ライフサイエンスコーパス: levy

1 over SA on heavy-tailed problems such as SK-Levy.

2 Strong public support for levies (5%, n=8495) and protecting health policy from in

3 We associate this with the Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacts of July 1994.

4 increased dramatically during the Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacts.

5 considered to be products of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacts; characterization of the morphology of th

6 dances from the collision of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 into Jupiter.

7 ecommended that the United States government levy a sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) tax to improve dia

8 levied against differential privacy would be levied against any technology that is not equivalent to

9 more, we explain that many of the criticisms levied against differential privacy would be levied agai

10 tion probability), whereas it goes over to a Levy alpha-stable distribution in the very large populat

11 Clark & Levy (American Naturalist, 131, 1988, 271-290) described

12 Sea ice levies an impost on maritime navigability in the Arctic,

13 ted, and significantly diverge from both the Levy and Brownian models identified in predators searchi

14 sh), with some individuals switching between Levy and Brownian movement as they traversed different h

15 captures, to show that both species exhibit Levy and Brownian movement patterns.

16 Whilst the product size of branded high levy and low levy drinks barely changed after implementa

17 These measures include the food sugar levy and the introduction of the minimum unit price poli

18 Drinks with <5 g sugar/100 mL (no levy) are not taxed.

19 e, and drinks with <5 g sugar per 100 ml (no levy) are not taxed.

20 This Perspective explores bycatch levies as a market-based instrument for reconciling thes

21 ical methods that have been used to identify Levy behaviour has recently been questioned.

22 d in vertebrates to test for the presence of Levy behaviour patterns in the absence of complex prey d

23 ce of these two principal patterns and found Levy behaviour to be associated with less productive wat

24 lting in unusually strong selective pressure levied by their host ants.

25 lst prices of intervention drinks in the low levy category and no levy category had fallen and risen

26 ntion drinks in the low levy category and no levy category had fallen and risen by smaller amounts, r

27 The price of intervention drinks in the high levy category had risen by pound 0.075 (pound 0.037-0.11

28 er of available drinks that were in the high levy category when the SDIL was announced was reduced by

29 r drinks with 5 to 8 g sugar per 100 mL (low levy category), and no charge for drinks with less than

30 drinks with over 8 g sugar per 100 mL (high levy category), pound 0.18 per litre for drinks with 5 t

31 inks with less than 5 g sugar per 100 mL (no levy category).

32 lightweight CNNs combined with the Nonlinear Levy chaotic moth flame optimiser (NLCMFO) for automatic

33 Bycatch levies could raise billions of dollars towards closing g

34 Clark & Levy described an antipredation window for smaller plank

35 Ofer Levy, Director, Precision Vaccines Program at Boston Chi

36 We find that individual Levy displacements associated with a slow memory decay l

37 ntings are fractals produced by the artist's Levy distributed motion and that fractal analysis may be

38 ors and indicates that the run times are not Levy distributed.

39 her cell types: run and tumble behavior with Levy-distributed run times, and ensembles of cells with

40 orage efficiently by arranging and adjusting Levy-distributed search activities in response to enviro

41 argets in a 2D space with steps drawn from a Levy distribution with the exponent varying from [Formul

42 ions of these Fibonacci modes are asymmetric Levy distributions that are completely fixed by the macr

43 bility models for mosquito behavior, such as Levy distributions.

44 an increase of 172 mL (133-214 mL) for high levy drinks and a decrease of 141 mL (111-170 mL) for lo

45 he product size of branded high levy and low levy drinks barely changed after implementation of the S

46 nt of sugar in household purchases of the no-levy drinks but no change in volume purchased.

47 Despite no overall change in volume of no levy drinks purchased, there was an increase in sugar pu

48 nd a decrease of 141 mL (111-170 mL) for low levy drinks.

49 fset by increases in sugar purchased from no-levy drinks.

50 Equivalent models were run for potentially levy-eligible drink categories ('intervention' drinks) a

51 Levy et al. and Nowarski et al. reveal how microbiota-de

52 In this issue, a pair of studies (Levy et al. and Sanders et al.) identify several de novo

53 Levy et al. have sequenced the complete genome of a huma

54 any arms together during behavior (e.g., see Levy et al., (1) Mather,(2) Byrne et al.,(3) and Hanlon

55 like partial CO2 rebreathing was studied by Levy et al., who suggested that this method may be used

56 Levying excise taxes on sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) d

57 drink categories ('intervention' drinks) and levy-exempt fruit juices and milk-based drinks ('control

58 While Levy features do exist, locusts' movement patterns are m

59 When Steward and Levy first reported their observation of polyribosomes a

60 movement for other organisms, and to propose Levy flight analysis as a potential real-time ecosystem

61 dom trajectories predicted by the prevailing Levy flight and random walk models, human trajectories s

62 racterizes each wallet's explorations with a Levy flight and shows that wallets tend to favor collect

63 ly long flights, essential for demonstrating Levy flight behaviour, were spurious.

64 albatross flights, and find no evidence for Levy flight behaviour.

65 tals, we find the same prevalence of optimal Levy flight characteristics (mu approximately 2) in both

66 ity has been empirically observed to exhibit Levy flight characteristics and behaviour with power-law

67 ctions form part of what has been termed the Levy flight foraging hypothesis (LFF) which states that

68 rehensive support for the predictions of the Levy flight foraging hypothesis and in particular for th

69 d support to the possibility that biological Levy flight may have naturally evolved as a search strat

70 Also, the Levy flight method is utilized to escape local optima.

71 O, an adaptive variant incorporating chaotic Levy flight modulation, phase-aware memory, and an entro

72 ribution of flight lengths, corresponding to Levy flight motion, is an optimal strategy.

73 phical approach has been adopted to conclude Levy flight movement for other organisms, and to propose

74 ge about resources' locations is incomplete, Levy flight movements optimize the success of random sea

75 The theory predicts a long-lived Levy flight regime(11) of the loopy tracer motion with a

76 ing coincides with the onset of both RSB and Levy flight statistics.

77 g the search phase while also leveraging the Levy flight theorem to improve the exploitation phase.

78 NLCMFO integrates the Levy flight, chaotic parameters, and nonlinear control m

79 tern is a specialised random walk known as a Levy flight, whereas when prey is abundant, simple Brown

80 We show that cells do not perform Levy flight; rather, there is substantial cell-to-cell v

81 An optimal search theory, the so-called Levy-flight foraging hypothesis, predicts that predators

82 These results are consistent with the Levy-flight foraging hypothesis, supporting the contenti

83 ed by optimal Levy walks and shows that the 'Levy-flight foraging' hypothesis has a broad hinterland.

84 cay that is characteristic of a nonclassical Levy-flight random walk, indicating that large jumps are

85 he adoption of an optimal biased scale-free (Levy-flight) searching strategy.

86 movement patterns approximated by truncated Levy flights and Brownian behaviour were present in the

87 wer-law distributed tails, characteristic of Levy flights and Levy walks.

88 rithmic binning methods were consistent with Levy flights and rank-frequency methods-comparing altern

89 Levy flights are random walks, the step lengths of which

90 Levy flights are scale-free (fractal) search patterns fo

91 riven by multiplicative noises and incumbent Levy flights arise naturally in the modelling of swarms.

92 We hereby provide a new window on Levy flights as models of movement pattern data, linking

93 Levy flights display fractal properties, have no typical

94 ciency of a minimalist search model based on Levy flights in the absence and presence of an external

95 Consequently, whether foragers exhibit Levy flights in the wild remains unclear.

96 searches, movements approximated by optimal Levy flights may have naturally evolved in organisms to

97 lly on their density in order to exploit the Levy flights of nutrients(12).

98 tterns during foraging, and demonstrate that Levy flights of predators in dynamic natural environment

99 raging hypothesis (LFF) which states that as Levy flights optimise random searches, movements approxi

100 Although Levy flights turn out to be efficient search processes w

101 ), whereas movements approximating truncated Levy flights were present when searching for sparsely di

102 evidence that wandering albatrosses perform Levy flights when searching for prey on the ocean surfac

103 tors should adopt search strategies known as Levy flights where prey is sparse and distributed unpred

104 Contrary to claims that Levy flights with a critical exponent alpha = 1 are opti

105 dered optimal; in particular, more ballistic Levy flights with exponent [Formula: see text] are gener

106 area-restricted search, perform better than Levy flights yet can still generate heavy-tailed distrib

107 free, Levy stable jump length distributions (Levy flights) optimize the search for sparse targets.

108 r bounded power-law distributions (truncated Levy flights).

109 The inclusion of such noises gives rise to Levy flights, a popular but controversial model of scale

110 sets, finding that none exhibits evidence of Levy flights, and that the original graphical approach i

111 prominently in the literature on biological Levy flights, being seen, perhaps, as no more than a mat

112 shows that this superdiffusion is not due to Levy flights, i.e., long-distance hops that are known to

113 gth of the empirical evidence for biological Levy flights.

114 trategies, such as ordinary random walks and Levy flights.

115 socio-economic groups with random walks and Levy flights.

116 lasmodium sporozoites), T cells also undergo Levy flights: large displacements occurring due to cells

117 ion into the 'feast and famine' effect, with Levy foragers in heterogeneous environments experiencing

118 However, the putative success of Levy foraging has been demonstrated only in model simula

119 Therefore overall, optimal Levy foraging results in more predictable resources in u

120 Germ-line transformation using the levy(+) gene rescued the mutant flies from all phenotype

121 to the UK Government's soft drinks industry levy have been seen, but the government cannot continue

122 Fifty years ago, Levy identified hydroxyl radicals as the driver of chemi

123 An SSB tax levied in Oakland was associated with a substantial decl

124 impact and cost-effectiveness of an SSB tax levied in Oakland, California.

125 ontent-based tax called the Health Promotion Levy in April 2018, one of the first sugar-sweetened bev

126 imulations we show that the incorporation of Levy intermittence in an otherwise nonintermittent searc

127 We propose that Levy intermittence may come from reorientation mechanism

128 plore ways forward for mainstreaming bycatch levies into the blue economy.

129 TATION: The health impact of the soft drinks levy is dependent on its implementation by industry.

130 The health impact of the soft drinks levy is dependent on its implementation by industry.

131 on, with additional benefits possible if the levy is passed on to purchasers through raising of the p

132 nd the tail of NA distributions fit a stable Levy law with exponents that remained invariant over the

133 The findings suggest that Levy-like behavior has been used by foragers since at le

134 This may explain why Levy-like behaviour seems to be widespread among diverse

135 Prey density distributions also display Levy-like fractal patterns, suggesting response movement

136 ched and dispersed conditions led to similar Levy-like movement distributions.

137 neuronal migration mechanisms and adopted a Levy-like movement pattern of probing the environment.

138 dence so far for the intrinsic generation of Levy-like movement patterns.

139 ind the first evidence, to our knowledge, of Levy-like search strategies in extinct animals.

140 ord may have triggered adaptation of optimal Levy-like searches.

141 RP and WA were supported by awards from the Levy-Longenbaugh Donor-Advised Fund and the Prostate Can

142 P. and W.A. are supported by awards from the Levy-Longenbaugh Fund.

143 t come closest to approximating advantageous Levy looping searches.

144 After checking various function types, the Levy-Martin function proved to be most suitable for this

145 n the basis of this function, we defined the Levy-Martin parameter and suggest using this parameter f

146 The Levy motion activates a transition from the low concentr

147 er noise intensities and larger jumps of the Levy motion shortens the MFET and thus benefits transiti

148 characteristics are easily generated without Levy motion, both by freehand drawing and gaussian rando

149 modeled by Brownian motion and alpha-stable Levy motion.

150 tances are responsible for the generation of Levy movement patterns in these social insects.

151 ses captured by wandering albatrosses during Levy movements exceed daily energy requirements by nearl

152 The levy mutants provide a genetic model to understand the m

153 The data from levy mutants reveal a COX-mediated pathway in Drosophila

154 rst passage times show complex effects under Levy noise, especially the stability index and skewness

155 s from one protein imposed by a non-Gaussian Levy noise, which is able to describe even large jumps,

156 that a large burst of one protein due to the Levy noises can induce coherent switches even with small

157 also imply that the presence of non-Gaussian Levy noises has fundamentally changed the escape mechani

158 enger are often greater than airport charges levied on airlines for infrastructure use.

159 A two tiered tax levied on manufacturers of soft drinks, announced in Mar

160 This study describes financial penalties levied on pharmaceutical companies for illegal activitie

161 pact the market changes triggered by the tax levied on SSBs had on obesity incidence across various a

162 Preliminary results show that a tax levied on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) by the Portug

163 First, we consider a tax to be levied on tobacco advertising and promotion or, as an al

164 uty escalator, and an extension of the sugar levy on food content) can the disease burden be curtaile

165 effect of possible industry responses to the levy on obesity, diabetes, and dental caries.

166 h, 2016, the UK Government proposed a tiered levy on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs; high tax for dr

167 equilibrium optimization (EO) version named Levy-opposition-equilibrium optimization (LOEO) is propo

168 ajority of ratios, DeltaX(i) scales with the Levy parameter alpha approximately 1, even though only a

169 n the notion that albatrosses do not exhibit Levy patterns during foraging, and demonstrate that Levy

170 e use maximum-likelihood methods to test for Levy patterns in relation to environmental gradients in

171 However, it is possible that the observed Levy patterns of white sharks may not arise from an adap

172 wnian walk clusters that converge to optimal Levy patterns.

173 lved in such a way that they exploit optimal Levy patterns.

174 an Z score, we find that P(DeltaZ) follows a Levy PDF with power-law exponent alpha approximately 1,

175 We find that an asymmetric Levy PDF, L, characterized by infinite variance, models

176 We thus find that Levy PDFs describe both the static and dynamics of credi

177 on system, we include symmetric alpha-stable Levy perturbations.

178 sions were seen with both the CMT and Roussy-Levy phenotypes, in seven patients.

179 60s Mandelbrot and Fama proposed a symmetric Levy probability distribution function (PDF) to describe

180 A Levy process does not consider when or where resources a

181 of movement in each time interval, (iii) are Levy processes in which distance or waiting-time (time-b

182 ions do not accurately reflect human search, Levy processes may still describe movement in dispersed

183 the proposal that many animals forage using Levy processes nonetheless remains.

184 d a maximum-likelihood framework for fitting Levy processes to comparative morphological data.

185 However, Levy processes too have come into question based on the

186 weak chaos leads to superdiffusive behavior (Levy processes with drift).

187 pt searching patterns that resemble a simple Levy random walk, which is theoretically optimal for 'bl

188 theoretical contributions have posited that "Levy random walks"-which can produce power law path leng

189 viously [Mukhopadhyay J, Sineva E, Knight J, Levy RM, Ebright RH (2004) Mol Cell 14:739-751].

190 Steward and Levy's discovery, however, raised the intriguing possibi

191 The soft drinks industry levy (SDIL) in the United Kingdom has led to a significa

192 The United Kingdom Soft Drinks Industry Levy (SDIL) is a two-tiered tax, announced in March 2016

193 March 2016, a two-tier soft drinks industry levy (SDIL) on drinks manufacturers to encourage reformu

194 The United Kingdom Soft Drinks Industry Levy (SDIL) was announced in March 2016 and implemented

195 examined whether the UK Soft Drinks Industry Levy (SDIL), announced in March 2016 and implemented in

196 the United Kingdom [UK] Soft Drinks Industry Levy [SDIL]).

197 desert ant Melophorus bagoti approximates a Levy search pattern by using an intrinsic bi-exponential

198 insic bi-exponential walk and does so when a Levy search pattern is advantageous.

199 Strong support was found for Levy search patterns across 14 species of open-ocean pre

200 s of these surprising insights, arguing that Levy search patterns are an emergent property of fundame

201 bagoti are found to approximate advantageous Levy search patterns.

202 a power-law distribution, the hallmark of a Levy search.

203 This predicts that optimal Levy searches may emerge from simple behaviors observed

204 are distributed according to a heavy-tailed, Levy stable distribution.

205 random search processes based on scale-free, Levy stable jump length distributions (Levy flights) opt

206 on processes, the fractal renewal process, a Levy-stable process, a fractional-difference process, an

207 d dark periods ('on' and 'off' times) follow Levy statistics.

208 s analyzed as a fluctuation according to the Levy statistics.

209 Thus, CD8+ T-cell behaviour is similar to Levy strategies reported in organisms ranging from musse

210 ortion of intervention drinks over the lower levy sugar threshold had fallen by 33.8 percentage point

211 ght could be classified as having the Roussy-Levy syndrome.

212 re we report mutations in a gene (designated levy) that codes for subunit VIa of cytochrome c oxidase

213 and the proportion of drinks over the lower levy threshold of 5 g sugar per 100 mL.

214 gar in household purchases of drinks in each levy tier at 2 years post announcement.

215 ends, purchased volume of drinks in the high levy tier decreased by 155 mL (95% confidence interval 2

216 ompared with all other policies when the tax levy tier was increased.

217 mulation of drinks from the lower levy to no-levy tier with removal of some but not all sugar, alongs

218 with >=5 to <8 g of sugar per 100 ml (lower levy tier) are taxed at pound 0.18 per litre, and drinks

219 rinks with >=8 g of sugar per 100 ml (higher levy tier) are taxed at pound 0.24 per litre, drinks wit

220 tions in volume and sugar purchased in lower-levy-tier drinks before implementation.

221 volume of or sugar from purchases of higher-levy-tier drinks compared to the counterfactual of no an

222 nd amount of sugar (g) in purchases of lower-levy-tier drinks was seen.

223 le for the SDIL in the higher, lower, and no-levy tiers controlling with household purchase volumes o

224 technical and governance approaches could be levied to offset it.

225 , and inhibitors of these pathways should be levied to treat ICC.

226 e outline the theory and practice of bycatch levies to demonstrate how they could incentivize bycatch

227 Some of the cost of the levy to manufacturers and importers was passed on to con

228 flect reformulation of drinks from the lower levy to no-levy tier with removal of some but not all su

229 rs have higher encounter rates when adopting Levy-type foraging in natural-like prey fields compared

230 arse and heterogeneous environments: (i) the Levy walk and (ii) the composite correlated random walk

231 ll motility in tissues resembles a random or Levy walk and is regulated in part by external factors i

232 Here we evaluate Brownian motion, Levy walk and several correlated random walks (CRWs) aga

233 In this paper, we propose to explain the Levy walk behaviour observed in human mobility patterns

234 oti which suggest that animals approximate a Levy walk by adopting an intrinsic composite movement st

235 at correlated random walks are a part of the Levy walk family.

236 ent models such as correlated random walk or Levy walk for assessing optimum path types.

237 al methods would have found evidence for the Levy walk for some individuals, a comparison of the Levy

238 Levy walk is competitive in capturing some aspects of ne

239 er support for the evolutionary advantage of Levy walk movement patterns is provided by an investigat

240 This result provides new insights into the Levy walk movement patterns of some destructive foragers

241 ing exponent u of a power law describing the Levy walk of an individual is modified collectively as t

242 ate concerning the theoretical generality of Levy walk optimisation.

243 providing an explanation to the emergence of Levy Walk patterns that characterize human mobility patt

244 n/reaction scales can explain to some extent Levy walk searching patterns of predators at larger scal

245 lk for some individuals, a comparison of the Levy walk to CCRWs showed stronger support for the latte

246 The mussels realise this Levy walk to good approximation across a biologically me

247 extended indefinitely would correspond to a Levy walk whose characteristic (power-law) exponent is t

248 andom search for sparse resources known as a Levy walk, but little is known of the origins and evolut

249 fusive, scale-free movement pattern called a Levy walk, which is considered optimal when foraging for

250 de Jager et al. concluded that mussels Levy walk.

251 the brain is well described by a generalized Levy walk.

252 er than one-behaviour strategies such as the Levy walk.

253 ws another random process known as truncated Levy walk.

254 ith these data and found that mussels do not Levy walk: Their movement is best described by a composi

255 ony fishes, sea turtles and penguins-exhibit Levy-walk-like behaviour close to a theoretical optimum.

256 It follows from this that vast numbers of Levy walkers could be hiding in plain sight.

257 be those that come closest to being optimal Levy walkers.

258 promotes the searching efficiencies of some Levy walks above that of ballistic motion.

259 Nevertheless, we show that Levy walks and ballistic movements can be equally or alm

260 been posited as a potential replacement for Levy walks and it has also been suggested that CCRWs hav

261 Combined with identified signatures of Levy walks and nonuniversal diffusion in these systems,

262 patterns that can be approximated by optimal Levy walks and shows that the 'Levy-flight foraging' hyp

263 We also show that Levy walks are advantageous when searching for targets t

264 Levy walks are characterized by trajectories that have s

265 Levy walks are specialized random walks giving rise to f

266 esis: namely that some organisms approximate Levy walks as an innate CCRW.

267 have been posited as a strong alternative to Levy walks as models of multi-scale forager movement pat

268 We find that both Brownian and Levy walks fail to capture the complexity of T cell moti

269 ted suggestions, although disagreement, that Levy walks have functional advantages over Brownian moti

270 evidence of super-diffusion consistent with Levy walks in bacteria suggests that this strategy may h

271 ers, the Hadza of northern Tanzania, perform Levy walks in nearly one-half of all foraging bouts.

272 ggest that complex search patterns, like the Levy walks made by mud snails, can have their mechanisti

273 Additionally, Levy walks may have become common early in our genus whe

274 Levy walks occur when searching for a wide variety of fo

275 nian-like steps self-organize into truncated Levy walks through an apparent time-independent positive

276 ection pressures, evolve to resemble optimal Levy walks when foraging is non-destructive.

277 s (i.e. straight-lines movements) outperform Levy walks when searching for targets that once located

278 the foraging and search efficiencies of 2-D Levy walks with a range of exponents, target resource di

279 el search behavior using random walks (e.g., Levy walks) that match empirical movement distributions.

280 for optimal random search patterns, known as Levy walks, in empirical movement data is mounting for a

281 that approached theoretical expectations for Levy walks, regardless of the home-range constraint.

282 Other possible strategies are random and Levy walks, which have trajectories and turn frequencies

283 suggested that CCRWs have been mistaken for Levy walks.

284 ales that is consistent with the presence of Levy walks.

285 ed tails, characteristic of Levy flights and Levy walks.

286 esis that unites correlated random walks and Levy walks.

287 ti-scale movement paths similar to truncated Levy walks.

288 performing super-diffusion, consistent with Levy walks.

289 ations reporting that many organisms perform Levy walks; movement patterns that seemingly stand apart