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1 within a film are very small (less than one kelvin).
2 ium when cooling metallic K3C60 below Tc (20 kelvin).
3 ottest and coolest parts of its surface (200 kelvin).
4 ation climate models (about 1-3 per cent per kelvin).
5 of the cold dense molecular phase (10 to 100 kelvin).
6 s at still cooler temperatures (around 1,300 kelvin).
7 microwave background at that time (about 30 kelvin).
8 es from 5.5 to 3.3 kelvin and from 176 to 73 kelvin).
9 ronger than the seasonal variability (~a few Kelvins).
10 ions, even at temperatures greater than one kelvin.
11 91 kelvin at the hot-side temperature of 350 kelvin.
12 ide temperature of KELT-9b to be about 4,600 kelvin.
13 uilibrium temperature of approximately 2,500 kelvin.
14 id tin at temperatures of around 1,473-1,673 kelvin.
15 ic hydrogen at 495 gigapascals at 5.5 and 83 kelvin.
16 nt", later coined as Maxwell's demon by Lord Kelvin.
17 alue of 98 kelvin and reaches as high as 270 kelvin.
18 al gate set at temperatures greater than one kelvin.
19 and persisting up to temperatures of T > 50 kelvin.
20 ious estimates, at 18-44 watts per metre per kelvin.
21 he stage for the planned redefinition of the kelvin.
22 ut of a single qubit at one gigahertz at 4.2 kelvin.
23 ' in D2 occurs above 310 gigapascals and 300 kelvin.
24 t electric-field control of magnetism at 200 kelvin.
25 already at nearly ambient pressures at zero Kelvin.
26 us relative humidity levels up to 85% at 298 kelvin.
27 conductivity up to 1290 watts per meter per kelvin.
28 xtremely narrow excitonic linewidth below 50 kelvin.
29 allistic length of about 400 nanometres at 4 kelvin.
30 single-layer cuprate with the highest Tc, 95 kelvin.
31 time of 370 +/- 60 minutes was achieved at 2 kelvin.
32 ) and an effective temperature of 600 to 750 kelvin.
33 en the SST anomaly becomes greater than +0.5 Kelvin.
34 becoming dominant at temperatures above 220 kelvin.
35 rmed at low-temperature conditions below ~30 kelvin.
36 plasma transiently heated to almost 100,000 kelvin.
37 hock conditions to ~ 24 gigapascals and 2300 kelvin.
38 ically requires temperatures above about 250 kelvin.
39 component that seems to diverge at about 228 kelvin.
40 m temperature of the 21.8-day planet is ~350 kelvin.
41 ision of the experimental extrapolation to 0 kelvin.
42 th a mean brightness temperature of 29 +/- 5 kelvin.
43 l release 53 +/- 17 gigatonnes of carbon per kelvin.
44 the onset of an anomalous Hall signal at 50 kelvin.
45 at electron temperatures between 77 and 300 kelvin.
46 erved below critical temperatures of up to 3 kelvin.
47 Indian Ocean with a standard error of 0.0060 kelvin.
48 ting transition temperature of about 9 to 15 kelvin.
49 ) display temperature changes of less than 3 kelvin.
50 ed by intrinsic thermal fluctuations at 0.19 kelvin.
51 igapascals and high temperatures above 2,000 kelvin.
52 mples to 100-400 gigapascals and 2,000-3,000 kelvin.
53 ed matter at temperatures up to thousands of kelvins.
54 ntum coherence effects up to several tens of kelvins.
57 out slowly, compression of ice I even at 100 kelvin (a region in which HDA typically forms) gives pro
58 The resistance divergence ends at about 3 kelvin, a behavior that may arise from surface conductan
59 n effective temperature of only around 3,050 kelvin, a luminosity of 0.15 per cent of that of the Sun
60 ting transition temperature of 287.7 +/- 1.2 kelvin (about 15 degrees Celsius) achieved at 267 +/- 10
61 yside brightness temperature of 1,040 +/- 40 kelvin and a nightside temperature consistent with zero
62 glass transition temperature of up to 1,162 kelvin and a supercooled liquid region of 136 kelvin tha
63 ), featuring a transition temperature of 1.6 kelvin and a very large and anisotropic upper critical f
64 eation temperature (TH) at approximately 232 kelvin and above about 160 kelvin, and where rapid ice c
65 2 other foam-based heterostructures based on Kelvin and C15 foams that have somewhat smaller but stil
66 y jets reach temperatures of at least ~10(5) kelvin and constitute an important element of the transi
67 at electron temperatures of 1.9-2.3 million kelvin and electron densities of (0.7-4.0) x 10(22) per
69 brown dwarfs have temperatures of 400 to 450 kelvin and masses almost equal to 5 to 20 times that of
71 s temperature of the planet to 1,380 +/- 400 kelvin and the temperature of the warmest hemisphere (ce
72 o well-known equatorially trapped waves, the Kelvin and Yanai modes, owing to the breaking of time-re
73 stability at high temperatures (up to 1,373 kelvin) and achieving high-throughput production of mono
75 ) kelvin), warm ionized(5,6) (10(4) to 10(5) kelvin) and cool atomic(7,8) (10(3) to 10(4) kelvin) gas
77 de and nightside of the substellar donor (57 kelvin) and the maximum difference between the hottest a
78 ype stars (with temperatures of 7,300-10,000 kelvin), and no planets are known to transit the even ho
79 elting temperature(7-13) to several thousand kelvin, and (3) favours new ice structures with a close-
80 m [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] kelvin, and determined a photospheric velocity of roughl
81 ce I to 11 kilobar at temperatures below 130 kelvin, and the process was described as thermodynamic m
82 V in H2 and HD up to 388 gigapascals at 300 kelvin, and up to 465 kelvin at 350 gigapascals; we do n
83 approximately 232 kelvin and above about 160 kelvin, and where rapid ice crystallization has prevente
84 king-disordered critical crystallites at 230 kelvin are about 14 kilojoules per mole of crystallite m
86 200 nanometers) and temperatures (10 to 300 kelvin) are consistent with the classically expected beh
87 coherence times (up to 8.4 microseconds at 5 kelvin) are obtained at unusually high concentrations.
88 temporal increase of tropic temperature (~10 Kelvins) around the tropopause of Saturn (i.e., 50 mbar)
89 ns of filamentary structures of gas at 10(7) kelvin associated with the galaxy cluster Abell 2744.
91 rconducting transition temperature Tc of 203 kelvin at 155 gigapascals--the highest Tc reported for a
92 388 gigapascals at 300 kelvin, and up to 465 kelvin at 350 gigapascals; we do not observe phase V in
94 1.5 kelvin in the unstrained material to 3.4 kelvin at compression by approximately 0.6%, and then fa
96 ice displays Mott insulating states below 20 kelvin at one-quarter and one-half fillings of the state
97 ured kappa greater than 1600 watts per meter-kelvin at room temperature in samples with enriched (10)
98 n ten, reaching about 4 and 6 microvolts per kelvin at room temperature, respectively, close to the h
102 be about 1,300 kelvin hotter (2,700 +/- 270 kelvin) at a wavelength of 4.5 micrometres, which indica
103 As the particles increase in size and the Kelvin barrier falls, subsequent growth is primarily due
104 the planet's temperature is much lower, <60 Kelvin, because the host star is only 0.10 to 0.15 solar
105 at the vacuum-solid interface often at a few Kelvin, but is not a notion immediately associated with
106 u theory) above the Curie temperature of 290 kelvin by electric fields of 29.0 volts per micrometre.
107 manipulation on bilayer NaCl on Cu(111) at 5 kelvin by eliminating carbon monoxide from a cyclocarbon
108 sound in graphite at temperatures above 100 kelvins by using time-resolved optical measurements of t
109 +x at above the transition temperature of 52 kelvin causes a simultaneous increase and decrease in th
111 lvin for starting temperatures that span 176 kelvin (complete thermalization would reduce these value
112 re evacuated at temperatures from 525 to 575 kelvin, conditions under which formate is not stable on
114 ion experiments reach ~200 mK, the first sub-Kelvin cooling with any molecular nanomagnet, and reveal
115 he afternoon, and the presence of a possible Kelvin (curvature) effect, which inhibits organic vapour
116 rvations of ~0.02 solar masses of warm (~100 kelvin) dust seen near the center of the ~10,000-year-ol
118 by organic surfactants, which diminishes the Kelvin effect, is expected to be negated by a concomitan
119 or increasing solute concentration, and the Kelvin effect, whereby activation potential decreases wi
121 here with a virial temperature of 60 million Kelvin, enriched with metals to the same extent as are l
122 plets, to show that the applicability of the Kelvin equation extends to unexpectedly small lengths, o
123 and so of particular practical interest, the Kelvin equation is expected to break down because the re
124 at this scale, we find that the macroscopic Kelvin equation using the characteristics of bulk water
127 tion approach implemented in program package KELVIN, especially designed for complex pedigrees, sever
128 s the metallic phase to temperatures below 5 kelvin, even after the ionic liquid is completely remove
133 nce of itinerant ferromagnetic order below 4 kelvin for doping beyond the superconducting dome in thi
134 ransition temperature substantially-from 240 kelvin for LuFe2O4 to 281 kelvin for (LuFeO3)9/(LuFe2O4)
136 .5 kelvin near room temperature and exceed 3 kelvin for starting temperatures that span 176 kelvin (c
137 f superconductivity ('domes') emerge below 1 kelvin for the electron- and hole-doped sides of the one
140 UV and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Kelvin force microscopy to characterize the bulk and sur
141 anion, LkCa 15 b, evincing hot (about 10,000 kelvin) gas falling deep into the potential well of an a
144 ressures greater than 325 gigapascals at 300 kelvin, H2 and hydrogen deuteride (HD) transform to a ne
145 etary disk (at temperatures of more than 100 kelvin) has not hitherto been seen, as it generally lies
146 s transition temperatures greater than 1,000 kelvin have been developed, but the supercooled liquid r
147 xide snow-line (at temperatures of around 20 kelvin) have recently been imaged in the disks surroundi
148 the lower layers of vegetated canopies, (ii) Kelvin-Helmholtz as well as attached eddies near the veg
151 too small for spontaneous reconnection, the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability driven by a super-Alfvenic
152 ed that the non-linear vortex flows from the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability gives rise to vortex-induce
155 less likely at the dayside magnetopause, and Kelvin-Helmholtz waves (KHWs) may be important agents fo
156 ields maps with a statistical precision of 3 kelvin/hertz(-1/2), an accuracy of 10%, and nanometer-sc
158 (centred on the hot spot) to be about 1,300 kelvin hotter (2,700 +/- 270 kelvin) at a wavelength of
159 ve thermopower of 17.0 millivolts per degree Kelvin in a flexible, quasi-solid-state, ionic thermoele
160 drives the thermal phase transition near 200 kelvin in Cd2Re2O7 and induces a parity-breaking lattice
162 the discovery(1) of superconductivity at 203 kelvin in H(3)S, attention returned to conventional supe
163 at high temperatures ranging from 240 to 340 kelvin in metallic vanadium dioxide in the vicinity of i
164 te appears below the Neel temperature of 150 kelvin in NiPS(3), an antiferromagnetic van der Waals ma
165 The broken symmetry that develops below 17.5 kelvin in the heavy-fermion compound URu(2)Si(2) has lon
166 hile being heated from 10 kelvin to over 100 kelvin in the mid-plane, but it has hitherto not been po
167 id water down to temperatures of 227(-1)(+2) kelvin in the previously largely unexplored no man's lan
168 nsition temperature (Tc) increasing from 1.5 kelvin in the unstrained material to 3.4 kelvin at compr
169 dichalcogenide WTe2: 452,700 per cent at 4.5 kelvins in a magnetic field of 14.7 teslas, and 13 milli
172 ation: illumination that produces only a sub-Kelvin increase in average temperature can reduce, by ma
174 existence of a halo of warm (roughly 500,000 kelvin) ionized gas around the LMC (the 'Magellanic Coro
176 o below temperatures of 0.03J, where J ~ 200 kelvin is the copper-copper superexchange interaction.
177 -linear resistivity, the scattering rate per kelvin is well approximated by the ratio of the Boltzman
179 r, which develops at temperatures below ~150 kelvin, is essentially two dimensional, at lower tempera
181 ion of collision energy over the range 0.005 kelvin (K) to 30 K and of individual Ca fine-structure l
186 ensity plasma at temperatures of 10(5)-10(7) kelvin, known as the warm-hot intergalactic medium.
188 or stars with temperatures of 4,500 to 6,750 kelvin, log surface gravities of 2.5 to 4.5 (cgs units)
189 ghly turbulent reservoirs of cool (about 100 kelvin), low-density gas, extending far (more than 10 ki
190 te, increasing daytime DeltaT by 3.0 +/- 0.3 kelvin (mean and standard error) in humid climates but d
194 ge central area of the capacitor peak at 5.5 kelvin near room temperature and exceed 3 kelvin for sta
196 was increased suddenly by even a few degrees Kelvin, nuclei displayed a repeatable and reversible tem
198 ent, reaching a value of about 5 amperes per kelvin per metre with a logarithmic temperature dependen
199 he magnitude of summer cooling via mixing (4 kelvin per month) is equivalent to that required to coun
200 e, observed up to temperatures exceeding 290 kelvin, persists for hours after the optical pump is int
201 e what is up and down, even in the cool 6000-kelvin photosphere just above the solar surface: This re
202 atial mapping of skin temperature with milli-Kelvin precision (+/-50 mK) and sub-millimetre spatial r
203 We demonstrate that frequency-modulated Kelvin probe force microscopy (FM-KPFM) provides more ac
205 C resistance, AC impedance spectroscopy, and Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM), demonstrate differ
206 ondary ion mass spectrometer (HIM-SIMS) with Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), we demonstrate tha
208 force detection to form peak force infrared-Kelvin probe force microscopy (PFIR-KPFM), which enables
209 Mapping surface potential with time-resolved Kelvin probe force microscopy (tr-KPFM) in LiNbO3 period
210 ealed by scanning probe microscopy, scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy and first-principle calcul
213 ys can be use as ultrasensitive platform for Kelvin probe force microscopy in sensing experiments.
215 2'''-quaterthiophen-5,5'''-diyl)] films with Kelvin probe force microscopy to highlight the role of t
217 nation of piezoresponse force microscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy, we demonstrate that the s
223 mission spectroscopy of material energetics, Kelvin probe measurements of work function, Mott-Schottk
225 resolved infrared spectroscopy, and scanning Kelvin probe microscopy are used to investigate the drif
226 ission electron microscopy, in situ scanning Kelvin probe microscopy characterization, and phase-fiel
232 tation and external injection is obtained by Kelvin-probe and scanning-capacitance microscopies.
234 s originally introduced as a solution to the Kelvin problem of finding the 3D tessellation composed o
235 s phases at temperatures of less than 10,000 kelvin reaching distances of 20 kiloparsecs and velociti
236 ith ZT ranging from 0.7 to 2.0 at 300 to 773 kelvin, realized in hole-doped tin selenide (SnSe) cryst
237 thermal hysteresis loops of more than a few Kelvin remains relatively uncommon and unpredictable, so
240 brought the collision temperature down to 1 kelvin, restricting scattering to s and p partial waves.
243 ping threshold as low as 27 nanowatts at 130 kelvin, similar to the value achieved in quantum-dot PCC
244 ease: the change in [Formula: see text]O per Kelvin temperature increase reduces with DO event amplit
245 ng tunnelling microscopy measurements at sub-kelvin temperatures and high magnetic fields on the II-V
247 ially-Mars was moderately hotter (100 to 200 kelvin) than it is today, and that its mantle sluggishly
249 elvin and a supercooled liquid region of 136 kelvin that is wider than that of most existing metallic
251 2 Near the phase-transition temperature (190 kelvin), the energy of the electronic mode fell to zero
254 e young Universe had fallen below some 4,000 kelvin, the ions of the light elements produced in Big B
255 er" (HO) phase below the temperature of 17.5 kelvin; the symmetry of the associated order parameter h
257 ecs, depositing metal-enriched gas at 10,000 kelvin through an hourglass-shaped nebula that resembles
258 ysteresis temperatures have increased from 4 kelvin to only about 14 kelvin using a consistent magnet
259 pe into the disk, while being heated from 10 kelvin to over 100 kelvin in the mid-plane, but it has h
260 anging from the universal Wigner laws near 0 kelvin to the occurrence of scattering resonances at hig
261 in the deeply supercooled regime (below 228 kelvin) to explain many of the anomalies of water(2) (su
262 the melting temperature of the matrix (1,356 kelvin) under an applied stress ranging from 0.85 per ce
263 ely cool (temperatures of the order of 10(4) kelvin), unshocked gas streaming along filaments of the
264 ave increased from 4 kelvin to only about 14 kelvin using a consistent magnetic field sweep rate of a
266 e cycle of myosin motors with a viscoelastic Kelvin-Voigt element that represents the stress fiber.
269 o describe the undulatory motion have used a Kelvin-Voigt model, where the elastic and viscous compon
270 ly ionized(3,4) (temperatures of about 10(6) kelvin), warm ionized(5,6) (10(4) to 10(5) kelvin) and c
271 rican monsoon, and the resulting atmospheric Kelvin wave drives equatorial westerly wind anomalies ov
274 uantized vortices and subsequent emission of Kelvin waves along the vortices are thought to be centra
275 model experiments show that the downwelling Kelvin waves caused by strong westerly wind events over
278 atory scale, and partly because WT among the Kelvin waves on quantized vortices is believed to play a
280 oding, the enhanced precipitation related to Kelvin waves was found in over 90% of flood events.
281 ity of analyzed floods, convectively coupled Kelvin waves, large scale precipitation systems propagat
282 gigapascals and temperatures of 2200 to 2400 kelvin, we found that such perovskite is unstable; it lo
284 'no man's land' regime, between 145 and 200 kelvin, where kinetics are faster-resulting in crystalli
285 rdering on supercooling to approximately 229 kelvin, where the number of droplets containing ice crys
286 Water was activated over alpha-MoC at 303 kelvin, whereas carbon monoxide adsorbed on adjacent Au
287 to the boiling point of liquid nitrogen (77 kelvin), which is a record for the iron-based supercondu
288 -type star with a temperature of about 7,430 kelvin, which hosts the hottest known transiting planet,
289 h a peak figure of merit (ZT) of ~0.9 at 350 kelvin, which is comparable to the commercial bismuth te
290 htly lower than that of the bulk crystal, 61 kelvin, which is consistent with a weak interlayer coupl
292 optical spectroscopy of a hot (about 27,750 kelvin) white dwarf, WD J091405.30+191412.25, that is ac
294 - 2.1 electron volts at a temperature of 5.5 kelvin, with a corresponding electron carrier density of
295 tween protein and solvent dynamics above 160 kelvin, with fast solvent motions, slow protein side-cha
296 sible wavelength on an energy scale of a few kelvin, with wavelength fluctuations coupled to pairing
297 ty with a critical temperature of around 250 kelvin within the [Formula: see text] structure of LaH(1
298 ate helical topological polaritons up to 200 kelvin without external magnetic field in monolayer WS(2
300 , a theoretical analysis of the observed sub-Kelvin zero-field hysteretic spin dynamics of {Cr(III)Dy