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1 ot receiving PrEP (a tenofovir-based vaginal microbicide).
2 rophylaxis, and sexual transmission (topical microbicide).
3 developed as a topical HIV prevention agent (microbicide).
4 o be considered for formulation as a vaginal microbicide.
5 One attractive strategy is a topical vaginal microbicide.
6 enan might serve as an effective topical HPV microbicide.
7 rve as the basis of a broad-spectrum topical microbicide.
8 red by lactobacilli for use as an anti-HIV-1 microbicide.
9  transcriptase inhibitor UC-781 as a vaginal microbicide.
10 der preclinical investigation as an anti-HIV microbicide.
11 ulation are required to develop a successful microbicide.
12 ch was sustained following withdrawal of the microbicide.
13 generation of higher efficacy antiretroviral microbicides.
14 upports the development of VHH as anti-HIV-1 microbicides.
15  make them excellent candidates for anti-HIV microbicides.
16 blies have the potential to act as anti-SEVI microbicides.
17 g tool for evaluating the effects of vaginal microbicides.
18 ions that may result from the use of vaginal microbicides.
19 fety is a critical gap in the development of microbicides.
20 velopment of antiretroviral therapeutics and microbicides.
21  a model to preclinically evaluate candidate microbicides.
22 ecrete cytokines that activate intracellular microbicides.
23 e preclinical evaluation of future candidate microbicides.
24 nt of defensins or defensin-like peptides as microbicides.
25 optimal candidate for developing combination microbicides.
26 ush University, and licensed by Instead), as microbicides.
27 t to assess the mucosal effects of candidate microbicides.
28 use of RT inhibitors as potential colorectal microbicides.
29 can be modified to enhance delivery of other microbicides.
30 es), vaccination (7 studies), use of topical microbicides (10 studies), and prophylactic, curative, o
31 bohydrate-binding agent that establishes its microbicide activity through interaction with mannose-ri
32     However, no data demonstrate activity of microbicides after application in humans.
33 diated mechanism and that DNA is a potential microbicide against this highly drug-resistant pathogen.
34 ve of this study was to test the activity of microbicides against herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)
35 e potential-next-generation therapeutics and microbicides against HIV-1.
36 d/or a partially effective dose of a vaginal microbicide aimed at blocking infection of a high-dose v
37 rgets of interventions, such as vaccines and microbicides, aimed at preventing new infections.
38                                          The microbicide alone provided a 68% reduction in the risk o
39 ch effectively delivered the MZC combination microbicide and a contraceptive.
40                                   We modeled microbicide and circumcision efficacy on trials with het
41 llenged a further 12 times in the absence of microbicide and demonstrated a 98% reduction in the risk
42 er application of 0.8% SAMT-247 gel (vaccine-microbicide and microbicide groups) or placebo gel (vacc
43  PIC may prove to be a valuable preventative microbicide and/or therapeutic agent against genital her
44                                         Anal microbicides and circumcision would decrease the HIV pre
45 ns, such as pre-exposure prophylaxis, rectal microbicides and early treatment initiation, but is also
46 composition impacts the potency of antiviral microbicides and mucosal antibodies.IMPORTANCE Biologica
47 oring undesirable proinflammatory effects of microbicides and other vaginal products.
48                      Clinical trials testing microbicides and related biomedical interventions to blo
49 ictability of antiviral compounds as topical microbicides and suggest that repeated exposures to cand
50  an objective critical in the development of microbicides and therapeutic vaccines.
51 ine model to examine the mucosal response to microbicides and to assess the functional implication of
52 s suggest that the preclinical evaluation of microbicides and vaccine-elicited antibodies will be imp
53 e applied to increase the potency of topical microbicides and vaccine-elicited antibodies.
54 ould facilitate the development of effective microbicides and vaccines.
55 could be instrumental in HIV-1 pathogenesis, microbicide, and vaccine research by enabling the direct
56 s Partnership, International Partnership for Microbicides, and Endo Pharmaceuticals Solutions.
57 eeded for testing candidate antiretrovirals, microbicides, and vaccines.
58 stem for the use of this Ab as an anti-HIV-1 microbicide, anti-ICAM single-chain variable fragment Ab
59  knowledge of in vivo evaluation of anti-HIV microbicide application concerning cellular effects in r
60                                      Topical microbicides are a promising solution to address the glo
61                                      Topical microbicides are an emerging HIV/AIDS prevention modalit
62 IV, the most desirable active ingredients of microbicides are antiretrovirals (ARVs) that directly ta
63                                      Topical microbicides are being sought to prevent sexually transm
64                   Safe and effective topical microbicides are biologically plausible.
65  Overall, the data suggest that vaccines and microbicides are complementary techniques that may prote
66                       More than 15 candidate microbicides are currently being studied in clinical tri
67 of microbicide research and to delineate why microbicides are not yet available.
68 as by the inadequacy of the systems in which microbicides are tested in preclinical studies.
69                                              Microbicides are topical compounds that could prevent se
70 liver to resource-poor areas where effective microbicides are urgently needed.
71 le-initiated HIV-prevention options, such as microbicides, are urgently needed.
72 ogress and created mistrust about the use of microbicides as a method to prevent HIV-1 sexual transmi
73 ide a suitable expression system for protein microbicides, as production can be easily and economical
74        TLR agonists are ideal candidates for microbicides, as they trigger a multitude of antiviral g
75 e potency of vaccine-elicited antibodies and microbicides at mucosal sites of HIV-1 transmission.IMPO
76  the forefront of ongoing efforts to develop microbicide-based strategies for prevention of heterosex
77 es a mechanism for testing the efficacy of a microbicide before embarking on large-scale clinical tri
78 h the fusion inhibitor T-1249 as the vaginal microbicide before SIVmac251 challenge.
79  rats with PRO 2000 gel, a candidate vaginal microbicide being evaluated in clinical trials to preven
80                                              Microbicide biofunctionality requires creation of a chem
81 d) or cellulose acetate phthalate (potential microbicides) blocked HIV-1 infection of LCs and subsequ
82                        User acceptability of microbicides can be incorporated early in the product fo
83 Here, we have addressed whether vaccines and microbicides can be used together to provide reinforced
84 at provides sustained release of the protein microbicide candidate 5P12-RANTES, an experimental chemo
85                     Cyanovirin-N (CV-N) is a microbicide candidate that inactivates a wide range of H
86 able addition to the current tenofovir-based microbicide candidate undergoing clinical trials.
87 hat showed that nonoxynol-9 (N-9), a leading microbicide candidate widely used as an over-the-counter
88 nd are developing it as a vaginal and rectal microbicide candidate.
89                               Many promising microbicide candidates are proteins or peptides, includi
90 these observations, we tested six additional microbicide candidates for their ability to prevent vagi
91                                        Among microbicide candidates in clinical development is Maravi
92                  To date, the performance of microbicide candidates in efficacy trials has been disap
93                                              Microbicide candidates with promising in vitro activity
94 ders of magnitude, supplementing current HIV microbicide candidates with SEVI inhibitors, such as sur
95 e advantages over other classes of potential microbicide candidates.
96 in the design and testing of HIV vaccine and microbicide candidates.
97 measures of protective efficacy, the vaccine-microbicide combination differed more from controls than
98                                  The vaccine-microbicide combination provided an 88% reduction in the
99                  We tested whether a vaccine-microbicide combination would enhance protection against
100 st HIV clades A, B, and C, with utility as a microbicide component for HIV prevention in established
101                                    Increased microbicide concentration and potency hasten viral neutr
102                  Here, we have evaluated the microbicide concept using the rhesus macaque 'high dose'
103 nes support the development of a combination microbicide containing Spm8CHAS with an HIV-specific rev
104                         An effective vaginal microbicide could reduce human immunodeficiency virus ty
105                                 An effective microbicide could significantly reduce the global spread
106                                            A microbicide could target the incoming virus and either p
107 ty, pharmacokinetics, and acceptability of a microbicide dapivirine (DPV) vaginal ring (VR) versus pl
108 ring when semen-borne virus interacts with a microbicide delivery vehicle coating epithelium.
109 ive candidates for the active component of a microbicide designed to prevent viral infection or trans
110                   We discuss how preclinical microbicide development could be improved by more closel
111                            A critical gap in microbicide development is the absence of surrogate safe
112 n comparisons of preclinical assays used for microbicide development.
113 fects are an attractive future direction for microbicide development.
114 vical tissue highlight important targets for microbicide development.
115 s an intriguing prototype for future topical microbicide development.
116 f microbicide toxicity would usefully inform microbicide development.
117                                              Microbicides Development Programme 301 was a phase 3, ra
118      Surrogate distribution suggests topical microbicides do not need to reach the uterus for efficac
119 ghlight the importance of the dosage form in microbicide effectiveness.
120 IV-1, yet most in vitro tests of vaccine and microbicide efficacy assess cell-free virus transmission
121 r vaginal microbiota modulated tenofovir gel microbicide efficacy in the CAPRISA (Centre for the AIDS
122 rovides evidence linking vaginal bacteria to microbicide efficacy through tenofovir depletion via bac
123 rovide consistent measurements of anti-HIV-1 microbicide efficacy when (i) the soft endpoint or anoth
124 d vaginal stromal cells provides for optimal microbicide efficacy.
125 nterlaboratory variation limit their use for microbicide evaluation and other clinical applications.
126 spite potent in vitro efficacy, most topical microbicides fail to effectively prevent HIV transmissio
127 al activities make CLR01 a promising topical microbicide for blocking infection by HIV and other sexu
128 ndings validate MVC development as a vaginal microbicide for women and should guide clinical programs
129 t of anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) microbicides for either topical or ex vivo use is of con
130 data suggest efforts to rationally design of microbicides for enhanced user acceptability must consid
131             Preclinical testing of candidate microbicides for the prevention of gonorrhea has been se
132 ility of the organ culture to screen topical microbicides for their ability to block sexual transmiss
133 dapivirine - a lead candidate antiretroviral microbicide - for combination HIV prevention and hormona
134 resistant virus may not be an issue at these microbicide formulation levels of UC781.
135          To inform the development of rectal microbicide formulation, we evaluated the effects of hyp
136                                              Microbicide formulations can function not only as drug d
137                                          All microbicide formulations tested were highly effective in
138               The amount of UC781 in topical microbicide formulations under current development is ap
139 smission, hyperosmolar gels make poor rectal microbicide formulations, and hyperosmolar sexual lubric
140 ral agents should be included in NNRTI-based microbicide formulations.
141 wn about how these properties translate into microbicide functionality.
142  tool to analyze diverse factors that govern microbicide functionality.
143 trial of a topical pericoital antiretroviral microbicide gel decreased HIV incidence among at-risk he
144                  At the same time, a vaginal microbicide gel formulation was developed and tested for
145 d that women who used a tenofovir-containing microbicide gel had lower rates of HIV infection than wo
146  investigate the effect of a tenofovir-based microbicide gel on the transmission bottleneck in women
147 enofovir prodrug, but not with the tenofovir microbicide gel utilized in CAPRISA-004, VOICE, and FACT
148  prodrug of tenofovir (TFV), but not the TFV microbicide gel utilized in the recent CAPRISA 004, VOIC
149 al agent, tenofovir, formulated as a vaginal microbicide gel, reduces human immunodeficiency virus (H
150           To explore the barrier function of microbicide gels, we developed a deterministic mathemati
151           Impaired protection in the vaccine-microbicide group compared with the microbicide-only gro
152                         However, the vaccine-microbicide group exhibited significant acquisition dela
153             Protected animals in the vaccine-microbicide group were challenged a further 12 times in
154 f 0.8% SAMT-247 gel (vaccine-microbicide and microbicide groups) or placebo gel (vaccine-only and con
155 s but had no acquisition effect, whereas the microbicide had a partial acquisition effect but minimal
156        The development of safe and effective microbicides has been delayed by limitations in understa
157 tically engineered live microbes as anti-HIV microbicides has important potential advantages in econo
158            A novel class of immunomodulatory microbicides has shown promise as antiherpetics, includi
159 f mAb b12 with cyanovirin-N, another protein microbicide, has been explored.
160 ed, recent trials of a candidate vaccine and microbicide have been disappointing, both for want of ef
161 Vaccination and the application of a vaginal microbicide have traditionally been considered independe
162 lures in key clinical trials of vaccines and microbicides highlight the need for new approaches valid
163 2 O2 -halide system that produces the potent microbicide hypochlorous acid (HOCl).
164 ion of an untested vaccine with an ARV-based microbicide in a nonhuman primate vaginal challenge mode
165 osure of human epithelial cells to candidate microbicides in a dual-chamber system.
166 s to compare two rollout plans for ARV-based microbicides in South Africa: a utilitarian plan that mi
167 th or the anti-HIV-1 efficacies of candidate microbicides in tissue explants, a novel soft-endpoint m
168 ss of pericoital tenofovir gel, an antiviral microbicide, in preventing HSV-2 acquisition in a subgro
169 e], an antiretroviral compound, and UC781, a microbicide, inhibited HIV-1 transmission across the muc
170                                            A microbicide is a gel or related device that, when insert
171 ing HIV transmission by the use of a vaginal microbicide is a topic of considerable interest in the f
172 al transmission in which a virus-sensitizing microbicide is combined with a vaccine.
173         The development of effective vaginal microbicides is paramount in the fight against the sprea
174 ion, and one of the concerns for NNRTI-based microbicides is that they will be ineffective against dr
175 te that ZOTEN, when used intravaginally as a microbicide, is an effective suppressor of HSV-2 genital
176  interventions, notably vaccines and vaginal microbicides, is in progress.
177  the CCR5 inhibitor maraviroc as the vaginal microbicide led to significant reductions of both acquis
178 acaque groups included vaccine only, vaccine-microbicide, microbicide only, and controls.
179 st stages of infection in which a vaccine or microbicide might be protective, by limiting the expansi
180 oach offers promise for application to other microbicide modalities and to topical drug delivery to v
181                                  A practical microbicide must be not only effective, safe, and user-f
182           Production of CV-N, or any protein microbicide, needs to be at extremely high levels and lo
183                                   Because of microbicide noncompliance and lack of a durable, highly
184                          To be successful, a microbicide not only needs to be biologically functional
185             Cognizant of the imperative that microbicides not induce epithelial damage or inflammator
186 hat end, we studied resistance of MW2 to key microbicides of human neutrophils.
187 is is highly resistant to oxygen-independent microbicides of myeloid cells, requires an intact NADPH
188  included vaccine only, vaccine-microbicide, microbicide only, and controls.
189                                          The microbicide-only group exhibited potent protection; 10 o
190                             Controls and the microbicide-only group received adenovirus type 5 host r
191  vaccine-microbicide group compared with the microbicide-only group was not attributed to a vaccine-i
192  that could form the basis of a pre-exposure microbicide or be a valuable addition to the current ten
193 ate for further development as an anti-HIV-1 microbicide or therapeutic for the prevention and treatm
194 Our results imply that targeted transport of microbicides or immunogens from the vagina to local lymp
195 ) T cells may help in the development of new microbicides or vaccines to curb HIV-1 infection at its
196 valuate intervention strategies that include microbicides or vaccines.
197 rch and development (mainly for vaccines and microbicides), or to basic science research.
198 binding small molecule may have utility as a microbicide, or microbicidal supplement, for HIV-1.
199           Colorectal tissues were exposed to microbicides overnight and either fixed in formalin to e
200 nd anti-HIV compound characteristics, affect microbicide performance.
201                                              Microbicide pharmacokinetic (PK) studies typically sampl
202 on, represent promising new additions to the microbicides pipeline.
203                                              Microbicides play critical roles in infection prevention
204 Guy's 13 and 4E10 and one expressing a small microbicide polypeptide cyanovirin-N.
205  different laboratories, and for a candidate microbicide (PRO 2000).
206 o provide strategies for large-scale protein microbicide production.
207                                      Topical microbicide products are being developed for the prevent
208  marker of unwanted inflammatory reaction to microbicide products topically applied for the preventio
209 protein addresses the requirement to combine microbicide products, and the production in plants is a
210 to assess the safety and efficacy of topical microbicides proposed for use in humans.
211 ness on the acceptability of semisolid ovoid microbicide prototypes intended for vaginal use.
212 ficiency virus (HIV) infection that evaluate microbicides provide significant design challenges.
213  variant in the face of a protective vaginal microbicide, PSC-RANTES.
214 ctal application of an anti-HIV lectin-based microbicide Q-Griffithsin (Q-GRFT) in rectal tissue samp
215 o a simian-HIV vaginal challenge), while the microbicide reduced the infection risk compared to that
216                                    A topical microbicide reduces the probability of virus transmissio
217 ine-resistant (NVPR) strains in a variety of microbicide-relevant tests, including inactivation of ce
218                                      Topical microbicides represent a promising new approach to preve
219 undertaken to describe the current status of microbicide research and to delineate why microbicides a
220 ucosal infection model for HIV-1 vaccine and microbicide research.
221 icacy trials conducted to date, the field of microbicides research now faces substantial challenges.
222  due to limited phagocytosis, rather than to microbicide resistance after uptake.
223  biopsy data for tenofovir and other topical microbicides, results suggest downstream but higher fide
224 e a more stringent preclinical assessment of microbicide safety and may prove to be more predictive o
225 e the predictive value of in vitro models of microbicide safety.
226 mediate HIV-1 transmission, and an effective microbicide should target both syndecan-3 and DC-SIGN on
227                                         Such microbicides should of course possess anti-HIV-1 activit
228 nt of more-effective vaccine, treatment, and microbicide strategies for HIV prevention.
229                             The new trend in microbicide strategy is to use drugs currently used in H
230 ually facilitating transmission, and a novel microbicide strategy that targets this innate response t
231 s gene expression following exposure to each microbicide, such as up-regulation of transcripts involv
232 transmission of HIV, making them a potential microbicide target.
233 orporating gallic acid into a multicomponent microbicide targeting both the HIV virus and host compon
234 e an approach to developing a novel class of microbicides targeting the viral-enhancing activity of s
235                                              Microbicides tested included cellulose acetate 1,2-benze
236 son for clinical failure may be that current microbicide testing does not reflect the environment enc
237 c is a potential component for an anti-viral microbicide that could be used to prevent the sexual tra
238 nfection using carrageenan, a broad-spectrum microbicide that mimics heparin, and also using the anti
239                             Development of a microbicide that prevents rectal transmission of human i
240 s an excellent, structurally novel candidate microbicide that warrants further preclinical evaluation
241 vide arguments for inclusion of molecules in microbicides that can effectively target HIV-1 attachmen
242                                      Topical microbicides that effectively block interactions between
243                                              Microbicides that include anti-inflammatory molecules, s
244                                Thus, topical microbicides that interfere with HIV infection of Langer
245                       Development of topical microbicides that prevent sexual transmission of HIV is
246 cantly reduces the potency of antibodies and microbicides that target glycans on the envelope glycopr
247 ous form may aid HIV-1 in evasion of topical microbicides that target its intracellular productive li
248 e vaccine, interventional strategies such as microbicides that target viral attachment and entry into
249                                    Available microbicides that target viral components have proven la
250                      Topical agents, such as microbicides, that can protect against human immunodefic
251                        Used as components of microbicides, the CD4-mimetic compounds might increase t
252                 The development of efficient microbicides, the topically applied compounds that prote
253               One such approach is a vaginal microbicide: the application of inhibitory compounds bef
254 be most effectively targeted by vaccines and microbicides, thereby preventing acquisition and avertin
255 uggesting that it may be useful as a topical microbicide to block sexual transmission of HIV.
256  could be used as the active ingredient of a microbicide to prevent HIV sexual transmission.
257 lication, for example as a vaginal or rectal microbicide to prevent HIV-1 infection in the developing
258 -1 pathogenesis and could be used as a novel microbicide to prevent HIV-1 infection.
259  peptide T-1249 for development as a vaginal microbicide to prevent HIV-1 sexual transmission.
260 ies, and possibly as components of a topical microbicide to prevent HIV-1 sexual transmission.
261                                            A microbicide to prevent sexual transmission of HSV-2 woul
262 itor (NNRTI) UC781 is under development as a microbicide to prevent sexual transmission of the human
263 nent of an entry inhibitor-based combination microbicide to prevent the sexual transmission of divers
264          GRFT could be a potential candidate microbicide to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV an
265  Nonoxynol-9 has been suggested as a vaginal microbicide to protect against common sexually transmitt
266 IV-1) entry, and has been shown as a vaginal microbicide to protect rhesus macaques from a simian-hum
267 eting molecules as potential supplements for microbicides to curb the spread of HIV-1 through sexual
268 e of what occurs in humans, modifications to microbicides to ensure that they retain activity in the
269  immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can be used as microbicides to help prevent the spread of HIV in human
270 ules like the DMJ compounds may be useful as microbicides to inhibit HIV-1 infection directly and to
271 ella compounds may function as novel topical microbicides to prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HI
272 HIV-1) and in developing vaccines, drugs, or microbicides to prevent infection.
273  development, testing, and implementation of microbicides to prevent intrarectal HIV-1 transmission.
274 are under way may demonstrate the ability of microbicides to protect against transmission of HIV, but
275 lasma competitively inhibited binding of the microbicides to the HSV-2 envelope.
276                                              Microbicide toxicity may reduce the efficacy of topical
277         Noninvasive quantitative measures of microbicide toxicity would usefully inform microbicide d
278 han the overall primary HIV incidence in the microbicide trial (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.20; P=0
279 a phase-1, randomized, double-blinded rectal microbicide trial, we used systems genomics/proteomics t
280 men who seroconverted during the CAPRISA 004 microbicide trial.
281 o seroconverted in the CAPRISA 004 tenofovir microbicide trial.
282                     The issues considered in microbicide trials for the prevention of HIV infection a
283 en who acquired HIV-1 while participating in Microbicide Trials Network-020, a randomized, placebo-co
284  100-mum-thin coating layers supports future microbicide use against HIV transmission.
285                                              Microbicides used to prevent the transmission of human i
286 r the protective efficacy of an intravaginal microbicide/vaccine or microbivac platform against prima
287                                      Vaginal microbicides (VMB) are currently among the few women-ini
288  interventions such as circumcision and anal microbicides warrant further study.
289 llulose acetate phthalate (CAP) as a vaginal microbicide was evaluated by applying it to the vaginal
290                                          The microbicide was SAMT-247, a 2-mercaptobenzamide thioeste
291                              Efficacy of the microbicides was evaluated by measuring human immunodefi
292 valuating the safety and efficacy of topical microbicides when used rectally.
293  potentially maximize their effectiveness as microbicides while minimizing the associated inflammator
294   However, it is likely that a protein-based microbicide will need to comprise a combination of two o
295 tion interventions (e.g., circumcision, anal microbicide) will be tested.
296 tions of combining a partially effective ARV microbicide with an envelope-based vaccine.
297       We have now evaluated MVC as a vaginal microbicide with use of a stringent model that involves
298 elopment of a vaginal (and perhaps a rectal) microbicide would be of major benefit for slowing the gl
299                      Rational development of microbicides would be greatly aided with a better unders
300                                         Anal microbicides would provide similar protection to circumc

 
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