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1 r finite durations of time (e.g. during some mass extinctions).
2 y 30 million years before the end-Cretaceous mass extinction.
3 a) that coincided with the Triassic-Jurassic mass extinction.
4 447-444 Ma) leading into the Late Ordovician mass extinction.
5 ively unaffected by the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction.
6 estimate the percentage of species lost in a mass extinction.
7 communities, with effects that culminate in mass extinction.
8 to have become extinct during the Cretaceous mass extinction.
9 ese relations broke down during the onset of mass extinction.
10 erturbation coincident with the end-Triassic mass extinction.
11 full assessment of their relationship to the mass extinction.
12 abilities of being locally stable during the mass extinction.
13 the wake of the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K-Pg) mass extinction.
14 past, and new insights into the dynamics of mass extinction.
15 of life from the devastating Permo-Triassic mass extinction.
16 urbations and oceanic anoxia, related to the mass extinction.
17 imate, changes in sedimentation patterns and mass extinction.
18 s persisted through the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction.
19 regional, and insufficient to explain marine mass extinction.
20 ively unaffected by the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction.
21 of the carbon cycle and the Late Ordovician mass extinction.
22 istance" that would have precipitated a full mass extinction.
23 d of the Cretaceous and perished in the K-Pg mass extinction.
24 rd Siberian Trap volcanism as the trigger of mass extinction.
25 ities and thereby constraining the causes of mass extinction.
26 ce of crown birds through the end-Cretaceous mass extinction.
27 emise of volatile taxa in the end-Cretaceous mass extinction.
28 tes that contain a record of the Guadalupian mass extinction.
29 ay have little time to stave off a potential mass extinction.
30 entering or in the midst of the sixth great mass extinction.
31 the major taxonomic shift at the end-Permian mass extinction.
32 the catastrophic effects of the end-Permian mass extinction.
33 ht have delayed ecosystem recovery after the mass extinction.
34 ith a high-resolution record of invertebrate mass extinction.
35 in the aftermath of Earth's most devastating mass extinction.
36 is widely considered to have caused the K-Pg mass extinction.
37 ystems following the devastating end-Permian mass extinction.
38 t continues to rise until the Permo-Triassic mass extinction.
39 inifer tests after the Cretaceous-Palaeogene mass extinction.
40 oupled from disparity across the end-Permian mass extinction.
41 hin <1 m.y., coinciding with the end-Permian mass extinction.
42 tal changes resulting in the Late Ordovician mass extinction.
43 ns in the direct lead up to the end-Triassic mass extinction.
44 causing severe global warming and subsequent mass extinction.
45 hange in timing and pacing the Late Devonian mass extinction.
46 Traps as a contributor to the latest Permian mass extinction.
47 oxygen in Earth's oceans resulting in marine mass extinction.
48 s potential role for the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction.
49 uch as the late heavy bombardment and global mass extinctions.
50 ombined data for the Middle and Late Permian mass extinctions.
51 , or even cause, biodiversity decline during mass extinctions.
52 me, with losses particularly concentrated in mass extinctions.
53 hat culminated in the marine and terrestrial mass extinctions.
54 ribution makes groups more likely to survive mass extinctions.
55 ries from the end-Permian and end-Cretaceous mass extinctions.
56 didates for the cause of terminal-Cretaceous mass extinctions.
57 rmitted species to survive the third tier of mass extinctions.
58 ges in buffering species from background and mass extinctions.
59 may help to constrain the possible causes of mass extinctions.
60 the analytical incorporation of sampling and mass extinctions.
61 be needed to explain recovery dynamics after mass extinctions.
62 luding adaptive radiations and recovery from mass extinctions.
63 se associated with the two preceding Permian mass extinctions.
64 no sharp distinction between background and mass extinctions.
65 These large eruptions have been linked to mass extinctions.
66 ete for recovery intervals immediately after mass extinctions.
67 e of change whereas greater surges accompany mass extinctions.
68 ll-characterized risks, and the frequency of mass extinctions.
69 , including the end-Permian and end-Triassic mass extinctions.
70 igneous provinces are long-lived compared to mass extinctions.
74 nt sponge remains were deposited after other mass extinctions [5, 6], suggesting a general pattern of
76 S and the first pulse of the Late Ordovician mass extinction about 445 million years ago suggests tha
77 by the Early Triassic crises; because global mass extinctions affect all marine life, these taxa must
78 in the Triassic implies that the end-Permian mass extinction afforded ecologically marginalized linea
79 Chicxulub impact and the terminal-Cretaceous mass extinctions, after which ~70% of the Traps' total v
81 a pervasive component of the planet's sixth mass extinction and also a major driver of global ecolog
82 impact, with only the impact coinciding with mass extinction and biologically amplified carbon cycle
84 lenial to millennial level resolution of the mass extinction and its aftermath will permit a refined
86 flux spurred by the catastrophic end-Permian mass extinction and terminating with the global ecologic
87 ached within 8 My after the Permian-Triassic mass extinction and within 4 My of the time reptiles fir
88 n years ago; before the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and ~30 million years prior to fossil re
89 A leading hypothesis explaining Phanerozoic mass extinctions and associated carbon isotopic anomalie
90 tic mechanisms have hastened recoveries from mass extinctions and confined diversity to a relatively
91 lses of diversification in anthozoans follow mass extinctions and reef crises, with sea anemones and
92 nt clades are framed against the backdrop of mass extinctions and regime shifts in ocean ecosystems.
96 nables measurement of aerosol particle size, mass, extinction and absorption coefficients, and aeroso
97 n the late Permian, prior to the end-Permian mass extinction, and radiating in the Triassic to domina
98 ental perturbation, carbon cycle disruption, mass extinction, and recovery at millennial timescales.
99 on ecosystem engineering behaviors after the mass extinction, and second, that these persisting behav
100 emporal relationship between CAMP eruptions, mass extinction, and the carbon isotopic excursions are
102 a phylogenetic bottleneck at the Hirnantian mass extinction ( approximately 445 Ma), when a major cl
105 e or below 0.50; clades not terminating at a mass extinction are three times more likely to be signif
108 ht on biodiversity loss in extant ecosystems.Mass extinctions are thought to produce 'disaster faunas
109 s the Cambrian explosion and the end-Permian mass extinction) are typically decoupled in time, refuti
110 in the fossil record, particularly the major mass extinctions, are generally thought to transcend kno
112 is frequently invoked as a primary driver of mass extinction as well as a long-term inhibitor of evol
114 merican Cretaceous before the end-Cretaceous mass extinction, as well as small-bodied forebears of th
117 global and climatic upheaval, including the mass extinction at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (c.
118 e super-radiation that may coincide with the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period.
119 n highly diverse assemblages, which suffered mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous, leaving an
122 prising that these taxa suffered conspicuous mass extinctions at the times of three negative Early Tr
123 ecological changes across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction based on molluscan assemblages at four w
124 s impact winter was likely a major driver of mass extinction because of the resulting global decimati
125 e lineages were eradicated at the last major mass extinction boundary, the Cretaceous-Tertiary/K-T (6
126 ith increasing proximity to the end-Triassic mass extinction, breaking down altogether across the eve
127 ed more than benthic animals during previous mass extinctions but are not preferentially threatened i
128 ngs than in epicontinental seas during major mass extinctions but not at other times and that origina
129 ll mechanism for the Permo-Triassic Boundary mass extinction, but direct evidence for an acidificatio
130 d impact at the end of the Cretaceous caused mass extinction, but extinction mechanisms are not well-
131 no shifts associated with the end Cretaceous mass extinction, but there is a global decrease in linea
133 ent with the instigation of Earth's greatest mass extinction by a specific microbial innovation.
134 stresses during the Cretaceous-Tertiary (KT) mass extinction caused range contraction, restricting on
136 at lizards and snakes suffered a devastating mass extinction coinciding with the Chicxulub asteroid i
137 during periods of elevated extinction, with mass extinctions coinciding with numerous and larger shi
139 proach to test this hypothesis and find that mass extinctions did increase faunal cosmopolitanism acr
140 In the lead-up to the Cretaceous/Paleogene mass extinction, dinosaur diversity is argued to have be
142 global faunal cosmopolitanism following both mass extinctions, driven mainly by new, widespread taxa,
147 ecosystem recovery following the End Permian Mass Extinction (EPME) remains poorly constrained given
151 c magmatic province (CAMP), the end-Triassic mass extinction (ETE), and associated major carbon cycle
153 ers diverged before the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction event 66 million years ago instead of af
154 ppearance at the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction event 66 Mya has been debated for decade
156 rent biodiversity crisis encompasses a sixth mass extinction event affecting the entire class of amph
157 arguably propelled the Earth into its sixth mass extinction event and amphibians, the most threatene
158 by two large extinction pulses: a "Big Five" mass extinction event at the Frasnian-Famennian stage bo
161 -Permian mass extinction was the most severe mass extinction event of the Phanerozoic and was followe
162 lyses of living species that have survived a mass extinction event offer the potential for understand
163 of major historical events such as the K-Pg mass extinction event on two major subclasses - Lecanoro
164 ce known-has been linked to the end-Triassic mass extinction event, however reconciling the response
165 esozoic to Cenozoic eras, including the K-Pg mass extinction event, impacted the evolutionary dynamic
172 background extinction is a poor predictor of mass extinction events and suggest that attention should
174 te Devonian envelops one of Earth's big five mass extinction events at the Frasnian-Famennian boundar
175 at global environmental disturbances such as mass extinction events can rapidly adjust limits to dive
177 ological record and their causal link to the mass extinction events during the past 540 million years
180 ades that terminate at one of the "big five" mass extinction events tend to have truncated trajectori
181 ds of disruption, we identify the 'big five' mass extinction events(2), seven additional mass extinct
182 logical evolution, particularly during major mass extinction events, the relative importance of physi
187 ly Triassic in the aftermath of the greatest mass extinction ever and became hugely successful in the
188 and large-scale food scarcity characterizing mass extinctions evident in the fossil record may have t
190 occur at the same stratigraphic level as the mass extinction extinction, (2) host a negative isotope
191 Large environmental fluctuations often cause mass extinctions, extirpating species and transforming c
192 , to separate out background extinction from mass extinction for a major crisis in earth history; and
194 some continental flood basalt eruptions and mass extinctions has been proposed to indicate causality
195 e between large igneous provinces (LIPs) and mass extinctions has led many to pose a causal relations
196 istory traits to survival during terrestrial mass extinctions has not been investigated, despite the
197 r toxicity, and in geologic history, several mass extinctions have been linked to extreme Se deficien
198 devastating effects on global biodiversity, mass extinctions have had a long-term influence on the h
199 patterns in both biotic crises suggest that mass extinctions have predictable influences on animal d
205 diversification following the end Cretaceous mass extinction; however, the role of this event on the
207 itat destruction in the tropics will cause a mass extinction in coming years, but the potential magni
209 al Revolution and Cretaceous-Paleogene (KPg) mass extinction in opening up ecospace that promoted int
210 oundwork for a comparably great Anthropocene mass extinction in the oceans with unknown ecological an
213 scading failures in technological systems to mass extinctions in ecological networks--are rarely pred
214 xtinction rates are comparable to five prior mass extinctions in the earth's history, and are strongl
216 of emerging amphibian diseases to the sixth mass extinction is driving innovative wildlife managemen
218 a quantitative viewpoint, that Earth's sixth mass extinction is more severe than perceived when looki
224 tion of most metazoans after the end-Permian mass extinction, it is believed that early marine reptil
226 enus extinctions have occurred between major mass extinctions, little is known about extinction selec
232 tself, I here consider how the aftermaths of mass extinctions might contribute to the evolutionary im
235 The second pulse of the Late Ordovician mass extinction occurred around the Hirnantian-Rhuddania
237 archosauriform evolution, in response to two mass extinctions occurring at the end of the Guadalupian
238 that led to the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction of 76% species, including the nonavian d
240 ian therefore provides strong evidence for a mass extinction of archaic birds coinciding with the Chi
241 otal and previously unrecognized role in the mass extinction of cichlid fishes in Lake Victoria after
243 ulub bolide impact caused the end-Cretaceous mass extinction of plants, but the associated selectivit
244 en proposed as a cause for the Late Devonian mass extinctions of marine organisms, but detailed spati
247 e episode of extinction, the Late Ordovician Mass Extinction, old species were selectively removed ("
248 e (K-Pg) (formerly Cretaceous-Tertiary, K-T) mass extinction on avian evolution is debated, primarily
249 sed to examine the effect of the end-Permian mass extinction on bioturbating ecosystem engineers.
250 possible impact of the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction on their radiation and that Brassicales
253 ate to the evolution of bats, the Cretaceous mass extinction, or further specialization of flying bir
254 ological shifts following the end-Cretaceous mass extinction, our data show that the early Cenozoic h
257 end-Cretaceous [Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg)] mass extinction persist in present-day biogeography.
259 Records suggest that the Permo-Triassic mass extinction (PTME) involved one of the most severe t
260 mammals before and after the Permo-Triassic Mass Extinction (PTME), the most catastrophic crisis in
262 en additional mass extinctions, two combined mass extinction-radiation events and 15 mass radiations.
263 o southern India and Sri Lanka during the KT mass extinction, recolonized the Deccan Plateau and nort
264 ough the precise mechanisms that led to this mass extinction remain enigmatic, most postulated scenar
267 w fish community structure began at the K/Pg mass extinction, suggesting the extinction event played
268 uptions coincide with many major Phanerozoic mass extinctions, suggesting a cause-effect relationship
269 vy clades radiating in the immediate wake of mass extinctions suggests that early high disparity more
270 vival" characteristics, nor have a record of mass extinction survival as some corals are capable.
275 rovide insights into the drivers of the last mass extinction, the recovery of marine carbon cycling i
276 ne animal fossil record, including the major mass extinctions, the frequency distribution of genus lo
277 d the Permian-Triassic and Triassic-Jurassic mass extinctions, the onset of fragmentation of the supe
280 ed to test statistical methods of evaluating mass extinctions to account for the incompleteness of th
281 suggest that attention should be focused on mass extinctions to gain insight into modern species los
282 mass extinction events(2), seven additional mass extinctions, two combined mass extinction-radiation
283 fossil record shows that the end-Cretaceous mass extinction was far more severe than previously beli
291 Triassic-Jurassic, and Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinctions were geologically rapid, whereas the Or
293 re two proposed causes of the end-Cretaceous mass extinction, which includes the demise of nonavian d
294 ered against extinction, particularly during mass extinctions, which primarily affected genus-rich, e
295 ps predict that the rebound from the current mass extinction will take at least 10 Myr, and perhaps 4
297 observed for the strata spanning the marine mass extinction with carbonate-associated sulfate sulfur
298 Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary and associated mass extinctions with the Chicxulub bolide impact to wit
299 in the aftermath of the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction within Neoaves, in which multiple clades
300 leogene (K-Pg) boundary is marked by a major mass extinction, yet this event is thought to have had l