal and should include some form of mentor educatio

17 ition and population growth-often with large informal and unregulated workforces-occupational exposur

18 However, handovers are largely informal and variable.

19 e on out-of-pocket payments (both formal and informal), and efforts to strengthen primary health care

20 ed with study participants residing in urban informal areas that often lack formal planning.

21 A key source of air pollution is the informal burning of household waste.

22 speeches indicated that he was exceptionally informal but at the same time, spoke with a sense of cer

23 Engaging informal cancer caregivers as part of the care team and

24 of antibiotic treatments was attributable to informal care (IQR, 5.9%-21.2%), and 16.9% to self-medic

25 Costs of informal care and productivity losses due to morbidity a

26 ivity losses cost euro3.6 billion (30%), and informal care cost euro1 billion (8%).

27 Informal care cost euro23.2 billion.

28 (incorporating reduced lost productivity and informal care costs).

29 Imputed Medicaid, private insurance, and informal care costs.

30 For the 34% of women who provided informal care for >=15 hours per week, 42% described car

31 The opportunity cost of informal care for carers/family members, especially imme

32 uctivity losses for euro2 billion (19%), and informal care for less than euro1 billion (6%).

33 e family members or friends who had provided informal care for the patient after their episode of sev

34 Obesity complicates medical, nursing, and informal care in severe illness, but its effect on hospi

35 Overall, women received fewer hours of informal care per week than men (15.7 hours; 95% confide

36 Information on resource use and informal care received was collected during face-to-face

37 ectrum of infection risks in both formal and informal care settings as well as in the community.

38 itional cost savings due to reduced need for informal care were likely.

39 morbidity, mortality, and health, social and informal care were obtained from international sources,

40 (healthcare plus lost production and unpaid informal care) were combined with QALYs gained, and chan

41 ded by relatives or friends of patients (ie, informal care), lost earnings after premature death, and

42 usted life-years, policy costs, health care, informal care, and lost productivity (health-related) sa

43 received an average of 2.9 hours per week of informal care, compared with 4.3 hours per week for thos

44 We estimated costs of informal care, low vision aids, special education, schoo

45 ivate insurance, out-of-pocket spending, and informal care, measured over the last 5 years of life; a

46 s, we estimated the probability of receiving informal care, the average weekly number of caregiving h

47 ,362), depending on the method used to value informal care.

48 treatment of depression reduces the need for informal care.

49 mentia ($34 068); a similar pattern held for informal care.

50 g (hours of caregiving provided by a primary informal caregiver and associated cost).

51 ed by incontinence, resulting in substantial informal caregiver burden.

52 Results Patients whose informal caregiver had higher levels of depressive sympt

53 r enrolled in CanCORS (N = 689) nominated an informal caregiver to participate in a caregiving survey

54 This study sought to evaluate whether informal caregiver well-being was also associated with p

55 cer, breathlessness severity, presence of an informal caregiver, and ethnicity.

56 y of patients with advanced cancer and their informal caregivers (n = 332 dyads), September 2002-Febr

57 views were conducted with 22 patients and 17 informal caregivers (of these 28 were conducted face-to-

58 Conclusion Informal caregivers are an important part of the care te

59 ients who have had a stroke are dependent on informal caregivers for activities of daily living.

60 Informal caregivers for both treatment arms reported sim

61 g, and the majority of them are cared for by informal caregivers in the community.

62 Two hundred informal caregivers of advanced cancer patients were int

63 ion, and health-related quality of life) for informal caregivers of critical care survivors (mechanic

64 and trajectory of psychosocial morbidity in informal caregivers of critical care survivors.

65 , and employment reduction were common among informal caregivers of critical illness survivors.

66 scriptions of mental health interventions to informal caregivers of critically ill patients with capa

67 lth interventions on psychologic outcomes in informal caregivers of critically ill patients.

68 nd posttraumatic stress disorder outcomes in informal caregivers of long-stay patients surviving ICU.

69 of the non-pharmacological interventions for informal caregivers of people with dementia.

70 pressive symptoms were the most prevalent in informal caregivers of survivors of intensive care who w

71 of out-of-pocket payments and time spent by informal caregivers providing care.

72 Nine randomized controlled trials with 1036 informal caregivers were included.

73 al caregivers such as physicians and nurses, informal caregivers, typically family members or friends

74 problem behaviors and reducing anxiety among informal caregivers.

75 d) care or as the estimated wages forgone by informal caregivers.

76 ing consequences for both patients and their informal caregivers.

77 than 48 h) mechanical ventilation and their informal caregivers.

78 rs and mental health service use among these informal caregivers.

79 and tailored to meet the individual needs of informal caregivers.

80 ay decrease stress and improve the health of informal caregivers.

81 articipants with Alzheimer disease and their informal caregivers.

82 articipants with Alzheimer disease and their informal caregivers.

83 umental activities of daily living), and (2) informal caregiving (hours of caregiving provided by a p

84 Informal caregiving costs are substantial and should be

85 e prevalence, time, and cost associated with informal caregiving for elderly cancer patients.

86 ermine the weekly hours and imputed costs of informal caregiving for elderly people with no depressiv

87 the additional time and cost associated with informal caregiving for older Americans with depressive

88 Whereas the adjusted probability of informal caregiving for those respondents reporting NC a

89 hosis received more than twice the number of informal caregiving hours per week (P < 0.001), at an an

90 These results add to a body of evidence that informal caregiving may impart health benefits.

91 ting CT received an average of 10.0 hours of informal caregiving per week, as compared with 6.9 and 6

92 of, and self-reported levels of stress from, informal caregiving with prospective breast cancer incid

93 sociated with significantly higher levels of informal caregiving, even after the effects of major coe

94 ility, health care utilization, and need for informal caregiving.

95 -71 years at baseline, answered questions on informal caregiving; 1,700 incident breast cancer cases

96 Having support from an informal carer is important for heart failure patients.

97 Dyadic (patient and informal carer) heart failure self-care interventions se

98 wide with ageing populations, the numbers of informal carers are likely to increase.

99 significant morbidity affecting patients and informal carers.

100 Therefore, many neurologists use informal classification approaches that might not be sys

101 In contrast to informal clinical evaluations of oculomotor dysfunction

102 The Academic Research Consortium is an informal collaboration between academic research organiz

103 Field testing within an informal community in Mexico reveals that the system can

104 cting environment, and (3) involvement of an informal companion (friend or family member).

105 threshold compared with historical control, informal comparison of treatment groups did not suggest

106 available evidence, the guideline relied on informal consensus for some recommendations.

107 s are based on clinical experience and Panel informal consensus in the absence of studies designed to

108 rt Panel members used available evidence and informal consensus to develop evidence-based guideline r

109 rt Panel members used available evidence and informal consensus to develop evidence-based guideline r

110 Expert panel members used this evidence and informal consensus to develop evidence-based guideline r

111 Expert panel members used informal consensus to develop evidence-based guideline r

112 Expert Panel members used informal consensus to develop evidence-based recommendat

113 rt Panel members used available evidence and informal consensus to develop practice recommendations.

114 Expert panel members used this evidence and informal consensus with the Guidelines into Decision Sup

115 Based on informal consensus, the Panel recommends that oncologist

116 Based on informal consensus, the panel recommends that oncologist

117 endations are based on cohort studies and/or informal consensus.

118 loped guidelines based on extracted data and informal consensus.

119 s strongly associated with beliefs about how informal consultation affects quality of care (P<.001).

120 Use of informal consultation is common, varies by specialty, pr

121 Because overall approval of informal consultation is strongly associated with belief

122 Generalists' overall approval of informal consultation was greater than specialists' (mea

123 considered by physicians who participate in informal consultation.

124 Generalist physicians requested more informal consultations than specialists (median, 3 vs 1

125 up, or single-specialty group requested more informal consultations than those in solo practice (82%,

126 38% more and were asked to provide 46% more informal consultations than those with little or no inco

127 s through small and large group discussions, informal consultations, and revisions of protocols and c

128 ssociated with 1) preoperatively creating an informal contract with the patient defining agreed upon

129 pondents (62%) reported they would create an informal contract with the patient describing agreed upo

130 spital staff, 150 h of ward observations and informal conversations with staff, scrutiny of medical a

131 During informal conversations, most staff also tended to say th

132 Informal correspondence was carried out with scientists,

133 gthen community ties, and increase access to informal credit.

134 Informal (curbside) consultations are an integral part o

135 o input from structured, semistructured, and informal data collection.

136 (AE) reporting in oncology has evolved from informal descriptions to a highly systematized process.

137 osomal forms of Anopheles gambiae, given the informal designations Bamako, Mopti, and Savannah, have

138 Instead, pathways are usually represented as informal diagrams in the literature.

139 t of the approach is illustrated through the informal discussion of a more complex scenario.

140 rizes the topics of formal presentations and informal discussions from the symposium on the structura

141 Informal e-waste recycling is a source of much-needed in

142 results highlight the key role of a booming informal economic sector in driving rapid land use chang

143 ion and fostering divisions of labor even in informal economies [14, 15].

144 aharan Africa spotlight the need to consider informal economies when identifying regionally relevant

145 Informal education therefore requires a balanced media d

146 an be naturally eliminated in the context of informal education.

147 modated these disruptions through formal and informal emigre networks and how the subsequent war affe

148 nger than 35 years (3840 [60.5%]), worked in informal employment (2621 [41.3%]), and had primary-leve

149 rgical training takes place as a hobby in an informal environment.

150 l inferences; they learn from statistics and informal experimentation, and from watching and listenin

151 Informal exposure can also benefit foreign language lear

152 n the incidental learning phase showing that informal exposure to multi-modal foreign language leads

153 An important question is whether informal exposure to spoken foreign language also leads

154 While many informal factors influence how people interact, modern s

155 y-dwelling adults (aged >=18 years) who were informal family caregivers of people with dementia were

156 , which included formulation of responses to informal feedback, written commentaries, and input from

157 s low-income individuals' propensity to seek informal financial support from others.

158 Data on informal friendship networks related to student's indivi

159 Number of hours per week of informal (generally unpaid) and formal (generally paid)

160 ctive at influencing resident behaviour than informal government communications.

161 Informal health care providers (IPs) comprise a signific

162 ted a comprehensive literature review on the informal health care sector in developing countries.

163 thcare and manage a wide range of formal and informal health information.

164 ed alternative medicine, and 31 of whom were informal health-care providers with few or no qualificat

165 From a societal perspective including informal healthcare costs and lost productivity, respect

166 ation), and health-related costs (formal and informal healthcare costs, productivity costs) from esta

167 s), health-related costs (formal healthcare, informal healthcare, and lost-productivity costs), and i

168 ivities of daily living while receiving less informal help.

169 ignificance tests) were first proposed as an informal heuristic to help assess how "unexpected" the o

170 thesis of among-family relationships, and an informal higher classification.

171 isparities appear to exist in the receipt of informal home care for disabled elderly people in the Un

172 women received many fewer hours per week of informal home care than married disabled men (14.8 hours

173 ers were aged 18 years or older who provided informal home-based care at least weekly for a patient a

174 ional Neurological Symptoms (UK-FNS)' was an informal inaugural meeting of UK based clinicians in Mar

175 ate and public sectors as well as formal and informal institutions, self-organized to fill governance

176 ve this puzzle all presuppose that formal or informal institutions, such as incentives for global agr

177 s diseases consultation is more optimal than informal interactions (e.g., e-mail, telephone, other).

178 al students to act as peer supporters during informal interactions outside the classroom to encourage

179 An informal International Congenital Cytomegalovirus Recomm

180 ped and validated by using pilot study data; informal interviews of patients, families, and nurses; e

181 were created based on observational data and informal interviews, in addition to document review.

182 Webs of relationships, formal and informal, involving universities, start-up firms, corpor

183 We used an informal iterative consensus process to identify and ref

184 onstrained compared to high-income settings, informal labor movements rather than regular commuting p

185 guage (Cohen's d = 0.238), and a decrease in informal language (d = 0.345).

186 ing as well as give rise to the emergence of informal leaders, i.e. individuals with a disproportiona

187 The informal learning environments of television, video game

188 ) inadequate formal fertility education, (2) informal learning through infertility experiences of pat

189 quisition and happens more naturally through informal learning.

190 The literature was reviewed in an informal manner utilizing the authors' prior knowledge t

191 ne disease resulting from food sold at urban informal markets is a major public health challenge in S

192 ncillary analysis suggested that youths with informal mentors (mentors outside the study) at baseline

193 rated at 18 months relative to those with no informal mentors at baseline (adjusted mean difference,

194 hangers in the early phase of my career were informal mentors, open scientific communication, and per

195 l producers is occurring near low-efficiency informal mills, unconstrained by the location of high-ef

196 Informal models have always been used in biology to guid

197 Physicians are embedded in informal networks that result from their sharing of pati

198 de traditional channels, using social media, informal networks, new public sources of information, an

199 individual problem solvers through formal or informal networks.

200 ular the constraints given by the formal and informal norms, rules, and regulations that govern the h

201 ues have traditionally been identified using informal observation and investigated using artificial s

202 This informal observational study on the tic prevalence in 40

203 hat formal models are inherently superior to informal ones and that biology should develop along the

204 facts; semi-structured interviews (n=56) and informal open conversations with staff and carers (famil

205 cialty care may influence how physicians use informal or "curbside" consultation.

206 month implies significant need for prolonged informal or formal patient assistance with basic physica

207 76 departments (33%) described no formal or informal pairing of mentors with mentees.

208 yses suggest that therapeutic relationships, informal peer support and negative experiences related t

209 tic alliances, service user satisfaction and informal peer support were greater in crisis houses than

210 of satisfaction, therapeutic relationships, informal peer support, recovery and negative events expe

211 rative groups with respect to the formal and informal policies and procedures or cooperative group cu

212 to our allocation policy rather than through informal practice patterns.

213 ations, maintenance of skills via formal and informal practice, and pathways for expeditious transfer

214 tic and treatment capacity in the formal and informal private sector, as well as in the public sector

215 ures of accountability, including formal and informal procedures for evaluating compliance with domai

216 72 sessions of training over 9 months to 152 informal providers (out of 304).

217 Improving referrals from informal providers for smear-based diagnosis in the publ

218 Training these informal providers may be one way to improve the quality

219 of other professionals was 12.7%, and use of informal providers was only 3.1%.

220 all private-sector providers (qualified and informal [providers with no formal medical training]) ha

221 cally constructed using expert knowledge and informal reasoning to generate a mechanistic explanation

222 could lead to further adoption of the recent informal recommendation by the World Health Organization

223 tion, size, and morphology analysis indicate informal recycling operations of used lead-acid batterie

224 rded as waste in landfills, or dismantled in informal recycling using crude and environmentally irres

225 These values can provide an informal reference or benchmark to laboratories who meas

226 cruited from academic medical centers and by informal referrals from nonuniversity practices in Washi

227 this Perspective, I outline the critique of informal reverse inference and describe a number of new

228 An informal review of the author's five decades of research

229 xperience, workarounds and nurses performing informal 'risk assessments' in relation to how best to t

230 ng and development, which may be enhanced by informal routine interactions with colleagues.

231 d implementation of institutions, formal and informal rules shaping a wide range of human behavior.

232 ce Education: Lifelong, Life-Wide, Life-Deep Informal science education cultivates diverse opportunit

233 Informal Science Education: Lifelong, Life-Wide, Life-De

234 on design experiences are key for formal and informal Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathemati

235 Discussion: Improving the engagement of the informal sector and lower-level clinicians will improve

236 mmunity health workers, and inclusion of the informal sector appear more promising.

237 ansformative strategies will require private/informal-sector engagement, adequate referral systems, i

238 onomic statistics in environments with large informal sectors and subsistence agriculture.

239 ment in 100% and 76.7% of current formal and informal SEE, respectively.

240 provided formal SEE and 33 (25.4%) provided informal SEE, which consisted of unstructured intraopera

241 disseminated through extension services and informal seed systems.

242 MSs are informal, self-settled areas with a population of more t

243 Preliminary informal sensory tests confirmed that in particular the

244 With grassroots in informal services for people with mental health problems

245 The value of peer support in formal and informal settings is discussed, and organizational chang

246 lly associated with risk for sudden death in informal settings near the home or playground.

247 g and alternative sanitation scenarios in an informal settlement in Kampala, Uganda.

248 ous disease surveillance in Kibera, an urban informal settlement in Nairobi, and in Lwak, a rural com

249 ed a hybrid HIV testing approach in an urban informal settlement in western Kenya.

250 th campaigns, and home-based tracking in the informal settlement of Obunga in Kisumu, Kenya.

251 search, offering insight into sanitation for informal settlements and more sustainable resource syste

252 05 million people in India will be living in informal settlements by 2017.

253 a global driver of AMR, especially in urban informal settlements in LMICs-commonly known as 'shanty

254 demonstrate, for different water sources in informal settlements in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, sig

255 Epilepsy is common in urban informal settlements of Nairobi, with large diagnostic g

256 luster surveys were conducted, including all informal settlements of Rohingya refugees in the Ukhia a

257 d horticultural to post-industrial and urban informal settlements, we capture a far greater breadth o

258 g, especially in rapidly growing cities with informal settlements.

259 rupt environmental AMR transmission in urban informal settlements.

260 prove women's and children's health in urban informal settlements.

261 and sanitation infrastructure, especially in informal settlements.

262 ch is difficult in low-income countries with informal sewage networks.

263 grams have not evolved adequately to address informal sex workers, male and transgender sex workers,

264 = 5,741) we asked individuals to generate an informal shortlist of candidates for a male-dominant rol

265 ority of these displaced Rohingya settled in informal sites on previously forested land, in areas wit

266 that promote children's development, such as informal social control, cohesion among neighbors, and o

267 Informal social relations, such as friendships, are cruc

268 Felt or enacted criticism teaches parents informal social rules which direct how they are expected

269 sion Rating Scale scores and four domains of informal social support.

270 Fixed effects regression showed that informal socializing and social participation buffered t

271 Interpretation: Informal socializing and social participation may preven

272 social cohesion) and a structural dimension (informal socializing and social participation).

273 estimation of reporting of GBV to formal and informal sources conditional on having experienced GBV a

274 representative of what can be purchased from informal sources in southeast Asia, were investigated wi

275 literature, in scientific databases, and in informal sources such as the Internet and social media.

276 Participants had developed informal strategies to improve communication.

277 l representation of the karyotype; rather an informal, string-based representation is used, making it

278 n the voluntary sector are more flexible and informal: such services have potential to complement and

279 Both claims have enjoyed widespread informal support for decades, but have recently come und

280 Informal support included assistance from family or frie

281 tient, and happen so quickly that formal and informal support mechanisms cannot respond in a timely m

282 likelihood of subsequent use of community or informal support services in 5 years, independent of phy

283 port that falls somewhere between formal and informal support.

284 An informal survey of the leadership of US cooperative grou

285 An informal system for naming eggplant wild relatives large

286 e inconsistent clade numbering system, using informal taxonomic names: Glugeida (previously clades 5/

287 Child-caregiver dyads were recruited from informal tented settlements in Lebanon, and completed a

288 of history, little is known about voluntary, informal third-party intervention in conflict.

289 llholders' fields to determine the effect of informal trade on both the spread of the pathogen and it

290 In consequence, informal training courses are often needed to plug the g

291 Expertise once attainable only through informal training, hepatology now has an accredited fell

292 rticipants self-reporting FAS recruited from informal unmoderated online support forums and via profe

293 Hours of informal (unpaid) care were valued either as the cost of

294 Informal, unstructured interactions often yield highly c

295 stablished mentorship programs, and most are informal, unstructured, and do not involve all of the ke

296 ural setting in western Kenya (Lwak), and an informal urban settlement in Nairobi (Kibera) from 2009

297 question about disciplinary actions, 30 gave informal warning (67%) and 3 reported student dismissal

298 close connections to institutions through an informal web created largely by the elected membership,

299 training, but staff training appeared mainly informal which did not seem sufficient to ensure that st

300 The 2010 World Health Organization (WHO) Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis (WHO IWGE) guid