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1 This did not generalize to the control irritant.
2 ally to cutaneously applied phenol, an acute irritant.
3 ween protons and piperine, another vanilloid irritant.
4 n an assay with a cockroach, proved potently irritant.
5 ee-base nicotine is bitter and a respiratory irritant.
6 ied in the vapor, and acrolein is a powerful irritant.
7 6%, is a possible carcinogen and respiratory irritant.
8 ha,beta unsaturated aldehyde and respiratory irritant.
9 ent of TRPA1, a key sensor for environmental irritants.
10 matory responses to cutaneous and peritoneal irritants.
11 y airway exposures to allergens and chemical irritants.
12 ell as environmental and endogenous chemical irritants.
13 pungent natural compounds and environmental irritants.
14 y for behavioral responses to these chemical irritants.
15 nd mediates behavioral responses to chemical irritants.
16 pungent natural compounds, and environmental irritants.
17 ion of nociceptors by endogenous and natural irritants.
18 mach less susceptible to damage from luminal irritants.
19 lvents, welding fumes, and other respiratory irritants.
20 hich respond to numerous odorants as well as irritants.
21 tinel for structurally diverse electrophilic irritants.
22 tinocytes treated with certain allergens and irritants.
23 es to protect the host against pathogens and irritants.
24 airway defense against inhaled pathogens and irritants.
25 ncluding mechanical stimulation and chemical irritants.
26 iggers such as allergens, microorganisms and irritants.
27 and the presence of inhalable pollutants and irritants.
28 f environmental exposures like allergens and irritants.
29 in increased penetrability to allergens and irritants.
30 xposure to allergens, pathogens, or chemical irritants.
31 rs chronically exposed to moderate levels of irritants.
32 after chronic exposure to moderate levels of irritants.
33 ons or exposure to allergic and non-allergic irritants.
34 hagous fluids, environmental xenobiotics and irritants.
35 oxyethylene) ammonium chloride (ITDOP); mild irritants: 5% 3-decyloxypropyl-bis(polyoxyethylene) amin
38 o enhance permeability and susceptibility to irritants; accordingly, increased attention should be gi
39 rritation response in mice elicited by smoke irritants (acrolein, acetic acid, and cyclohexanone).
42 ral, bacterial, and nonmicrobial (toxins and irritants) agents, resulting in production of many diffe
43 though the intestine is routinely exposed to irritant alimentary compounds and inflammatory mediators
45 rosols with increasing doses of the chemical irritants allyl isothiocyanate (AITC; also known as must
46 is opposite of that associated with another irritant, ammonia fumes, which elicited an increase in t
49 mediated, anti-inflammatory activity in both irritant and allergic contact dermatitis animal models.
50 tivated receptor-alpha agonists in models of irritant and allergic contact dermatitis produced in mou
51 er, distinguishing the clinical phenotype of irritant and allergic contact dermatitis remains challen
54 ay potent anti-inflammatory activity in both irritant and allergic contact models of dermatitis, requ
55 n made to identify biomarkers to distinguish irritant and allergic patch test reactions, which could
56 IV hypersensitivity, in part due to the dual irritant and antigenic properties of sensitizing chemica
57 he importance of the interaction between the irritant and antigenic properties of sensitizing chemica
58 er show that PAP-1 is not a sensitizer or an irritant and exhibits no toxicity in a 28-day toxicity s
60 jury measured at day 1, regardless of ocular irritant and the stromal response measured by the area u
62 s can affect airway inflammatory response to irritants and allergens, but the importance of stress in
64 uction machinery through which environmental irritants and endogenous proalgesic agents depolarize no
66 cautions should be taken against respiratory irritants and molds and to prevent children from becomin
70 tion following long-term exposure to harmful irritants and pollutants, particularly in the airways.
71 el is the molecular target for environmental irritants and pungent chemicals, such as cinnamaldehyde
75 Expression is also activated by a chemical irritant, and is suppressed by topical administration of
78 t recognize pathogens, chemical and physical irritants, and damaged cells subsequently initiating a w
79 er that allows the penetration of allergens, irritants, and microbes into a cutaneous milieu that fac
81 PCR analyses of multiple chemical allergens, irritants, and non-sensitizers have identified 10 genes
82 entions to reduce exposures to allergens and irritants, and research on the underlying mechanisms tha
83 multiple symptomatic high-level exposures to irritants; and (iii) possible IIA, that is asthma occurr
85 ctivated by noxious heat, acid, and alkaloid irritants as well as several endogenous ligands and is s
88 side' world from potentially harmful toxins, irritants, bacteria and other pathogens that also exist
89 gions in the mouth are uniquely sensitive to irritants because they can penetrate through the tissue
91 s sensory detection of pathogens, toxins and irritants; breakdown of the epithelial barrier is associ
92 ubstances, toxins, venoms, and environmental irritants but that also trigger exuberant allergic react
93 diverse array of environmental and microbial irritants by forming the barrier of epithelial cells int
99 rs after treatment, mild and moderate ocular irritants caused a significant increase in corneal thick
100 he epithelium, whereas the mild and moderate irritants caused complete epithelial cell loss with incr
103 tact dermatitis (CD), including allergic and irritant CD, are common dermatological diseases and are
104 and includes allergic CD, photoallergic CD, irritant CD, photoirritant CD (also called phototoxic CD
105 nsitive to mechanical stimuli and a range of irritant chemicals (bradykinin, capsaicin, low pH, plate
107 the tested compounds, i.e., strong and weak irritant chemicals selected from the literature, induced
113 nflammation via hapten-specific T cells) and irritants (chemicals that are toxic to epidermal cells).
116 apsaicin is unique among naturally occurring irritant compounds because the initial neuronal excitati
117 opic dermatitis (AD) as well as allergic and irritant contact dermatitis (ACD, ICD) are characterized
120 In AD patients, there is often a coexisting irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) or allergic contact de
123 phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate, a model of irritant contact dermatitis and oxazolone, a model of al
128 cterized by either inflammation alone (acute irritant contact dermatitis, acute allergic contact derm
129 eratinocytes, especially during allergic and irritant contact dermatitis, however, is less well under
130 morphine had no effect on croton oil-induced irritant contact dermatitis, indicating that morphine's
136 sponses in BALB/c mice to oxazolone, but not irritant contact hypersensitivity responses to croton oi
138 acute stress has no effect on the course of irritant contact sensitivity, an immune reaction that do
139 continuum of irritation that can be termed "irritant contact stomatitis." This may be due to the fac
140 d having a significantly greater effect than irritant control (p < 0.001); however, neither applicati
141 d with age over 50 years and with a negative irritant control containing sodium lauryl sulphate.
142 ans retinoic acid, 5% sodium lauryl sulfate (irritant control), or vehicle were applied under occlusi
143 and bulb may provide an avenue whereby nasal irritants could affect processing of coincident olfactor
144 nstrated that both spontaneous and augmented irritant dermatitis in FVB.delta(-/-) mice were down-reg
150 ses (e.g., psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and irritant dermatitis) triggered by abnormal barrier funct
151 hogenic role for keratinocyte-derived ATP in irritant dermatitis, they also form the basis for a form
155 Here we examined the effect of the chemical irritant dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) on intestinal dama
157 clinician be aware of cutaneous mimickers of irritant diaper dermatitis as well as their treatments.
158 nasal epithelium, requiring that trigeminal irritants diffuse through the junctional barrier at the
159 s are activated by noxious stimuli including irritants (e.g. TRPV1 agonist capsaicin) and inflammator
160 ave been identified, including environmental irritants (e.g., acrolein) and ingredients of pungent na
161 (e.g., allyl isothiocyanate), environmental irritants (e.g., acrolein), and endogenous ligands (4-hy
162 nerve endings can detect certain lipophilic irritants (e.g., mints, ammonia), the epithelium also ho
164 gic contact dermatitis, and suggest that the irritant effect of chemicals may be mediated through the
166 ght into the underlying mechanism of harmful irritant effects in the respiratory tract caused by acci
175 d by subcutaneous injections of the chemical irritant formalin substantially increased the release of
180 with accidental exposures to high levels of irritant gases depended on cumulative levels of pulp mil
181 s, microbial products and sterile endogenous irritants governs whether the outcome will be with suppr
182 emonstrate that, following stimulation by an irritant, grooming progresses gradually from an early ph
184 oreign organisms, damaged cells and physical irritants; however, inappropriately triggered or sustain
185 vironmental and occupational sensitizers and irritants in its pathogenesis and the interaction with b
187 exposed to a range of physical and chemical irritants in the environment that are known to trigger a
189 igeminally mediated reflex reactions to some irritants including acyl-homoserine lactone bacterial qu
190 rrier to allergens as well as other external irritants including infectious agents, and atmospheric p
192 where it acts as a sensor for environmental irritants, including acrolein, and some pungent plant in
194 nd to contain significantly more respiratory irritants, including NO(x), CO, and CO(2), and a larger
195 ensor for structurally diverse electrophilic irritants, including small volatile environmental toxica
196 mediators and to a diverse array of volatile irritants, including those found in tear gas and garlic.
203 a known human carcinogen and mucous membrane irritant, is emitted from a variety of building material
204 ature of bronchial asthma, and inhalation of irritants may facilitate development of nonallergic AHR.
206 , but not prevented, by elimination of local irritants, meticulous oral hygiene, and regular periodon
207 ave examined in vivo and in vitro effects of irritants, most focused on events developing hours to da
208 Intramuscular injection of an inflammatory irritant, mustard oil (MO), induces significant edema fo
210 e-activity relationships in analogues of the irritant natural product capsaicin have previously been
212 th exposures to fungal taxa considered to be irritant or allergenic in sensitive subjects, yeasts in
213 osures are assumed to provoke wheeze through irritant or allergenic mechanisms, little is known about
218 cancer, PICCs were rated as appropriate for irritant or vesicant infusion, regardless of duration.
219 itial management includes avoiding causative irritants or allergens (e.g., by wearing impermeable glo
221 s) may increase the risk of LRI by acting as irritants or through increasing susceptibility to infect
222 unds attenuate pain behavior in a trigeminal irritant pain model that is known to rely on TRPV4 and T
223 ion-specifically dead cells and a variety of irritant particles, including crystals, minerals, and pr
225 and clears the airways and lungs of inhaled irritants, particulates, pathogens, and accumulated secr
228 anate (AITC; aka, mustard oil) is a powerful irritant produced by Brassica plants as a defensive trai
229 e trees' because their anesthetic or counter-irritant properties render them useful in the treatment
232 care products have been documented to cause irritant reactions in susceptible individuals, particula
233 sorders varying from straightforward topical irritant reactions, such as those to synthetic pyrethroi
234 tial channel vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1), an irritant receptor for capsaicin, the pungent ingredient
235 ework for understanding how a broad-spectrum irritant receptor is controlled by endogenous and exogen
236 te that HQ is an activator of the peripheral irritant receptor transient receptor potential (TRP) cat
238 Both these modes can be initiated by the irritant receptor TRPA1, which is confined to crypt EC c
240 be distinguished within the wide spectrum of irritant-related asthma: (i) definite IIA, that is acute
241 Effects of acetaminophen on oxidant and irritant respiratory tract responses to environmental to
244 own to be integral to a CHS but not an acute irritant response, whereas CD44 does not significantly c
245 and/or potentiates the oxidative stress and irritant responses to an inhaled oxidant: environmental
246 eloped an in vitro assay for potential human irritant responses via the skin, employing human passage
247 oscopy showed that application of the slight irritant resulted in decreased epithelial thickness at 3
248 eated skin contact with contact allergens or irritants, resulting in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD
249 endogenous danger signals and environmental irritants, resulting in the formation and activation of
253 al ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel functions as an irritant sensor and is a therapeutic target for treating
254 sophila melanogaster orthologue of the human irritant sensor, acts in gustatory chemosensors to inhib
258 lls with low concentrations of ethanol (mild irritant) significantly attenuated injury induced by hig
260 y examined whether repetitive exposure to an irritant stimulant leads to desensitization and whether
261 or the local environment for the presence of irritant stimuli and, when activated, provide input to t
262 ter a single exposure to very high levels of irritant substances; (ii) probable IIA, that is asthma t
263 ess C5aRs and that exposure to environmental irritants such as cigarette smoke modulates the expressi
266 de range of allergens, infectious agents and irritants (such as pollutants) occurring indoors and out
267 s and responds to a wide variety of chemical irritants, such as acrolein in smoke or isothiocyanates
269 This contrasts with most other common oral irritants, such as cinnamaldehyde, capsaicin, and alcoho
272 ildren are exposed to multiple environmental irritants, such as viruses and allergens, that are commo
273 emically disparate animal- and plant-derived irritants target the same key allosteric regulatory site
274 activity as measured by the mouse abdominal irritant test (MAIT) when dosed at 100 mg/kg, sc, but di
276 nd 21e were very active in the rat abdominal irritant test (RAIT) with ED(50) doses of 0.38 and 0.31
278 stimulation on the muscle and to a chemical irritant that is known to produce pain in humans provide
279 cle beginning on page 2574), have identified irritants that activate transient receptor potential cat
283 can be activated by exogenous electrophilic irritants through direct covalent modification, we reaso
284 ized epithelial chemosensors that respond to irritants through the canonical taste transduction casca
285 vivo CM revealed corneal injury with slight irritants to be restricted to the epithelium, whereas th
286 Thus, in CF, the reduced ability of mucosal irritants to stimulate airway gland secretion via SubP m
288 y dependent on both the concentration of the irritant used and the duration of exposure and was abrog
291 show opposing outcomes of CD39 deficiency in irritant versus allergic contact dermatitis, reflecting
292 , that is activated by a variety of reactive irritants via the covalent modification of cysteine resi
296 ed with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), a model irritant, were used to examine early molecular events of
297 hannels are activated by chemically reactive irritants, whereas snake and Drosophila TRPA1 orthologs
298 single or multiple high-level exposure(s) to irritants, whereas this relationship can only be inferre
299 n were induced by both contact allergens and irritants; whereas only contact allergens prompted stron
300 ntration of a damaging agent, termed a "mild irritant," which by itself is not injurious, can attenua