ライフサイエンスコーパス: linkage disequilibrium

1 pression quantitative trait loci of HTRA1 in linkage disequilibrium.

2 cope to common variants and in resolution by linkage disequilibrium.

3 idates were predicted in the regions of high linkage disequilibrium.

4 mating their effect sizes in the presence of linkage disequilibrium.

5 epistatic loci do not systematically exploit linkage disequilibrium.

6 ain HLA allele combinations co-occur in high linkage disequilibrium.

7 eir genotype values across samples, known as linkage disequilibrium.

8 the centromeric KIR region and are in tight linkage disequilibrium.

9 equency and were independent with respect to linkage disequilibrium.

10 not stable when some of the SNPs are in high linkage disequilibrium.

11 ion apart from the exome and regions of high linkage disequilibrium.

12 e rely on well-established genetic models of linkage disequilibrium.

13 me, that are also associated with persistent linkage disequilibrium.

14 polymorphisms (SNPs) are not obvious due to linkage disequilibrium.

15 to limited statistical power and effects of linkage disequilibrium.

16 ditional association analysis to account for linkage disequilibrium.

17 ific patterns of genetic differentiation and linkage disequilibrium.

18 and haplotype diversity leading to increased linkage disequilibrium.

19 d rs28365062 in the UGT2B7 gene were in high linkage disequilibrium.

20 rly or late, with alleles maintained in high linkage disequilibrium.

21 e locus also displays consistent patterns of linkage disequilibrium across African populations and ha

22 dissection is often prevented by the strong linkage disequilibrium across the entire MHC complex.

23 turing into distinct strains and substantial linkage disequilibrium across the genome(1,2).

24 d a high degree of both HLA homozygosity and linkage disequilibrium across the HLA region and also lo

25 tion, as it leads to strong correlations and linkage disequilibrium across very distant sites in the

26 hallenge with methods based on the admixture linkage disequilibrium (ALD) is to remove the effect of

27 ulations is dependent on many factors (e.g., linkage disequilibrium, allele frequencies, genetic arch

28 Complex structure of linkage disequilibrium also makes it challenging to sepa

29 -wise type I error rate and accounts for the linkage disequilibrium among genetic variants.

30 a result of high polymorphisms and extended linkage disequilibrium among the DR loci, we applied a n

31 udy (GWAS) summary data while accounting for linkage disequilibrium among variants.

32 parametric, nonparametric, joint linkage and linkage disequilibrium analyses using a microsatellite m

33 Local linkage disequilibrium analysis and allele mining identi

34 Linkage disequilibrium analysis identified the presence

35 el hierarchical platform for a joint linkage-linkage disequilibrium analysis of population structure.

36 We use linkage disequilibrium and a high-order Markov chain-bas

37 In particular, the differences in linkage disequilibrium and allele frequency patterns acr

38 ure across summary statistics arising due to linkage disequilibrium and apply a piecewise linear inte

39 ecular genetic estimates of Ne computed from linkage disequilibrium and approximate Bayesian computat

40 The six novel SNPs in PRPF6 were in high linkage disequilibrium and associated with PRPF6 mRNA ex

41 Linkage disequilibrium and conditional analyses indicate

42 (PAINTOR) that combines genetic association, linkage disequilibrium and enriched genomic features to

43 variation, Manhattan plot visualization for linkage disequilibrium and eQTL data, and an ontology se

44 S by utilizing external information, such as linkage disequilibrium and functional annotations.

45 Additionally, linkage disequilibrium and haplotype block conformation

46 Widespread linkage disequilibrium and incomplete annotation of cell

47 Due to tight linkage disequilibrium and low recombination rates, the

48 In general, customization considering linkage disequilibrium and minor allele frequency had th

49 pe I error inflation in this case-only test: linkage disequilibrium and population stratification.

50 highlight the need for improved treatment of linkage disequilibrium and variant frequencies when appl

51 376Gln and Asn492Ile, which were in complete linkage disequilibrium, and are located in the PRLR intr

52 type effects, single variants tagged through linkage disequilibrium, and population stratification.

53 variants that affect complex traits, due to linkage disequilibrium, and to maximize power while limi

54 th their mating type; IA(s) values show high linkage disequilibrium as is expected in clonal reproduc

55 s (Gly84-Gly85-Pro86-Met87) in near-complete linkage disequilibrium at the edge of the peptide-bindin

56 We introduce a linkage disequilibrium-based algorithm discerning eight

57 Using a linkage disequilibrium-based analysis, individual sampli

58 is a considerable reduction in power for all linkage disequilibrium-based statistics.

59 y-Weinberg expectations within loci, lack of linkage disequilibrium between distant loci, incongruent

60 w that differences in allele frequencies and linkage disequilibrium between Egyptians and Europeans m

61 ic effects and variation in the structure of linkage disequilibrium between ethnicities.

62 It also preserves linkage disequilibrium between genetic variants and asso

63 ross multiple data sets there is significant linkage disequilibrium between individual mutations, esp

64 atasets that have no shared markers based on linkage disequilibrium between loci appearing in differe

65 We found no significant linkage disequilibrium between MHC-DRB and MHC-DOB, sugg

66 ociated lincRNAs, we examined the pattern of linkage disequilibrium between SNPs in the lincRNAs and

67 Restricted recombination may promote linkage disequilibrium between the colour locus and inco

68 Whole genome sequencing revealed linkage disequilibrium between the common rHS-linked alp

69 We also find linkage disequilibrium between the inverted region and t

70 to be strong enough to establish significant linkage disequilibrium between the mitochondrial and nuc

71 ween racial/ethnic groups creates long-range linkage disequilibrium between variants with different a

72 overly conservative and fails to account for linkage disequilibrium between variants.

73 across all six environments and tagged to a linkage disequilibrium block comprising two promising ca

74 fined the chromosome 12E signal to a 1.95 Mb linkage disequilibrium block containing only one gene, s

75 ypersensitive sites overlapping the rs874040 linkage disequilibrium block in human memory, but not in

76 A linkage disequilibrium block of polymorphisms located in

77 ele frequency > 5% and identified one single linkage disequilibrium block, located in the intron of t

78 (plasticity) a priori candidate genes within linkage disequilibrium blocks for these loci.

79 differentially methylated regions within the linkage disequilibrium blocks of the single nucleotide p

80 t accounts for the surrounding signal due to linkage disequilibrium, by accumulating association sign

81 28 dogs from 3 breeds to compare the SNP and linkage disequilibrium characteristics together with the

82 Since SNPs are in incomplete linkage disequilibrium, considering combinations of thes

83 bottleneck times indicate stronger residual linkage disequilibrium, consistent with increased select

84 pe at 2 VDR SNPs (rs7968585 and rs731236) in linkage disequilibrium (D' = 0.98; r2 = 0.6).

85 genotype and phenotype (dbGaP), which are in linkage disequilibrium (D' = 1) with Exo5 L151P found in

86 We estimate, using linkage-disequilibrium decay patterns, that admixture oc

87 Linkage disequilibrium decays within 10 kb (based on the

88 We found that linkage-disequilibrium decays at 100 Kb in this collecti

89 that were selected based on the short-range linkage disequilibrium distance, which is inherent with

90 various functional annotations and allow for linkage disequilibrium estimated from reference genotype

91 nsitized CPRA categories, with deviations in linkage disequilibrium for Caucasians and the smaller si

92 identified 3 common genetic variants in high linkage disequilibrium for severe pre-treatment pain, re

93 The IllumHD panel had higher values of linkage disequilibrium for short distances between SNPs

94 previous studies have shown unusually strong linkage disequilibrium for the sex chromosomes variation

95 We used two methods (patterns of linkage disequilibrium from whole-genome SNPs and MSMC e

96 favored because it prevents the breakdown of linkage disequilibrium generated by migration; the selec

97 tibility and colouration, such as fine-scale linkage disequilibrium, genomic rearrangements and pleio

98 contamination by measuring the breakdown of linkage disequilibrium in a sequenced individual due to

99 Here, we took advantage of the reduced linkage disequilibrium in African populations to infer g

100 The combination of weak linkage disequilibrium in Africans and functional annota

101 Given the small blocks of linkage disequilibrium in Drosophila, we obtain near bas

102 expression on the surface of RBCs and higher linkage disequilibrium in human populations exposed to P

103 l mechanisms of selection that maintain high linkage disequilibrium in MHC haplotype blocks.

104 hrinkage (NPS) method can reliably allow for linkage disequilibrium in summary statistics of 5 millio

105 Genetic heterogeneity and linkage disequilibrium in the highly polymorphic HLA reg

106 identify approximately independent blocks of linkage disequilibrium in the human genome.

107 We identified 58 linkage disequilibrium-independent ADHD-associated loci

108 In this work, we show that linkage disequilibrium induces significant gene-trait as

109 We used genetic maps that capture detailed linkage disequilibrium information in European and Afric

110 ethod to select important SNPs by taking the linkage disequilibrium into account.

111 Linkage disequilibrium is positive (Dij'>0) among freque

112 , suggesting that genetic confounding due to linkage disequilibrium is widespread in naive phenome-wi

113 ], are the true biological representation of linkage disequilibrium (LD) among multiple loci.

114 We performed linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis and bioinformatic p

115 Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis indicated strong LD

116 Meiotic recombination breaks down linkage disequilibrium (LD) and forms new haplotypes, me

117 ty varies with minor allele frequency (MAF), linkage disequilibrium (LD) and genotype certainty.

118 al variant effect sizes while accounting for linkage disequilibrium (LD) and overlapping GWAS samples

119 nctional in the corresponding tissue, due to linkage disequilibrium (LD) and the correlation of gene

120 Chromatin interactions and linkage disequilibrium (LD) are both pairwise measuremen

121 ncestors-in conjunction with the output from linkage disequilibrium (LD) based imputation methods to

122 The linkage disequilibrium (LD) based quantitative trait loc

123 We demonstrate that heterogeneity in linkage disequilibrium (LD) between causal variants and

124 The existence of moderate to high levels of linkage disequilibrium (LD) between genetic markers and

125 tistical analysis may increase the extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD) between haplotypes and causa

126 ss after Bonferroni correction, ignorance of linkage disequilibrium (LD) between neighboring markers,

127 emporary effective population size (Ne) from linkage disequilibrium (LD) between unlinked pairs of ge

128 ese approaches require information about the linkage disequilibrium (LD) between variants, there has

129 D subset with 62 common variants in a single linkage disequilibrium (LD) block in a 350 kb interval h

130 s were enriched in approximately independent linkage disequilibrium (LD) blocks (e.g. MHC).

131 The presence of conserved linkage disequilibrium (LD) blocks and haplotypes betwee

132 ate target genes and often extend beyond the linkage disequilibrium (LD) blocks containing risk SNPs

133 Length of individual linkage disequilibrium (LD) blocks varied along chromoso

134 notypes across multiple individuals based on linkage disequilibrium (LD) can facilitate the analysis

135 lidated CRC loci; (2) SNP selection based on linkage disequilibrium (LD) clumping followed by machine

136 decreasing minor allele frequency (MAF) and linkage disequilibrium (LD) consistent with the action o

137 m genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and linkage disequilibrium (LD) data from a reference sample

138 While linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay (r(2) = 0.2) was lowes

139 evidence for selection was found as greater linkage disequilibrium (LD) for observed versus simulate

140 are associated with human disease risk, but linkage disequilibrium (LD) hinders fine-mapping the cau

141 In summary, linkage disequilibrium (LD) information from large avail

142 Estimating linkage disequilibrium (LD) is essential for a wide rang

143 We consider here the use of linkage disequilibrium (LD) maps of sequenced contigs an

144 Linkage disequilibrium (LD) measures the correlation bet

145 ety of publicly available GWAS associations, linkage disequilibrium (LD) measures, functional genomic

146 population size (Ne) can be estimated using linkage disequilibrium (LD) observed across pairs of loc

147 , alpha73, alpha184, beta57) due to complete linkage disequilibrium (LD) of alpha44 with eight such r

148 we proposed an algorithm that considers both linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns and familial transm

149 mparison of exome array variants to regional linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns and prior genome-wi

150 allows for quick geographic visualization of linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns between two user-sp

151 ently, gene statistics are constructed using linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns from a relevant ref

152 Trans-ethnic comparison revealed different linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns in HLA-DOA and HLA-

153 Measures of linkage disequilibrium (LD) play a key role in a wide ra

154 sociation summary statistics and an external linkage disequilibrium (LD) reference panel.

155 Linkage disequilibrium (LD) score regression analysis of

156 This study used the linkage disequilibrium (LD) score regression and genomic

157 We first apply stratified linkage disequilibrium (LD) score regression to evaluate

158 diseases and complex traits using stratified linkage disequilibrium (LD) score regression with the ba

159 omosome-out cross-validation with stratified linkage disequilibrium (LD) score regression.

160 sed genes for each of 53 tissues followed by linkage disequilibrium (LD) score-based enrichment testi

161 ome annotations (e.g., exon or 5'UTR), total linkage disequilibrium (LD) scores and heterozygosity to

162 With differences in linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure and allele frequen

163 ditions, varying strength of interaction and linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure.

164 ltiple datasets, either exploiting different linkage disequilibrium (LD) structures across ancestries

165 The analysis of linkage disequilibrium (LD) underpins the development of

166 S Catalog to identify susceptibility loci in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with a user-provided list of

167 rs9831894 is in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with additional variants tha

168 ree erythropoietin (EPO) genetic variants in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with each other (rs1617640-T

169 ome-wide association studies, are usually in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with each other within a sma

170 A total of 2255 variants in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with GWAS identified SU/gout

171 This variant is in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with other 5' risk variants

172 mon variants that represent or are in strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) with previously-identified s

173 0772119, rs10772120, rs3176792, rs883868) in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with T1D-associated GWAS lea

174 698934; P < 3.9x10(-5)) was observed, not in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with the previously reported

175 To remove effects of high levels of pairwise linkage disequilibrium (LD), SNPs were also preselected

176 y models genome-wide variants to account for linkage disequilibrium (LD), thus prioritizing associati

177 Recent work has hinted at the linkage disequilibrium (LD)-dependent architecture of hu

178 been proposed to account for frequency- and linkage disequilibrium (LD)-dependent genetic architectu

179 Linkage disequilibrium (LD)-the non-random association o

180 RES based on SNP prior information including linkage disequilibrium (LD)-weighted genic annotation sc

181 orrelated to the true causal variant through linkage disequilibrium (LD).

182 n traits can be further reduced based on the linkage disequilibrium (LD).

183 SNPs (fSNP) from disease-associated SNPs in linkage disequilibrium (LD).

184 f Ohta's 1982 measures of between-population linkage disequilibrium (LD).

185 es from asQTL signals due to complexities in linkage disequilibrium (LD).

186 gions (haplotypes) due to the development of linkage disequilibrium (LD).

187 These two SNPs displayed strong linkage disequilibrium (LD).

188 y do not fully utilize the information [e.g. linkage disequilibrium (LD)] contained in population gen

189 were identified within a conserved 40.09 Mb linkage-disequilibrium (LD) block on the X chromosome.

190 w-coverage sequencing has been combined with linkage-disequilibrium (LD)-based genotype refinement to

191 als, IBDrecomb obtains similar accuracy to a linkage-disequilibrium (LD)-based method applied to 96 i

192 tion based on hierarchical representation of linkage disequilibrium (LinDen).

193 effective bottleneck time (the ratio of the linkage disequilibrium map to the genetic map in Morgans

194 We empirically evaluate a linkage disequilibrium map-based method using single nuc

195 This method is referred as multi-marker linkage disequilibrium mapping (mmLD).

196 estry inference in adMixed Populations using Linkage Disequilibrium method (LAMP-LD) and evaluated th

197 ally, another signal including three SNPs in linkage disequilibrium might be unreported susceptibilit

198 and NBEAL1; the latter is a region with high linkage disequilibrium) nearest to these SNPs has previo

199 d that 51 traits could be linked through the linkage disequilibrium of 115 associated loci and these

200 Because of the strong linkage disequilibrium of A*01 and B*08 alleles with the

201 Three SNPs in high linkage disequilibrium on chromosome 13 near relaxin fam

202 Finally, we show the great impact of linkage disequilibrium on the performance of all these t

203 egions, of which 1838 contain SNPs in strong linkage disequilibrium or coinciding with GWAS peaks.

204 e., when there are negligible differences in linkage disequilibrium or in causal alleles frequencies)

205 ith the user's dataset, as well as visualize linkage disequilibrium pattern, infer haplotypes and des

206 Comparison of linkage disequilibrium patterns between the 13 lead SNPs

207 cing data and provides accurate estimates of linkage disequilibrium patterns compared with approaches

208 enetic diversity, haplotype distribution and linkage disequilibrium patterns in the G. hirsutum and G

209 s into PRSs using various approaches such as linkage disequilibrium pruning/p value thresholding (fix

210 Twenty-eight missense variants were in linkage disequilibrium (r(2) > 0.6) with the lead varian

211 r, we identified 44 of these Alu elements in linkage disequilibrium (r(2) > 0.7) with the trait-assoc

212 First, all known genes in strong linkage disequilibrium (r(2) > 0.8) with the reported si

213 56, a single-nucleotide polymorphism in high linkage disequilibrium (r(2)=0.7) with rs10995, which bo

214 Linkage disequilibrium rapidly decayed around LanFTc1, s

215 7 closest to KANSL1, but within a large high linkage disequilibrium region that also includes CRHR1;

216 1 180 132 sQTLs overlapping with known GWAS linkage disequilibrium regions.

217 We used linkage disequilibrium regression and polygenic profile

218 Using a new method, linkage disequilibrium regression, we derived genetic co

219 art on chromosome 13, overlap two MS SNPs in linkage disequilibrium-rs17594362 and rs12429256.

220 Among them, two SNPs in strong linkage disequilibrium, rs7676822 and rs1911877, located

221 from genome-wide association studies (GWAS), linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) was devel

222 Linkage Disequilibrium Score Regression (LDSR) analyses

223 Cross-trait linkage disequilibrium score regression analysis and tra

224 We applied stratified linkage disequilibrium score regression and evaluated he

225 Linkage disequilibrium score regression and Mendelian ra

226 Linkage disequilibrium score regression and polygenic pr

227 We used linkage disequilibrium score regression and polygenic ri

228 PS SNP heritability to be 30%, and using the linkage disequilibrium score regression method, we found

229 Linkage disequilibrium score regression of 220 cell type

230 Linkage disequilibrium score regression was used to calc

231 The cross-sex linkage disequilibrium score regression(2,3) analysis al

232 ned psychiatric disorders were calculated by linkage disequilibrium score regression, exploiting summ

233 Linkage disequilibrium score regression, polygenic risk

234 We have shown, by linkage disequilibrium score regression, that ALS shares

235 Using linkage disequilibrium score regression, we estimate the

236 etic correlation (r(g)) between traits using linkage disequilibrium score regression.

237 d genetic correlations were calculated using linkage disequilibrium score regression.

238 ity and genetic correlation estimation using linkage disequilibrium score regression.

239 hed heritability, as estimated by stratified linkage disequilibrium score regression.

240 s in the TWAS was estimated using stratified linkage disequilibrium score regression.

241 Stratified linkage-disequilibrium score regression was used to test

242 from 2 different continents identified high linkage disequilibrium, significant structural variation

243 osatellite set and conducted association and linkage disequilibrium (standardized index of associatio

244 Linkage disequilibrium statistics from the 1000 Genomes

245 tentially affected by selection, calculating linkage disequilibrium statistics, performing haplotype

246 , estimates of nucleotide diversity metrics, linkage disequilibrium statistics, recombination rates,

247 effect allele frequency, effect size and the linkage disequilibrium structure of credible set variant

248 on variants, which was observed to depend on linkage disequilibrium structure.

249 oviding a high-resolution allele catalog and linkage-disequilibrium structure of both classical and n

250 le nucleotide polymorphisms having realistic linkage disequilibrium structures demonstrate the advant

251 r, unleashing genetic variance hidden in the linkage disequilibrium that accumulates through selectio

252 f classic HLA alleles identified two in high linkage disequilibrium that are associated with fIIP (DR

253 least 35 loci in osteoarthritis but, due to linkage disequilibrium, the specific variants underlying

254 natural selection, haplotype frequencies and linkage disequilibrium to estimate the effects of both s

255 The rate of decay in linkage disequilibrium was fast, and no significant evid

256 raging population differences in patterns of linkage disequilibrium, we achieve improved fine-mapping

257 minimize the influence of extensive regional linkage disequilibrium, we used the ridge regression.

258 Haplotypic patterns of long-range linkage disequilibrium were observed for rare genetic va

259 ion tests, such assays are not confounded by linkage disequilibrium when loci are independently assay

260 nalyses revealed independent GWAS signals in linkage disequilibrium with 2 missense ZIP12 polymorphis

261 multaneously screen 2,756 variants in strong linkage disequilibrium with 75 sentinel variants associa

262 This variant is in high linkage disequilibrium with a known functional variant i

263 This was found to be in linkage disequilibrium with a small 6p25.3 tandem duplic

264 g expression of HLA-A RNA in vivo, in strong linkage disequilibrium with an HLA-A allele that confers

265 ntitative trait locus of complex trait is in linkage disequilibrium with at least one marker.

266 y on candidate genes; four SNPs were in high linkage disequilibrium with candidate genes within 366 k

267 of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in strong linkage disequilibrium with causative polymorphisms that

268 g the causal variant(s) among those in tight linkage disequilibrium with each associated variant rema

269 me-wide analyses identified multiple SNPs in linkage disequilibrium with each other that were signifi

270 For positioning two contigs in linkage disequilibrium with each other the inter-contig

271 hat IL13 polymorphism rs1295686 (in complete linkage disequilibrium with functional variant rs20541)

272 say to sequence a small number of regions in linkage disequilibrium with heading date QTL in thousand

273 s the top hit (P = 2 x 10(-14)); this was in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-DRB1*10:01 (odds ratio,

274 Inhibitory KIR2DL5A, carried in linkage disequilibrium with KIR2DS1, is expressed by per

275 as other relevant candidate loci that are in linkage disequilibrium with MICA*008 i.e. HLA-B*08:01, r

276 for IBD; IL23R, PTGER4, and SNX20 (in strong linkage disequilibrium with NOD2) for CD; and KCNQ2 (nea

277 Because this SNP is in linkage disequilibrium with other SNPs associated with s

278 SA and WHI, but only rs12243326 is in strong linkage disequilibrium with rs12255372 in our Hispanic p

279 d rs133377 and other functional SNPs in high linkage disequilibrium with rs16947 (r(2) = 0.9539), his

280 with better residual cognition is in strong linkage disequilibrium with rs1990622A (r2 = 0.66), a pr

281 SNP rs2227473, in linkage disequilibrium with rs2227476, was also associat

282 e rs12979860 polymorphism, which was in high linkage disequilibrium with rs368234815 (R(2) = 0.87).

283 replication cohorts, multiple SNPs in strong linkage disequilibrium with rs56151658 were associated w

284 and respiratory illnesses, owing to the high linkage disequilibrium with rs601338 (R2 = 0.92).

285 luster of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in linkage disequilibrium with rs61183828 was located close

286 We report that rs17134155, a variant in high linkage disequilibrium with rs73227498, is located in an

287 disease-variant-tagging SNP (rs117026326; in linkage disequilibrium with rs73366469), whose minor all

288 eotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2235749 (in high linkage disequilibrium with rs910080) modifies striatal

289 n KL variants revealed that only variants in linkage disequilibrium with rs9315202 showed similarly h

290 olymorphism is observed in high species-wide linkage disequilibrium with sex.

291 known, trait-associated SNPs to be in strong linkage disequilibrium with SVs and demonstrate that our

292 l of evolutionary constraint), effect sizes, linkage disequilibrium with tagging single nucleotide va

293 y the effect of a nearby SNP that has strong linkage disequilibrium with the CpG-SNP.

294 the associated variants are functional or in linkage disequilibrium with the functional variants.

295 ot affect RNA splicing, but it was in strong linkage disequilibrium with the G allele of the promoter

296 ntitative trait locus (cis-eQTL) variants in linkage disequilibrium with the index variant in 29 of t

297 e expression, which is not completely due to linkage disequilibrium with the nearby common variants.

298 kely to be causal relative to nearby SNPs in linkage disequilibrium with them.

299 candidate genes were identified based on the linkage disequilibrium with these loci, including GRMZM2

300 that are causal and those that are merely in linkage-disequilibrium with causal mutations.