ライフサイエンスコーパス: initial rate

1 nslocating but at approximately one-half the initial rate.

2 e zero and therefore underestimates the true initial rate.

3 ng in the hyperbolic substrate dependence of initial rate.

4 ion kinetics were sigmoidal, with a very low initial rate.

5 still maintaining simplicity in determining initial rates.

6 kinetics was simplified using the method of initial rates.

7 reaction would proceed at a fraction of the initial rate accomplished by uninhibited Grubbs' catalys

8 'obs((H))/k'obs((D)) = 3.3 +/- 0.3) and from initial rate analysis (k2((H))/k2((D)) = 2.3 +/- 0.4) in

9 fect experiments [ k(H)/ k(D) = 10.2(9)] and initial rate analysis with para-substituted azides, sugg

10 Either eIF4B or eIF4H stimulated the initial rate and amplitude of eIF4A-dependent duplex unw

11 This selectivity was explored in initial rate and equilibrium binding studies that demons

12 n was found between the droplet size and the initial rate and final extent of lipolysis based on the

13 with purified proteins, HSP90 increased the initial rate and maximal extent of Akt-mediated eNOS pho

14 With blue OLED illumination, the initial rate and overall size of the behavioural respons

15 xchanges of ATP and P(i) to explain both the initial rate and time course data on ATP and P(i) transp

16 Initial rate and transient kinetics of DA uptake and con

17 t L-FABP expression enhanced by 2-4-fold the initial rate and/or average maximal uptake of the long a

18 Nonlinear regression better modeled the initial rates and estimates of Q10 values for CO2 that s

19 ta2a, beta3, and beta4 isoforms with similar initial rates and final stoichiometries of 6-12 mol of p

20 The high initial rates and low E(a) values are attributed to larg

21 ermore, although several subclades show high initial rates and net decreases in rates of evolution, c

22 trahydrofolate, and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate initial rates and net uptake in cells that express the r

23 ilized catalyst shows substantially improved initial rates and overall hydrogen production when compa

24 m extra-PL NBD-CQ vs time as well as resolve initial rates and rate constants for efflux.

25 The time needed for analysis is 12 s using initial rate, and 100 s using the equilibrium measuremen

26 the magnitude (Delta = 25.2 +/- 3.7 mM) and initial rate ( approximately 5 fold) of change in [Na(+)

27 hange spectroscopy (EXSY) buildup curves and initial rate approximation.

28 The differences in initial rates are consistent with the reported initial g

29 Butyl-FLIP exhibited sigmoidal kinetics when initial rates are plotted versus substrate concentration

30 fset by oxidation of Hg(0) with an estimated initial rate as high as 5.4 h(-1).

31 Three discontinuous chromogenic substrate initial rate assays were developed with different quench

32 ated from calf surfactant, LPC increased the initial rate at which surface tension fell.

33 or just Tris (Day 3), measured I(NBC) or the initial rate at which the intracellular pH fell (dpH(i)/

34 Initial rate characterization of the mycobacterial syste

35 The measured kinetic isotope effect (initial rate (CHCl3)/rate (CDCl3) approximately 1.7) sug

36 Average initial rate coefficients for complete dechlorination of

37 d well in a 384-well microplate format under initial rate conditions (10% conversion) with a signal-t

38 iated acetylation, or that are studied under initial rate conditions, changes in the acetylation dist

39 found to follow a processive mechanism under initial rate conditions; however, product inhibition and

40 The initial rate constant (k(obs)) of the optimized deoxyrib

41 ve site variant of YPDC exhibited hyperbolic initial rate curves at low pH, not consistent with the m

42 Initial rate data are well-described by the equation for

43 of this protocol allows the determination of initial rate data.

44 intracellular pH (pHi) to increase, and the initial rates (Delta pH min-1) of this increase were mod

45 Despite the widespread use of initial rate determination for processing kinetic data s

46 ly, the steady-state kinetic analysis of the initial rates determined at varying concentrations of ox

47 on from the zinc-bound water molecule in the initial rate-determining nucleophilic attack step, and t

48 belief that endonucleolytic cleavage is the initial, rate-determining step of mRNA decay in Escheric

49 Initial rates exhibit saturation behavior at high ethylb

50 e coupled in DbetaM using both end point and initial rate experimental protocols.

51 ows simultaneous visualization of individual initial rate fits and the resulting Michaelis-Menten or

52 ually demonstrate in real-time how incorrect initial rate fits can affect calculated Michaelis-Menten

53 The initial rate for the dehydrogenation of AB catalyzed by

54 The initial rate for the reaction is 2.9 pmol/min per mg of

55 hods using (3)H-CQ, rate constants vs linear initial rates for CQ probe flux can be analyzed in detai

56 Initial rates for enzyme catalysis in the mother plugs a

57 developed for semi-automated calculation of initial rates from continuous enzyme kinetic traces with

58 omated program existed for rapid analysis of initial rates from continuous enzyme kinetic traces.

59 on has been developed to accurately estimate initial rates from nonlinear progress curves of enzyme r

60 roup analyses, those journals with the worst initial rates generally improved the most.

61 nhibitor lysine was studied by measuring the initial rate in the absence and presence of the effector

62 During the study period, an initial rate increase was followed by a period of lower

63 In the presence of exogenous NAD+, the initial rate is elevated 8-fold with a Km of 2.3 microM

64 g of catalysts by (Z)-stilbene isomerization initial rates is Ni-Ga >> Ni-Sc > Ni-Lu > Ni-Y > Ni-La.

65 ism of the C-N bond formation was probed via initial rate kinetic analysis and kinetic isotope effect

66 group transfer reaction was investigated in initial rate kinetics and product inhibition experiments

67 Initial rate kinetics of human E3alpha-catalyzed conjuga

68 li fumarase had little effect on the overall initial rate kinetics of the enzyme, which has obscured

69 Mutant enzymes were characterized using initial rate kinetics, and isotope effects were used to

70 ing results in (13)CN crossover experiments, initial rate kinetics, and natural abundance (12)C/(13)C

71 ed 8-fold by encapsulation, as determined by initial rate kinetics, and we observed up to 67 catalyti

72 Here we show that the initial (rate-limiting) step involves a site-specific re

73 for detecting tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the initial rate-limiting enzyme of the CA synthesis, to stu

74 which functions as a trimer to catalyze the initial rate-limiting step in a proteolytic cascade that

75 nase type 1 (3betaHSD1), which catalyzes the initial rate-limiting step in conversion of the adrenal-

76 gulatory subunit (GCLM), which catalyzes the initial rate-limiting step in glutathione production.

77 nds and activates GPAT4, which catalyzes the initial rate-limiting step in glycerolipid synthesis.

78 phospholipase A(2)alpha (cPLA(2)alpha), the initial rate-limiting step.

79 ctivation of cytosolic phospholipase A2, the initial rate-limiting step.

80 me mechanism for oxygen reduction, involving initial, rate-limiting electron transfer from the reduce

81 Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) is the initial, rate-limiting enzyme in the catabolism of 5-flu

82 ligase (GCL), the enzyme that catalyzes the initial, rate-limiting step in glutathione biosynthesis,

83 he multifunctional protein CAD catalyzes the initial, rate-limiting step in mammalian de novo pyrimid

84 oleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) catalyzes the initial, rate-limiting step of tryptophan (Trp) cataboli

85 The CPSase component, which catalyzes the initial, rate-limiting step, exhibits complex regulatory

86 the current study, we have investigated the initial rates (<1 min) of anandamide accumulation in neu

87 directions using a combination of classical initial-rate methods including alternate substrate inhib

88 The ratio between the initial rates, monitored in the absence and in the prese

89 Plots of reciprocals of initial rates obtained in the presence of nonhydrolyzabl

90 The initial rate of (86)Rb(+) occlusion was decreased by BTE

91 used 1 pH unit difference in 30 min, with an initial rate of 0.35 pH.min(-1) To understand the interp

92 to light-driven H(2) O(2) production with an initial rate of 0.75 x 10(-6) m min(-1) .

93 humic substances (HS), the dependence of the initial rate of 2,4,6-trimethylphenol (TMP) loss (R(TMP)

94 with 170 +/- 5 turnovers in 24 hours and an initial rate of 28 turnovers per hour.

95 accelerated UO(2) reoxidation the most at an initial rate of 9.5 muM day(-1) with ferrihydrite, 8.6 m

96 xposure to 8-pCPT-AM significantly slows the initial rate of [Ca(2+) ]i rise induced by the RyR activ

97 There was no discernable alteration in the initial rate of [PCr] change.

98 terol, and DHE (fixed at 1 and 5 mol %), the initial rate of AAPH-induced DHE oxidation exhibited a b

99 In particular, the initial rate of accumulation of platelets is inhibited b

100 The initial rate of accumulation of receptors into the clust

101 ation of anionic phospholipid stimulates the initial rate of adsorption (k(on)).

102 the presence of styrene does not affect the initial rate of alkylation, it appears to inhibit cataly

103 rs, such as inhibitors and cofactors, on the initial rate of an enzyme reaction, and it could be appl

104 The system produces H(2) with an initial rate of approximately 100 turnovers per hour upo

105 The analysis quantified the initial rate of arrestin recruitment (k(tau)), a biologi

106 At 37 degrees C, Zn2+ enhanced the initial rate of assembly and produced normal capsids, bu

107 It was found that the initial rate of association of apoE2, apoE3, apoE4, and

108 mation and an increase in the stability, the initial rate of association with DMPC liposomes, and the

109 he alpha-helical content, the stability, the initial rate of association with DMPC liposomes, and the

110 residues in the helical conformation or the initial rate of association with DMPC liposomes.

111 be maximally cryptic, because the increased initial rate of attack from becoming more conspicuous is

112 s yields smaller autophagosomes and a slowed initial rate of autophagosome formation.

113 ns of the CaM activation constant and of the initial rate of autophosphorylation.

114 cing the initial delay and/or increasing the initial rate of axonal outgrowth.

115 inetics, we show that Q does not inhibit the initial rate of bH reduction by QH2 through center N, bu

116 In addition, galantamine did not reduce the initial rate of binding for 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin.

117 The initial rate of binding of anti-Galalpha1-3Gal antibodie

118 ges of the rotating helices to show that the initial rate of bundling is proportional to the motor fr

119 CAPS-1 increased the initial rate of Ca2+-triggered vesicle exocytosis by act

120 el predicts that CAS is not limiting for the initial rate of cargo import and, surprisingly, that inc

121 erial displays a 2.3-fold enhancement in its initial rate of catalysis relative to the 3D calcined ma

122 However, the initial rate of cell aggregation increased 9-fold upon a

123 trinsic cell line properties determining the initial rate of cell depletion from the circulation and

124 Therefore, the initial rate of change (defined as the fall in P(iO(2))/

125 The initial rate of change in PCr hydrolysis at exercise ons

126 The initial rate of change of glomerular volume, normalized

127 The initial rate of cholesterol oxidation by COD in fluid st

128 he membrane cholesterol mole fraction on the initial rate of cholesterol oxidation catalyzed by COD w

129 This initial rate of conductivity decrease was determined to

130 ich resulted primarily from increases in the initial rate of consumption with no change in the rate a

131 lculated DEMRI parameters which included the initial rate of contrast enhancement (IRE) and the maxim

132 impulse steady-state pixel intensity (A) and initial rate of contrast replenishment after impulse (be

133 4 gene in CH12F3 cells severely inhibits the initial rate of CSR and causes a late cell proliferation

134 stably expressing hCtr1 has no effect on the initial rate of Cu transport.

135 d that incubation with Cu does not alter the initial rate of Cu uptake mediated by endogenous levels

136 The initial rate of Cu2+ movement across the thylakoid membr

137 We observed a significant difference in the initial rate of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD)-remov

138 was lowered 33% in mutant A86L; however, the initial rate of cytochrome b reduction was unaffected, s

139 The initial rate of cytochrome c(1) reduction was lowered 33

140 The initial rate of dark current recovery after 12% rhodopsi

141 ring ischemia, the decrease in pH(i) and the initial rate of decline in ATP were significantly reduce

142 Furthermore, the initial rate of dehalogenation catalyzed by Mb Cpd II is

143 eoyl-l-alpha-phosphatidylcholine (POPC), the initial rate of DHE oxidation induced by AAPH changed wi

144 ents who ultimately develop LF have a higher initial rate of DM, which increases with time.

145 btained at baseline and at 4 months, and the initial rate of enhancement (IRE) and the maximal signal

146 ted based on the number of enhancing voxels, initial rate of enhancement, and maximal enhancement of

147 The initial rate of Fe(2+) movement across the inner envelop

148 eparately, goethite with more defects has an initial rate of Fe(III) reduction about 2-fold higher th

149 The concentration gradient and the initial rate of FFA influx saturated with increasing FFA

150 The initial rate of fibril formation increased with increasi

151 Plots of the initial rate of fluorescence quenching versus ATP concen

152 analysis showed that brimonidine slowed the initial rate of fluorescent cell decline in the animals

153 ure accelerated the rate of DHA loss and the initial rate of formation of MGO, but better conversion

154 A linear dependence was observed between the initial rate of formation of new copies and the starting

155 The initial rate of fusion was enhanced 6-fold by GGpep and

156 e stage involved in the determination of the initial rate of fusion.

157 e NOS I produced O(2)(-.), we found that the initial rate of H(2)O(2) production by H(4)B-bound NOS I

158 and 2-positions on naphthalene; that is, the initial rate of H/D exchange = k(1i)[Hg][C-H(1)] + k(2i)

159 , surrogate lung fluid (SLF) to quantify the initial rate of HOOH formation from 10 transition metals

160 y, in a series of kinetics measurements, the initial rate of hydrolysis is shown to depend directly o

161 ervations regarding ionophore treatment: the initial rate of hydrolysis was elevated at all enzyme co

162 der appropriate experimental conditions, the initial rate of hydroxylamine formation (RH) can provide

163 :K co-transport activity was assessed as the initial rate of increase in [Na(+)](i) when [NaCl](L) wa

164 cies, despite an effect of inbreeding on the initial rate of increase in mortality.

165 The initial rate of isotopic exchange was higher than k(cat)

166 The initial rate of L-lactate-dependent acidification was si

167 The initial rate of lipase-catalyzed transesterification of

168 rate of vesicle contents mixing but left the initial rate of lipid mixing roughly unchanged.

169 ry scores by fundus examination and a slower initial rate of loss of visual function by electroretino

170 he hypoxia-specific factor, the ratio of the initial rate of marker binding to severely hypoxic relat

171 LGP2 increases the initial rate of MDA5-RNA interaction and regulates MDA5

172 r reaction time was critical to approach the initial rate of NAD(+)-dependent desuccinylation activit

173 The initial rate of NADH appearance is directly proportional

174 In spite of a substantially reduced initial rate of nascent FA incorporation into phosphatid

175 in the reduction of NO2(-) by magnetite; the initial rate of NO2(-) removal was two times faster at p

176 t the steady-state level of Nrf2 mRNA or the initial rate of Nrf2 protein synthesis but increased the

177 18F-FDG incorporation, the initial rate of O-methyl-D-glucose incorporation (a meas

178 diethyl-2-phenylacrylamide with an estimated initial rate of over 1000 turnovers per minute and can b

179 both stability and cyclization, we found the initial rate of payload release from this newly derived

180 We assayed the initial rate of pH gradient-dependent unidirectional pho

181 Differences in the efficiency and initial rate of polymerization correlate with the appare

182 PCPS markedly accelerated the initial rate of prethrombin-2 activation by E2-fXa, with

183 However, we have found that the initial rate of primer extension depends on the pH and c

184 Measurements of the initial rate of product formation, combined with the qua

185 oped to describe regulation by lipids of the initial rate of protein adsorption from the bulk aqueous

186 The initial rate of radical formation was unchanged using a

187 resulted in 13- and 25-fold increases in the initial rate of radiolabeled 2-AA-LPC and arachidonic ac

188 e presence of a given level of protamine the initial rate of reaction can be linearly related to the

189 rate constant was 0.011 min(-1), whereas the initial rate of reaction in the absence of pre-existing

190 ased on rate-limited regeneration, where the initial rate of recovery following a total bleach was ca

191 The initial rate of reduction increases with increasing SDS

192 However, when reduced together, the initial rate of reduction is 6-fold higher for goethite

193 quantity of RPE65 per eye, and measured the initial rate of rhodopsin regeneration after a nearly co

194 o 0.32 pmol (C57BL/6N x Rpe65(-)(/)(-)); the initial rate of rhodopsin regeneration was a Michaelis f

195 cker, significantly increased by twofold the initial rate of rise in [Na(+)](i) when [NaCl](L) was in

196 The initial rate of rise of FI over 10 s was approximately 3

197 higher, but T7 lysozyme does not inhibit the initial rate of RNA synthesis with a premelted bulge-6 p

198 Signaling efficacy is the initial rate of signaling by agonist-occupied receptor (

199 In the model-free approach, the initial rate of signaling is quantified and this is done

200 effects differ depending on an individual's initial rate of song and associated density of ENK.

201 ransfer activity of SCP(2) by increasing the initial rate of sterol transfer by 2.9-fold and by decre

202 horylated full-length Syk demonstrates a low initial rate of substrate phosphorylation that increases

203 ormation (RH) can provide an estimate of the initial rate of superoxide (O2(-)) formation.

204 mming, whereas wild-type animals sustain the initial rate of swimming over the duration of the experi

205 The initial rate of Syk activity was strongly increased by e

206 of oleate and octylphosphonate increases the initial rate of the reaction by a factor of 2.3, and the

207 After a similar initial rate of thrombus formation with and without PN2K

208 Further evaluation revealed that the initial rate of TPT uptake was unaffected by CI1033, whe

209 he rate of decay of metarhodopsin II and the initial rate of transducin activation comparable with th

210 nium, with little accompanying defect in the initial rate of transport.

211 The initial rate of unwinding increased with WRN concentrati

212 In the most potent case, the initial rate of uptake is inhibited 10-fold, and TfnR le

213 The initial rate of uptake was dependent upon Cu2+ concentra

214 this ratio led to a dramatic increase in the initial rate of vesicle contents mixing but left the ini

215 The initial rate of weight loss was higher in TESI+ versus T

216 The initial rate of WRN helicase activity displayed a hyperb

217 etal ion filling experiments showed that the initial rate of Zn2+ influx was a linear function of the

218 e E1-type elimination fully accounts for the initial rates of 1-(13) C-cyclohexanol disappearance and

219 The initial rates of appearance of all deuterated species of

220 teoliposomes with acid-base transitions, the initial rates of ATP synthesis and hydrolysis were measu

221 Although initial rates of biosynthesis of both proteins were simi

222 atios >1 (positive intrinsic curvature), the initial rates of both lipid and contents mixing decrease

223 The dependence of initial rates of chitin degradation on reductant concent

224 At low tension, the initial rates of cleavage and looping were similar (appr

225 The initial rates of DAB polymer formation were directly pro

226 The initial rates of DNA damage decreased with increased inh

227 Initial rates of E1-catalyzed E2 transthiolation have be

228 Initial rates of endocytosis were unaffected, but lysoso

229 Quantification of the initial rates of environmental reactions at the mineral/

230 format include the continuous monitoring of initial rates of enzymatic reactions, the measurement of

231 ly prevented FXI binding to lipid rafts, and initial rates of factor XI activation by thrombin on act

232 pite decreased acyl-CoA synthetase activity, initial rates of fatty acid uptake were unaffected by kn

233 The method, based on the isotope effects on initial rates of formation of intermediates, was validat

234 osynthesis for the first time, and we report initial rates of fuscanodin biosynthesis.

235 Poly-P increased initial rates of fXI activation 30- and 3000-fold for fX

236 iments with the latter donor showed that the initial rates of glycosylations increase with increases

237 The initial rates of H(+) gradient dissipation followed Mich

238 ed-flow spectroscopy results indicated rapid initial rates of H2O2 disproportionation slowing concomi

239 However, comparison of the initial rates of H2O2 formation (RH2O2) to that of RH sh

240 The initial rates of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-mediated e

241 c substances (HS) enhanced substantially the initial rates of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) photoproductio

242 Despite high initial rates of insulin independence after islet allotr

243 Fast initial rates of iron oxide-associated BSA proteolysis,

244 tion of PGSK and low Fe2+ concentrations the initial rates of iron transport could be determined for

245 mpaired not only migration but also impaired initial rates of lamellar spreading.

246 for removal by apoA-I from about 0.8-5%; the initial rates of mass release of cholesterol and PL are

247 Initial rates of methionine oxidation correlate with sur

248 iented vesicles were employed to measure the initial rates of methyl-alpha-D-glucose uptake, under ze

249 Assays of initial rates of methylation indicated that signalling c

250 -carboxyfluorescein-acetoxymethyl ester, the initial rates of monocarboxylate-dependent cytoplasmic a

251 Initial rates of NADPH turnover and O(2) utilization wer

252 While the initial rates of O2 reduction by the Mn, Fe, and Co deri

253 imary hepatocytes revealed indistinguishable initial rates of oleate uptake, but longer intervals rev

254 Combining these results with a study of initial rates of phenol formation, and of substituent el

255 Initial rates of polyubiquitin chain formation displayed

256 Conformation was assayed by measuring initial rates of receptor methylation, a parameter indep

257 BMJ, JAMA, and Annals had the lowest initial rates of reporting on both protections in the sa

258 6G in purified plasma membrane vesicles, the initial rates of rhodamine 6G fluorescence quenching of

259 ach component was determined by plotting the initial rates of the C-OMe bond cleavage at varying conc

260 omponent has been determined by plotting the initial rates of the cross-coupling reaction at varying

261 analyses indicate that Q509L does not affect initial rates of the polymerase-directed RNase H activit

262 ach component was determined by plotting the initial rates of the reaction against concentration.

263 The linear initial rates of the reaction allowed calculation of an

264 olution and elemental sensitivity to measure initial rates of the wide variety of environmental react

265 ing disc electrode voltammetry revealed that initial rates of uptake and AMPH-induced efflux were ele

266 The initial rates of uptake of hypoxanthine and adenine by s

267 Both the initial rates of volume change (dV/dt) in both ventricle

268 For PCD, initial rates of ~330 mumol L(-1).h(-1) and 205 mumol L(

269 t on the thread allows for the use of either initial rate or equilibrium signal as analytical paramet

270 catalysis by pig liver esterase from either initial rates or the integration of progress curves, and

271 The initial rate parameters for the purified sulfite reducta

272 their substitution, via mutagenesis, on the initial-rate parameters of a representative member of th

273 Substitutions elsewhere affect multiple initial-rate parameters with varying, and sometimes comp

274 the prothrombin concentration increased the initial rate, peak, and total amount of thrombin generat

275 Initial rates (r(o)) were first-order with respect to ir

276 ate, and NOM:Hg ratio, NOM reduces Hg(II) at initial rates ranging from 0.4 to 5.5 h(-1), which are a

277 Initial rate studies have revealed dramatic acceleration

278 Initial rate studies identify UbcH7 as the cognate E2 ca

279 Initial rate studies in the absence or presence of produ

280 fect of Mg(2+) is limited to V/K(MgATP), and initial rate studies indicate an equilibrium-ordered add

281 Initial rate studies under biochemically defined conditi

282 Initial rate studies were performed on the two tandem ca

283 Initial rates studies of substrates bearing different di

284 Initial-rate studies at various concentrations of PhCHO

285 Initial-rate studies were complemented by kinetic analys

286 of ascorbate via the phosphate ester had an initial rate that was three to five times slower than th

287 und correlating both selectivity factors and initial rates to the sigma(para) Hammett parameters.

288 Analysis of initial rates uncovered the high reactivity of the catal

289 e nonsensitized particles evolve oxygen with initial rates up to 0.96 mumol min(-1), and with a quant

290 5th centile] had lighter placentas, reduced initial rate uptake of (14)C-glutamine and (14)C-glutama

291 ored by chromogenic substrate hydrolysis had initial rates (v(1)) representing conformational activat

292 ic substrate hydrolysis were parabolic, with initial rates (v(1)) that indicated no transient species

293 Plots of initial rate versus [substrate] show a rate dependence t

294 Double reciprocal plots of initial rates versus concentrations of substrate reveale

295 The initial rate vi represents the residual activity of the

296 celerated throughout adulthood; however, its initial rate was much lower than mortality, so that rela

297 P chelate complex, a 15-fold increase in the initial rate was observed at low MgATP.

298 vely apolar HAs at I = 50 mM exhibited rapid initial rates, was extensive, and was only partially rev

299 Ion-pair S(N)2 initial rates were measured for CsPAT with several alkyl

300 ompanied by destruction of the bilayer at an initial rate, which is comparable for DOPC and DPPC but