ライフサイエンスコーパス: lamina

1 genitor type lacking attachment to the basal lamina.

2 1 and -221 heterotrimers in the muscle basal lamina.

3 e A compartment and compacted by the nuclear lamina.

4 ces damage nuclei with a compromised nuclear lamina.

5 acellular matrix deposition within the basal lamina.

6 and the fidelity of the nuclear envelope and lamina.

7 r dissociation of chromatin from the nuclear lamina.

8 the first tooth from the successional dental lamina.

9 to account for the diverse functions of each lamina.

10 L1 association with elements of the nuclear lamina.

11 n of mutant LEMD2 protein within the nuclear lamina.

12 lating their behaviour to all cells in every lamina.

13 t not Type II probes enriched at the nuclear lamina.

14 portant structural components of the nuclear lamina.

15 emma and connect the sarcolemma to the basal lamina.

16 leton, RNA splicing, DNA repair, and nuclear lamina.

17 aments, was localised posterior to the basal lamina.

18 atients exhibit abnormalities of the nuclear lamina.

19 f lamin A/C and the rearrangement of nuclear lamina.

20 Cs that are associated with the still-intact lamina.

21 owed impaired formation of the LMNB1 nuclear lamina.

22 s that are in close contact with the nuclear lamina.

23 ximately five times greater than the nuclear lamina.

24 the host recellularization of the implanted laminas.

25 attraction of heterochromatin to the nuclear lamina(2,4), preferential attraction of similar chromati

26 The nuclear lamina-a meshwork of intermediate filaments termed lamin

27 LRRK2 knockdown caused nuclear lamina abnormalities and nuclear disruption.

28 lularized donor 120-mum-thick corneal stroma lamina alone (n = 5).

29 leus depends on the integrity of the nuclear lamina, an intermediate filament network associated with

30 lopmental genetic data from the shark dental lamina and ameloblastoma may lead to the development of

31 hich couples the cytoskeleton to the nuclear lamina and associated chromatin.

32 the functional interplay between the nuclear lamina and cellular defenses against oxidative DNA damag

33 stromal cells and interacted with the basal lamina and collagen fibrils.

34 spots that escape segregation to the nuclear lamina and inactivation during cardiogenesis.

35 display decreased circularity of the nuclear lamina and leakage of the nuclear protein 53BP1 to the c

36 ase model proposed mechanical defects of the lamina and nuclear fragility, the gene expression model

37 The nucleus is fundamentally composed by lamina and nuclear membranes that enclose the chromatin,

38 regulates GLI1 movement between the nuclear lamina and nucleoplasm to achieve maximal activation.

39 eurons integrate information across cortical lamina and receive direct thalamic input.

40 in with nuclear components including nuclear lamina and subnuclear organelles.

41 the specialized processes that occur in each lamina and the considerable heterogeneity in cellular ph

42 A/C, resulting in a rearrangement of nuclear lamina and thus facilitating viral nuclear egress.

43 the stem points, segmentation of individual lamina and whole leaf labeling.

44 both the nucleolar periphery and the nuclear lamina, and generally display characteristics of constit

45 ssociated factors that jointly exert nuclear lamina- and membrane-rearranging functions (multicompone

46 chromatin loops, domains, compartments, and lamina- and nucleolus-associated regions, have been disc

47 ctrode arrays are sensitive enough to detect lamina- and region-specific encoding of different subtyp

48 interactions between heterochromatin and the lamina are added, the same model recreates the conventio

49 ereas interactions of the chromatin with the lamina are necessary to build the conventional architect

50 , to defects in the nuclear pore and nuclear lamina assembly.

51 m and binds to a membrane-spanning cofactor, lamina associated polypeptide 1 (LAP1) or lumenal domain

52 with more wrinkled nuclei and with increased lamina-associated chromatin, that cells cultured in stif

53 ow mutations in COL13A1 cause synaptic basal lamina-associated congenital myasthenic syndrome type 19

54 Genomic distances to the nearest lamina-associated domain are larger for loop apexes mapp

55 ractions between nuclear lamina (NL) and the lamina-associated domains (LAD).

56 Lamina-associated domains (LADs) are regions of repressi

57 These heterochromatin/lamina-associated domains (LADs) domains are difficult t

58 LMNA encodes nuclear Lamin A/C that tethers lamina-associated domains (LADs) to the nuclear peripher

59 at the nuclear lamina (NL), as part of large lamina-associated domains (LADs).

60 letion of the inner nuclear membrane protein lamina-associated polypeptide 1 (LAP1) caused defective

61 erved that an imbalance in the levels of the lamina-associated polypeptide 1 (LAP1), an activator of

62 deletion of either torsinA or its cofactor, lamina-associated polypeptide 1 (LAP1), resulted in fatt

63 are primarily driven by loss of lamin A/C or lamina-associated polypeptide 1 rather than emerin.

64 Here we identify a lamina-associated polypeptide 2 (LAP2) isoform-dependent

65 Deletion of the mouse gene encoding lamina-associated protein 1 leads to prenatal death; how

66 mutations in LMNA, which encodes the nuclear lamina-associated protein lamin A/C.

67 nuclear membrane and consists of lamins and lamina-associated proteins.

68 ffects correlated with the segment's nuclear lamina association.

69 bite mass, which was influenced by the leaf lamina bulk density and its consequences upon time per b

70 omain (SD) OCT with regard to imaging of the lamina, but the difference in image quality between enha

71 In general, imaging of the anterior lamina can be achieved reliably, although shadowing from

72 Imaging of the posterior lamina can be achieved with varying levels of success.

73 els of the transport metabolite carcinine in lamina cartridges, with its accumulation most intense in

74 stretch the chromosome; detachment from the lamina compacted, and allowed intermingling between, A/B

75 We apply scDam&T-seq to reveal how genome-lamina contacts or chromatin accessibility correlate wit

76 ant phenotyping: lamina/stem classification, lamina counting, and stem skeletonization.

77 For lamina counting, we developed an enhanced region-growing

78 rd cortical bone, also known as the "ventral lamina", covering the neural elements of the spinal cana

79 everity are associated with the shape of the lamina cribrosa (LC) as measured by a global shape index

80 examiners masked to patients clinical data: lamina cribrosa (LC) thickness and area, prelaminar neur

81 Focal lamina cribrosa defects appear more commonly in glaucoma

82 Lamina cribrosa depth was larger in POAG eyes as compare

83 The diagnostic utility of SS-OCT for lamina cribrosa imaging is promising, but standardized n

84 there is posterior migration of the anterior lamina cribrosa insertions as well as increased thinning

85 brosa using SS-OCT has demonstrated that the lamina cribrosa is likely biomechanically active and tha

86 with posterior displacement of the anterior lamina cribrosa over time.

87 l thickness, prelaminar tissue thickness and lamina cribrosa position before and 7 days and 1 month a

88 The mean anterior lamina cribrosa surface depth (ALCSD) and choroidal thic

89 g (BMO) area, mean cup depth (MCD), anterior lamina cribrosa surface depth (ALCSD), prelaminar tissue

90 Imaging of the lamina cribrosa using SS-OCT has demonstrated that the l

91 ased thinning and posterior curvature of the lamina cribrosa.

92 er growth, such as large leaves and low leaf lamina density, whereas competitors had traits associate

93 Finally, we recapitulate lamina depolymerization by PLK-1 in vitro demonstrating

94 phorylatable versions of LMN-1, which affect lamina depolymerization during mitosis, is sufficient to

95 protrusions but remain attached to the basal lamina, depressing more central neighbours to "telescope

96 phorylates the lamin LMN-1 to promote timely lamina disassembly and subsequent merging of the parenta

97 chromosome condensation followed by nuclear lamina disassembly.

98 Here, we show that the nuclear lamina filament Lamin B2 (Lmnb2), whose expression decre

99 (2020) show that Lamin B2, a nuclear lamina filament supporting cardiomyocyte karyokinesis, a

100 ections, Par3 clustering proximal to nuclear lamina folds, and retrograde movement of actin bundles t

101 transport, chromatin remodeling and nuclear lamina formation.

102 s is determined by the interplay between the lamina forming the nuclear skeleton, the chromatin insid

103 , such that calcium provides a mechanism for lamina I neurons to track their own activity.

104 ves as a readout of neuronal activity within lamina I neurons, providing a unifying mechanism through

105 h-clamp electrophysiological recordings from lamina I neurons, we found that action potential firing

106 of the fundamental physiology of spinal cord lamina I neurons.

107 nucleus, dendrites, and dendritic spines of lamina I neurons.

108 ellular compartments of male rat spinal cord lamina I neurons.

109 Maladaptive plasticity of neurons in lamina I of the spinal cord is a lynchpin for the develo

110 known inhibitory projection specifically to lamina I of the spinal cord, which contains sensory neur

111 bitory descending projection specifically to lamina I of the spinal cord, which transmits afferent pa

112 hial nucleus (LPB), caudal pressor area, and lamina I of the spinal trigeminal nucleus and all levels

113 ge, a population that synapses directly onto lamina I spinoparabrachial neurons and is known to suppr

114 phin-lineage inhibitory synapses onto mature lamina I spinoparabrachial neurons, a major output of th

115 ize GluN2B-mediated NMDAR responses at human lamina I synapses and show that a human ex vivo BDNF mod

116 and potentiation of GluN2B NMDAR by BDNF at lamina I synapses.

117 ct, as with other unmyelinated afferents, in lamina I-spinothalamic pathways.

118 rteries have a well-defined internal elastic lamina (IEL) that separates endothelial cells (ECs) from

119 Calretinin (CR) neurons in lamina II inner convey mechanical allodynia induced by i

120 tral cell-like excitatory neurons located in lamina II of the superficial dorsal horn.

121 er time on the same superficial dorsal horn (lamina II) neurons before and after peripheral nerve inj

122 ein kinase C gamma (PKCgamma) neurons at the lamina II/III border convey mechanical allodynia induced

123 etween the myofiber and its associated basal lamina in Six1 and Six4 knockout mice (s1s4KO) at E18.

124 over a previously unappreciated role for the lamina in systemic chromosome stretching.

125 gained CD34 expression and deposited a basal lamina, indicating that they were capillarized.

126 Here, we present a self-adhesive composite lamina inspired by the structural morphology of the musc

127 Conversely, compromising nuclear lamina integrity led to centrosome detachment from the n

128 of host cell centrosomes and thereby nuclear lamina integrity.

129 diffusion, fluctuations, and heterochromatin-lamina interactions during nuclear remodeling.

130 disentangling intra-chromatin and chromatin-lamina interactions in conventional nuclei(18).

131 ina softening, chromatin stiffening, nuclear lamina invaginations, increase in nuclear height, and sh

132 n, abnormal histone methylation, and nuclear lamina invaginations.

133 Because the lamina is an intrinsic component of typical butterfly sc

134 The composite lamina is stretchable only in one direction due to inext

135 egulators, including dynein, and the nuclear lamina is unclear.

136 f lamina VII and the dorsomedial quadrant of lamina IX, noted for harboring proximal upper limb flexo

137 or neurons of the compound eye terminated in lamina layers LA1 and LA2, adjacent to PDFLAs and PDFMEs

138 timates of five key parameters (phyllochron, lamina length of the first leaf, rate of elongation of l

139 ace height on herbage mass (P < 0.001), leaf lamina mass (P < 0.001), other species mass (P = 0.02),

140 also identified that Lamin A, a cell nuclear lamina member, is a unique marker of PDL maturation, and

141 al end of the cochlea, even though reticular lamina motion is amplified in this region, which indicat

142 this region, which indicates that reticular lamina motion is not directly coupled to basilar membran

143 esses prelamin A, a component of the nuclear lamina; mutations in the human ortholog of Ste24 diminis

144 e inner membrane being linked to the protein lamina network and the outer nuclear membrane continuous

145 characteristic of postsynaptic responses of lamina neurons, indicating a failure in synaptic transmi

146 space involves interactions between nuclear lamina (NL) and the lamina-associated domains (LAD).

147 How the nuclear lamina (NL) impacts on global chromatin architecture is

148 The nuclear lamina (NL) is an extensive protein network that underli

149 ve genes are often positioned at the nuclear lamina (NL), as part of large lamina-associated domains

150 s a connection of chromatin with the nuclear lamina (NL).

151 ons of numerous genomic regions with nuclear lamina, nucleoli and surface of chromosomes in the same,

152 f the first leaf, rate of elongation of leaf lamina, number of green leaves at the start of leaf sene

153 Defects in the nuclear lamina of animal cell nuclei have dramatic effects on nu

154 compared these human tissues with the dental lamina of sharks that regenerate their dentition through

155 arkers, subsequently break through the basal lamina of the midgut, undergo a collective migration and

156 minority of neurons in the most superficial lamina of the SC display significant changes during loco

157 ad focal (< 3 mm) choroidal concomitant with lamina or prelamina optic nerve involvement.

158 linergic activation of the largest PDFME via lamina organ photoreceptors maintains PDF release orches

159 Before, extraocular photoreceptors of the lamina organ were suggested to send terminals to accesso

160 trained by extraocular photoreceptors of the lamina organ.

161 rcadian pacemaker neurons with somata in the lamina (PDFLAs) or somata next to the AME (PDFMEs).

162 ue to persistent WEE1 activity, which blocks lamina phosphorylation and disassembly.

163 classification of cloud points into stem and lamina points, graph skeletonization of the stem points,

164 ial height in proportion to thickness of the lamina propria (epithelium-lamina propria ratio).

165 ed from urothelium into suburothelium (SubU)/lamina propria (LP) activate mechanisms controlling detr

166 d intact urothelium and suburothelium (SubU)/lamina propria (LP) and lacked the DSM and the serosa.

167 s were significantly increased in intestinal lamina propria (LP) of TCRbetaxdelta(-/-) mice after tra

168 ectively) as well as in GALT-free intestinal lamina propria (LP).

169 of Peyer's Patches while cell numbers in the lamina propria and intraepithelial lymphocytes are unaff

170 eal B1b cells, which culminates in increased lamina propria and luminal IgA.

171 tion, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing; lamina propria and mesenteric lymph node tissues were an

172 ts in a larger influx of immune cells in the lamina propria and mice with high parasitemia display sp

173 cells expressing all tested cytokines in the lamina propria and the epithelium was higher in CD patie

174 and gene expression profiles in both the gut lamina propria and the tumor microenvironment.

175 pulations of CD103-expressing DCs in the gut lamina propria are enhanced by the activation of NOD2, i

176 -producing neurons (VIPergic neurons) in the lamina propria are in close proximity to clusters of ILC

177 ncreased the exposure of the bacteria to the lamina propria by injecting HBUS mice with diphtheria to

178 the intraepithelial CD3(+) T-lymphocyte and lamina propria CD138(+) plasma cell densities simultaneo

179 Lamina propria CD20 cells were persistently elevated in

180 th microscopic inflammation showed increased lamina propria CD20 levels.

181 cosal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and lamina propria CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD20 lymphocytes were

182 d changes in gene and cytokine expression by lamina propria CD4(+) T cells, many of which were BHLHE4

183 omplex 1 (MTORC1) nutrient responsiveness in lamina propria CD4+ lymphocytes.

184 Intraepithelial and lamina propria CD8 Trm cells showed a high clonal overla

185 Functionally, lamina propria CD8 Trm cells were potent cytokine produc

186 l epithelial death and significantly reduced lamina propria cell apoptosis.

187 4%; 1% Q-GRFT: median 7%) and of the CD4(+) lamina propria cells (placebo: median 30%; 0.1-1% Q-GRFT

188 Duodenal lamina propria crypt CD4 T cells were decreased in CG, a

189 rophages in the submucosa, which differ from lamina propria DP macrophages, may be missed from pinch

190 ells and IL27(+) DCs were increased in colon lamina propria from Ffar2(fl/fl)CD11c-Cre mice with coli

191 The colonic lamina propria from patients with CD was infiltrated by

192 Colon lamina propria from Ptpn2-LysMCre mice had significant i

193 3 promotes XCL1 secretion by small intestine lamina propria gammadelta T cells that, in turn, induces

194 atory gene expression in duodenal tissue and lamina propria immune cells by flow cytometry analysis.

195 -) SP macrophages, which predominated in the lamina propria in animals with SIV infection that were e

196 as increased in the airway smooth muscle and lamina propria in COPD tissue, but not asthma, when comp

197 tion, and submucosal edema/separation of the lamina propria in the ileocecal region and colon within

198 h increased bacterial translocation from the lamina propria into the bloodstream.

199 sion of IL-15 in both the epithelium and the lamina propria is required for the development of villou

200 Chronic ethanol consumption alters lamina propria leukocyte response to stimulation in a re

201 transcriptional and functional responses of lamina propria leukocytes (LPLs) isolated from the 4 maj

202 estine: intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) and lamina propria lymphocyte (LPL) activation status and cy

203 In lamina propria lymphocytes (LPLs), STAT4 activation by L

204 and TRIF and required IFNgamma secretion by lamina propria lymphocytes.

205 S100 proteins were expressed by lamina propria macrophages in intestinal tissues from in

206 row-derived macrophages and dendritic cells, lamina propria macrophages, and mesenteric lymph node de

207 A9 in mice altered the phenotypes of colonic lamina propria macrophages, compared with wild-type mice

208 T cells and lamina propria mononuclear cells from mice were analyzed

209 SAPs channel food allergens to lamina propria mucosal mast cells through an IL-13-CD38-

210 er (NK) cells was accumulated in the colonic lamina propria of Gitr(-/-) mice as compared to wild-typ

211 Lamina propria of Pggt1b(DeltaCD4) mice had increased nu

212 Stage T1 bladder cancers invade the lamina propria of the bladder and, despite sharing many

213 ction does not establish plasma cells in the lamina propria of the female reproductive tract.

214 The lamina propria of the gastrointestinal tract and other m

215 )CD206(+) DP macrophages predominated in the lamina propria of uninfected animals, compared with CD16

216 signals in the colon that gain access to the lamina propria once the mucosal barrier mucosa is compro

217 hip between microbiome and the maturation of lamina propria perivascular macrophages into a tight ana

218 lly, clopidogrel led to increased epithelium-lamina propria ratio while iron deposition was impaired.

219 thickness of the lamina propria (epithelium-lamina propria ratio).

220 rleukin-15 (IL-15) in the gut epithelium and lamina propria that is characteristic of active coeliac

221 rk intimately adherent to the entire mucosal lamina propria vasculature.

222 138(+) plasma cells from Peyer's patches and lamina propria were analyzed by flow cytometry and IgA r

223 (+)CD206(+) DP intestinal macrophages of the lamina propria were destroyed after SIV infection and re

224 ken after 7d dosing demonstrated V565 in the lamina propria with co-immunostaining on CD3(+) T-lympho

225 ntestinal mucosa and activated pSTAT3 in the lamina propria with limited systemic distribution.

226 is associated with bacterial invasion of the lamina propria, accompanied by induction of inflammation

227 the carcinomas were tiny and confined to the lamina propria, and 1 was transmural.

228 nodes, IgG(+) and IgA(+) plasmablasts in the lamina propria, and Abs in intestinal fluid.

229 cretion from T helper 17 (Th17) cells of the lamina propria, followed by the expansion of the circula

230 In the lamina propria, noradrenergic-dependent increases in gut

231 a, structurally formed by the epithelium and lamina propria, serves as a selective barrier that separ

232 ated with neutrophil infiltration of the gut lamina propria, type 1 interferon activation, increased

233 all-sized lymphoid infiltrate, expanding the lamina propria, with a non-destructive appearance.

234 nal lumen and the sterile environment of the lamina propria.

235 loss of Type 2 ILC (ILC2) in the intestinal lamina propria.

236 of IL17A and other inflammatory cytokines in lamina propria.

237 of other T helper fates or migration to the lamina propria.

238 biologically active IL-10 to the intestinal lamina propria.

239 erentiation, respectively, in the intestinal lamina propria.

240 n type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) in the lamina propria.

241 lived, were observed to localize only in the lamina propria.

242 nodes and Peyer's patches, as well as in the lamina propria.

243 The nuclear lamina protein lamin A/C is a key component of the nucle

244 D NUCLEI (CRWN), which are candidate nuclear lamina proteins in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), t

245 organoid and was transported to the interior lamina, providing a model to study HSV-1 trafficking thr

246 In contrast, the surface lamina rara proteins such as agrin and integrin had much

247 inated after passage through the optic nerve lamina region (ONLR), a transitional area containing a v

248 Here, we measured lamina-resolved fMRI responses during a visual task desi

249 We suggest that dental lamina rests can offer a potential source of important d

250 lastomas are assumed to derive from aberrant lamina rests that undergo changes, which are not well un

251 urther the proliferative signature of dental lamina rests.

252 , leaving scattered epithelial units (dental lamina rests; DLRs).

253 e remodeling of the microarchitecture of the lamina, resulting in more variable laminar pores.

254 a transient rudimentary successional dental lamina (RSDL) still forms during development.

255 d suggest that diverse neuron types within a lamina share coordinating molecular features that may in

256 about whether diverse neuron types within a lamina share molecular features that coordinate their or

257 Removal of PP2A-B55/SUR-6 and the nuclear lamina simultaneously further disrupted centrosome separ

258 he properties of the nucleus such as nuclear lamina softening, chromatin stiffening, nuclear lamina i

259 nation of diverse, functionally specialized, lamina-specific, and topographically ordered retinal gan

260 We show that actin is nucleated within the lamina, sprouting filopodia-like spikes towards the nucl

261 to utilise these rested populations of adult lamina stem cells for controlled tooth replacement in hu

262 ree primary challenges in plant phenotyping: lamina/stem classification, lamina counting, and stem sk

263 posite effects on MAN1 levels at the nuclear lamina, suggesting a new perspective on disease etiology

264 ructure and function of AT1aR neurons in the lamina terminalis (containing the median preoptic nucleu

265 The organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) contains NaCl-sensitive neurons

266 tic excitation of these AT1aR neurons of the lamina terminalis also resulted in Fos induction in vaso

267 Circumventricular organs in the lamina terminalis are critical sites for sensing both ty

268 imulation of afferents that arise from these lamina terminalis AT1aR neurons induced glutamate releas

269 vely, these data indicate that excitation of lamina terminalis AT1aR neurons induces neuroendocrine a

270 To evaluate the functionality of these lamina terminalis AT1aR neurons, we virally delivered li

271 ons located in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis detect both NaCl and AngII.

272 ceptor expressing neurons located within the lamina terminalis in regulating endocrine and behavioral

273 nverge onto unique organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis neurons to coordinate body fluid homeo

274 eoptic nucleus and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis), thereby evaluating their roles in bl

275 y first order homeostatic neurons within the lamina terminalis-particularly glutamatergic neurons of

276 y distinct inhibitory neural circuits in the lamina terminalis.

277 between angiotensin-sensitive neurons in the lamina terminals and vasopressin neurons in the paravent

278 normality is explained by a weakened nuclear lamina that interferes with nucleokinesis, a nuclear tra

279 equently leads to alterations of the nuclear lamina that repress active viral chromatin states.

280 perforations in the virus-impenetrable basal lamina that surrounds the midgut provide a mechanism for

281 optix patterning gene also altered color via lamina thickening, revealing shared regulation of pigmen

282 fly scales, our findings suggest that tuning lamina thickness is an available mechanism to create str

283 Finally, we show how lamina thickness variation contributes to the color dive

284 revealing shared regulation of pigments and lamina thickness.

285 gyrus appears to be comprised of up to seven lamina, through the sublamination of the molecular and g

286 ese conformations relied on tethering to the lamina to stretch the chromosome; detachment from the la

287 ng nuclear remodeling by linking the nuclear lamina to the cytoskeleton.

288 and sequential molar development, the dental lamina undergoes apoptosis and fragments, leaving scatte

289 l labeling occurred in the medial sectors of lamina VII and adjacent lamina VIII, where propriospinal

290 labeling occurred in the lateral sectors of lamina VII and the dorsomedial quadrant of lamina IX, no

291 al and ventromedial sectors of contralateral lamina VII.

292 Notably, lamina VIII also harbors axial motoneurons.

293 In contrast, terminations in axial-related lamina VIII were distributed bilaterally throughout all

294 he medial sectors of lamina VII and adjacent lamina VIII, where propriospinal neurons with long-range

295 g vs stationary), SC depth (most superficial lamina vs deeper in the SC), research technique (calcium

296 nts had implantation of recellularized donor lamina with 1 x 10(6) autologous ADASc plus another 1 x

297 pe, and a new functional link of the nuclear lamina with transcriptional repression.

298 s revealed that two-thirds of V2a neurons in lamina X are excited by the Mc4r agonist alpha-MSH, and

299 ition, we found other Mc4r neurons in spinal lamina X that are inhibited by alpha-MSH, which is in li

300 reduced number of inhibitory interneurons in lamina X.