ライフサイエンスコーパス: muscle

1 eased ATP and NAD(+) levels in mice skeletal muscle.

2 insulin resistance was observed in liver and muscle.

3 gulates contractility in skeletal and atrial muscle.

4 strophy, preferentially in healthy-appearing muscle.

5 and regulatory roles in skeletal and cardiac muscle.

6 l mydriasis to the absence of iris sphincter muscle.

7 at the contralateral flexor pollicis brevis muscle.

8 piration, content and morphology in skeletal muscle.

9 al dysfunction, particularly within skeletal muscle.

10 fumarate and phenylalanine in stored salmon muscle.

11 analysis was performed on the gastrocnemius muscle.

12 erstitial cells, such as macrophages, within muscle.

13 es in the heart, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.

14 es, derived from irradiated dystrophic mouse muscle.

15 r insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in mouse muscle.

16 onnection between motor neurons and skeletal muscle.

17 ads were extended closer to actin in resting muscle.

18 on and impaired SERCA2 activity in lymphatic muscle.

19 extract modulates the metabolic activity of muscle.

20 ties colocalized in baskets than in circular muscle.

21 o additional risk in the consumption of dark muscle.

22 the limits of adaptability in adult skeletal muscle.

23 l nervous system, liver, kidney and skeletal muscle.

24 cially within fast-twitch oxidative skeletal muscle.

25 blishing NMJ reinnervation at the end target muscle.

26 ct NAD metabolite concentrations in skeletal muscle.

27 s innervating the most distal intrinsic hand muscles.

28 ral splicing defects in skeletal and cardiac muscles.

29 of the development and mechanics of striated muscles.

30 mius (MG) muscles compared to non-paretic MG muscles.

31 typical orbital mass in addition to enlarged muscles (44.4%).

32 usual activities, with fever, headache, and muscle ache minor or absent.

33 Immunostaining with alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha SMA) revealed a significant reductio

34 rs, exhibited greater levels of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) expression, and exerted larger

35 doacetamide was first used to label skeletal muscle actin in 1981, the pyrene-labeled actin has becom

36 sion of three fibrotic markers: alpha-smooth muscle actin, collagen 1, and fibronectin.

37 In a subset of patients, we measured muscle activation intensity using wireless electromyogra

38 vert facial mimicry involves distinct facial muscle activation patterns across muscles per emotion ca

39 me performing exercises that elicited little muscle activation.

40 crossed syndrome (UCS) refers to the altered muscle activations and movement patterns in scapulae alo

41 entally different patterns of kinematics and muscle activations.

42 ed footwear bending stiffness did not affect muscle activity (all seven measured leg muscles (p >= 0.

43 scle excitation, which then confirmed higher muscle activity during ESM.

44 Leg muscle activity reduced, and postural sway increased aft

45 y the posture-dependence of extrinsic finger muscle activity using bipolar fine-wire electrodes inser

46 ates exercise-induced autophagy and skeletal muscle adaptions to training during high-fat diet.

47 t the relative contribution of cutaneous and muscle afferent input to each effect.

48 Group III/IV muscle afferents transduce nociceptive signals and modul

49 l recovery between elbow flexor and extensor muscles after cervical spinal cord injury.

50 nd Vegf-A expression increased in end target muscles after nerve injury and repair.

51 Since sestrin also protected muscles against aging-induced atrophy, our findings have

52 ogical mechanism underlying the link between muscle aging/senescence and osteoporosis.

53 wartz et al. report that, beyond goosebumps, muscle-anchored nerves form "synapse-like" connections w

54 ciation with postoperative underaction of IO muscle and anti-elevation syndrome.

55 metabolite has key roles in cells beyond the muscle and brain.

56 up-regulated in liver and down-regulated in muscle and fat.

57 A's unique regulation of beta-cell, skeletal muscle and hepatic function may represent a new therapeu

58 NADPH oxidase subunits increases in the mdx muscle and JQ1 administration reduces BRD4 and BRD2 recr

59 ads were extended closer to actin in relaxed muscle and myosin heads return to an ordered, resting st

60 rain, heart, intestine, kidney, liver, lung, muscle and spleen were determined on day 21.

61 chemical and biomechanical roles in skeletal muscle and that mitochondrial dynamics can be manipulate

62 MKP5 was required for TGF-beta1 signaling in muscle and that the inhibitor blocked TGF-beta1-mediated

63 ng the actin-based muscle fibers of visceral muscles and accumulated on the surfaces of salivary glan

64 performed in patient-derived fibroblasts and muscles and in Trip4 knocked-down C2C12 cells.

65 pid metabolism in the liver, heart, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue.

66 ss sarcolemmal resealing in healthy skeletal muscle, and depletion of TRIM72 antibodies from these sa

67 ters aging phenotypes in the brain, skeletal muscle, and heart.

68 gans, including the adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver by 9 weeks post-infection.

69 to other nonadipose tissues including liver, muscle, and pancreas.

70 ated gene transfer to liver, heart, skeletal muscle, and the central nervous system, its use in adipo

71 hat targets distant adipose depots, skeletal muscle, and the nervous system.

72 ny cell types but preferentially persists in muscle, and we asked if this tissue-dependent persistenc

73 s essential for myogenesis in embryonic slow muscles, and loss of Smyhc1 results in defective sarcome

74 Unbalance leads to formation of branched muscles, and this correlates with locomotor behavior def

75 mechanism by which those channels in smooth muscle are thought to be targets of endothelium-derived

76 duration of mTOR inhibitor therapy and psoas muscle area on multiple linear mixed-effect modeling (P

77 Skeletal muscle area z scores were significantly predictive of 2-

78 reduction in PGE(2) signaling contributed to muscle atrophy in aged mice and results from 15-PGDH-exp

79 been associated with chronic weight loss and muscle atrophy in mice.

80 dy's disease (KD), suggesting that restoring muscle BDNF might restore function.

81 d motoneurons were retrogradely-labeled from muscle before nerve injuries.

82 crease in diffuse reflectance of the cardiac muscle beneath the endocardial layer.

83 ificantly differentially expressed in ribeye muscle between the highest and lowest REA groups (p <= 0

84 Impairment of muscle biogenesis contributes to the progression of Duch

85 of members of the Dlk1-Dio3 miRNA cluster in muscle biopsies of the GRMD dog model.

86 ation identified by histological analysis on muscle biopsies, while our two late DUX4 target gene exp

87 Extraocular muscle biopsy should be strongly considered whenever the

88 sment of the same muscle with repeat MRI and muscle biopsy.

89 Deficits in muscle brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) correlat

90 of the GLUT4 glucose transporter in skeletal muscle, but are not deficient in autophagy.

91 PAK2 in glycolytic extensor digitorum longus muscle By contrast to previous reports, PAK1 is dispensa

92 in one relevant peripheral organ - skeletal muscle - by selectively depleting the protein in only th

93 ry model of capillary function features most muscle capillaries supporting blood flow at rest, and, r

94 n mitochondrial dynamics and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) senescence.

95 ammation and remodeling via decreased smooth muscle cell activation and neutrophil transendothelial m

96 fiber disruption, and an increase in smooth muscle cell alpha-actin expression compared to untreated

97 from the shape of the relaxed and contracted muscle cell and the Young's modulus of the matrix withou

98 nctions, all ~15 individual synapses on each muscle cell are shared by a 1 degrees Mn bouton and at l

99 rol depletion remodels total vascular smooth muscle cell cytoskeletal orientation that may additional

100 ockdown by shRNA reduced human airway smooth muscle cell migration, which was restored by Abi1 rescue

101 siology, regulating vascular tone and smooth-muscle cell phenotype.

102 low the investigation of pericyte and smooth muscle cell physiology and their role in regulating rCBF

103 corporation of target sequences for skeletal muscle cell-specific miR-206.

104 outgrowth endothelial cells (BOECs), smooth muscle cells (BO-SMCs), and leukocytes were obtained fro

105 In cultured coronary arterial smooth muscle cells (CASMCs) from Asah1(fl/fl)/SM(Cre) mice, hi

106 herosclerotic plaques associated with smooth muscle cells (SMCs), inflammation, extracellular matrix

107 (2) as a regulator of ion channels in smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells-the two major classes

108 PCR and immunostaining that mouse lymphatic muscle cells expressed Ca(v)3.1 and Ca(v)3.2 and produce

109 role of the protein Kv2.1 in arterial smooth muscle cells is to form K(+) channels in the sarcolemma.

110 ontribution of CHIKV replication in skeletal muscle cells to pathogenesis, we engineered a CHIKV stra

111 lated by simulating lipotoxicity in skeletal muscle cells treated with saturated FA, palmitate.

112 ted the gene expression patterns of skeletal muscle cells using RNA-seq of subtype-pooled single huma

113 , like endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells, cardiac myocytes and inflammatory cells, l

114 te cardiac lineages, such as vascular smooth muscle cells, pericytes, and fibroblasts.

115 uman airway epithelial progenitor and smooth muscle cells.

116 esional macrophages, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells.

117 olecule compounds that modulate the skeletal muscle channel isoform (RyR1) interaction with calmoduli

118 y opens new avenues for improved therapy for muscle channelopathies and diseases of the neuromuscular

119 ise timing induces directional shifts of the muscle clock.

120 of muscle spindles can contribute to shaping muscle coactivation patterns during reaching movements w

121 creased in paretic medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscles compared to non-paretic MG muscles.

122 Strikingly, when titin-cleaved muscles contract, myosin-containing A-bands become split

123 echanisms of drug-induced effects on cardiac muscle contractility.

124 ondrial dynamics can be manipulated to alter muscle contractility.

125 in cell metabolism and processes related to muscle contraction and cytoskeleton organization.

126 Muscle contraction is regulated by the movement of end-t

127 ar functions, including cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction.

128 II is the main force-generating motor during muscle contraction.

129 are generally linked with reduced levels of muscle contractions in chair-sitting postures and associ

130 otoxic protein levels and increased skeletal muscle cross-sectional area and contractility properties

131 physical activity increased lower extremity muscle cross-sectional area in patients with myotonic dy

132 ured by the chronic inflammation elicited by muscle damage in humans.

133 ntial NAD(+) biosynthetic enzyme in skeletal muscle, decreased by 14% with NR.

134 nd death of young men because of progressive muscle degeneration aggravated by sterile inflammation.

135 motor neuron axons, motor neuron death, and muscle degradation and atrophy can also be recapitulated

136 d (0.05 m/s; 95% CI: 0.00, 0.11; P = 0.042), muscle density (1.0%; 95% CI: 0.2, 1.9; P = 0.015), and

137 We found that muscle deprived of SMN was profoundly damaged.

138 found in muscle-endplate membrane and in the muscle-derived electric tissues of fish.

139 homolog of mammalian Myostatin (Mstn), is a muscle-derived extrinsic factor that uses canonical dSma

140 ntractile stress is relatively low, myotomal muscles develop high net power (134 +/- 20 W/kg at 80 Hz

141 c splicing can influence FXR1 condensates in muscle development and how mis-splicing promotes disease

142 ated myocytes is a critical step in skeletal muscle development and repair.

143 , diseases linked to loss of vascular smooth muscle differentiation.

144 ing Myocardin, which prevented airway smooth muscle differentiation.

145 0.69 +/- 0.07 l min(-1) , P < 0.05) and muscle diffusive O(2) conductance (6.6 +/- 0.8 vs.

146 ing alternative myosin isoforms and modeling muscle diseases, but high-resolution structures of fruit

147 robust vasoconstriction in resting skeletal muscle during control vasodilator infusions (DeltaFVC: A

148 oral changes in these parameters within calf muscles during recovery from plantar flexion exercise.

149 the use of ultrasonography to examine soleus muscle dynamics in vivo.

150 tion structure of the receptor type found in muscle-endplate membrane and in the muscle-derived elect

151 nd clinical profile of patients with reduced muscle endurance was described.

152 les was undertaken to measure the swallowing muscle excitation, which then confirmed higher muscle ac

153 iminary work mapped the distribution of neck muscle fat infiltration (MFI) in the deep cervical exten

154 n mouse models of cancer cachexia, including muscle fiber atrophy, sarcolemmal fragility, and impaire

155 levels of the protein eventually resulted in muscle fiber defects, neuromuscular junction abnormaliti

156 using RNA-seq of subtype-pooled single human muscle fibers and single cell RNA-seq of mononuclear cel

157 Furthermore, the post-synaptic muscle fibers displayed increased distinct clusters of a

158 designed to simulate the in vivo dynamics of muscle fibers during swimming.

159 OY phytoplasmas spread along the actin-based muscle fibers of visceral muscles and accumulated on the

160 tization, bone fracture, muscle fibrosis and muscle fibre loss.

161 ipants performed two exercise bouts in which muscle fibre recruitment was manipulated while total con

162 nnels underlies vasodilatation with elevated muscle fibre recruitment when work rate is increased (Pr

163 ng nociceptive sensitization, bone fracture, muscle fibrosis and muscle fibre loss.

164 in (Hb) is important for its applications in muscle foods.

165 ted the effects of acute nitrite infusion on muscle force and skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism.

166 letions (~ 470,000 unique spans) in skeletal muscle from 22 individuals with and 19 individuals witho

167 We compared metabolic parameters of skeletal muscle from global Zip14 knockout (KO) and wild-type mic

168 We used SOL and sternomastoid (STM) muscles from SOD1(G37R) mice and performed Ca(2+)-imagin

169 ications for RyR regulation and the decay of muscle function in aging.

170 exercise capacity in COPD, allowing maximal muscle function to be attained and evaluated.

171 but not older adult mice, causes defects in muscle function, consistent with a prolonged postnatal r

172 commands to force trajectories by syringeal muscles functionally changes over vocal development in z

173 mechanisms such as incomplete cytokinesis or muscle fusion pore regulators.

174 These findings indicate that locomotor muscle group III/IV afferent feedback in patients with H

175 intolerance in HFrEF is excessive locomotor muscle group III/IV afferent feedback; however, this has

176 ve prefeeding larval zebrafish, we show that muscle grows more during day than night.

177 signal transduction pathway that coordinates muscle growth and neuromuscular junction expansion.

178 e signaling pathway promotes both autonomous muscle growth and non-autonomous synapse growth.

179 fish survival, but has no visible impact on muscle growth in juvenile and adult zebrafish that escap

180 By measuring muscle growth over 12-h periods in live prefeeding larva

181 onged postnatal role for EphA4 in adolescent muscle growth.

182 ay were similar in control and IUGR skeletal muscle homogenate.

183 In the soleus muscle, however, which were richer in nuclei, positionin

184 logical elevation of circulating AKG induces muscle hypertrophy, brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogen

185 child revealed complete absence of skeletal muscle (i.e., segmental amyoplasia).

186 presenting a barrier to building new cardiac muscle in adults.

187 mogenic genes in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in CKD mice.

188 d progressive involvement of upper extremity muscles in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and showed

189 n protein function and stability in striated muscles in vivo.

190 ved body composition as measured by skeletal muscle index (SMI) and skeletal muscle radiodensity (SMD

191 st score correlates with the early stages of muscle inflammation identified by histological analysis

192 Regenerative response to skeletal muscle injury in Speg-KO mice was compared with that of

193 ng system (ESS), which includes a protractor muscle innervated by motoneurons within the protractor n

194 ed whole-body glucose clearance and skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity along with enhanced autophagy

195 s the biological role of BCKAs in regulating muscle insulin signaling and function.

196 ion of lipid metabolites to protect skeletal muscle insulin signalling following 7 days' HFHC diet.

197 lipid metabolites known to disrupt skeletal muscle insulin signalling in sedentary and obese individ

198 K FGFR3, two events that commonly cooccur in muscle invasive bladder tumors.

199 bladder cancer, the therapeutic options for muscle-invasive and advanced disease has expanded to inc

200 meet the definition of BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer and were therefore exclud

201 f therapy for intermediate and high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, the therapeutic options

202 Tumor mutational burden (TMB) was similar to muscle-invasive disease and was highest in GO, intermedi

203 Conclusion Mutational status of muscle-invasive urothelial cancer has implications on me

204 rt function, but whether regenerated cardiac muscle is biomechanically similar to native myocardium r

205 Accumulation of lipid in skeletal muscle is thought to be related to the development of in

206 results suggest a critical role for skeletal muscle lamin A/C to prevent cellular senescence, IL-6 ex

207 Findings suggest that hip abductor muscles' local fatigue produces a significant effect on

208 omoted to augment the effects of exercise on muscle mass and strength, but their effectiveness in mid

209 ys have, however, largely failed to preserve muscle mass in cachexia, suggesting that other mechanism

210 erine growth restriction (IUGR) have reduced muscle mass that persists postnatally, which may contrib

211 m 1 oxygen sensor in mice (PHD1(KO)) reduces muscle mass.

212 ton and the extracellular matrix in skeletal muscle may contribute to reduced amino acid metabolism a

213 itting postures and associated reductions in muscle metabolism.

214 ragm to assess the velocity of diaphragmatic muscle motion during contraction and relaxation.Methods:

215 ltration (MFI) in the deep cervical extensor muscles (multifidus and semispinalis cervicis) in a smal

216 Inhibitors of muscle myosin ATPases are needed to treat conditions tha

217 ization in vitro of nonphosphorylated smooth muscle myosin filaments by the addition of MgATP is the

218 Active non-muscle myosin II (NMII) enables migratory cell polarizat

219 e myosins form thick bipolar and, for smooth muscle myosin, side-polar filaments.

220 Four muscles, namely infraspinatus (IF), longissimus dorsi (L

221 sarcolemmal membranes isolated from hindlimb muscle of control (CON, n = 11-12) and IUGR (n = 12) lat

222 The skeletal muscle of fruit flies communicates with other organs to

223 ighly expressed zinc transporter in skeletal muscle of mice in response to LPS-induced inflammation.

224 led specific localization of TRPV1 to smooth muscle of terminal arterioles in the heart, adipose tiss

225 lectrodes inserted into the extrinsic finger muscles of able-bodied subjects during unrestricted wris

226 Knocking out Nox4 in skeletal muscles or pharmacological blockade of Nox4 activity abr

227 Mechanical stretch due to muscle overload causes a restoration of fatigue resistan

228 itrite infusion on muscle force and skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism.

229 fect muscle activity (all seven measured leg muscles (p >= 0.146)), soleus active muscle volume (p =

230 nct facial muscle activation patterns across muscles per emotion category, or simply distinguishes po

231 characteristics and relating them to cardiac muscle performance in young adults.

232 isition technique to simultaneously quantify muscle perfusion and T(2)* at 7T with improved temporal

233 High-altitude mice had a more oxidative muscle phenotype than low-altitude mice.

234 We integrated measurements of flight muscle physiology, morphology, behaviour, phenology and

235 The conversion of proliferating skeletal muscle precursors (myoblasts) to terminally-differentiat

236 ed that PLV-LMCs do not derive from skeletal muscle progenitors.

237 ppears to attenuate the response of skeletal muscle protein synthesis (MPS) to anabolic stimuli such

238 by skeletal muscle index (SMI) and skeletal muscle radiodensity (SMD), the systemic inflammatory res

239 atrophy, sarcolemmal fragility, and impaired muscle regeneration.

240 naling in myogenic cells contributes to aged muscle regenerative decline.

241 This limits force production and promotes muscle relaxation.

242 nditions that could be improved by promoting muscle relaxation.

243 rect myosin inhibition could provide optimal muscle relaxation; however, targeting skeletal myosin is

244 oral control of self-renewal during skeletal muscle repair.

245 benclamide superfused onto hindlimb skeletal muscle) resolved a decreased blood flow and interstitial

246 ght (fdw) and 1390 ngg(-1) fdw for liver and muscle, respectively.

247 We show that L-EES can record direct muscle responses (M-waves) and H-reflexes, both of which

248 ons in the motor cortex are known to lead to muscle responses of greater amplitude.

249 severity, arousal threshold and upper airway muscle responsiveness.

250 contracting intact fibres from frog skeletal muscle reveal an I-band spring with an undamped stiffnes

251 lood chemistry or displaying hyperthermia or muscle rigor.

252 High levels of skeletal muscle sensory feedback related to peripheral fatigue de

253 Loss of the dome receptor on adult muscles significantly reduces lifespan and causes local

254 profiles of the ovary to those of the mantle muscle (slow turnover rate tissue, representing an energ

255 ediated by the release of myokines, skeletal muscle-specific cytokines, in response to exercise.

256 Resulting changes in muscle-specific gene expression that take place in dystr

257 hermore, mutations that cause frameshifts in muscle-specific isoforms result in congenital multi-mini

258 ssing NO66(flox/flox) with MCK-Cre mice bred muscle-specific NO66 (MCK-NO66) knockout mice.

259 Pathogenic muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK)-specific IgG4 aut

260 fy how much the primary afferent activity of muscle spindles can contribute to shaping muscle coactiv

261 enetic ablation of the Cdkn2a locus restored muscle stem cell properties in lamin A/C-null dystrophic

262 No acute effect on passive muscle stiffness was observed.

263 via direct measurement (cognition, mobility, muscle strength) or self-report (vision, hearing).

264 isition start (daas), then moved to visceral muscles surrounding the midgut and to the hemocoel at 14

265 nvestigate extracellular signals for cardiac muscle survival, substantiating human cardioprotection b

266 ferent unilateral modulation dynamics of the muscle-synergy activations during adaptation, characteri

267 The basal muscle temperature (T(m) ) was lower in PAD rats than in

268 GCCs are expressed in mouse lymphatic smooth muscle, they do not play a significant role in modulatin

269 onse and restricts blood flow to contracting muscles, this interaction entails the most functional im

270 s to individually manipulate every proboscis muscle through control of its motor neurons, the first s

271 hat GBF1 is present in mouse spinal cord and muscle tissues and is particularly abundant in neuropath

272 , neutrophils also accumulate in adipose and muscle tissues during high-fat diets and contribute to a

273 ell RNA sequencing to profile human skeletal muscle tissues from embryonic, fetal, and postnatal stag

274 terminants of the phenotypes seen in various muscle tissues.

275 Muscle tone and power as well as functional ambulatory c

276 rents, these siblings also displayed reduced muscle tone, and one of them developed recurrent seizure

277 higher threshold) afferents activated by the muscle twitch evoked by electrical stimulation of the fa

278 ng to a similar distribution between the two muscles types and indicating no additional risk in the c

279 3.60); P = 0.03; eta2p = 0.29] and skeletal muscle uptake of glucose [between-group difference (95%

280 red leg muscles (p >= 0.146)), soleus active muscle volume (p = 0.538; d = 0.241), or aerobic power (

281 d age, and that there was an acceleration in muscle volume decrease in men with age.

282 s a robust technique for measuring iliopsoas muscle volume that can be applied to large cohorts.

283 Reinnervation of the tibialis anterior muscle was confirmed with nerve conduction studies and i

284 olume of the abdominal and lumbar paraspinal muscles was imaged and transversus abdominis thickness a

285 within non-irradiated dystrophic host mouse muscles was not enhanced if they were transplanted with

286 Surface electromyography of the suprahyoid muscles was undertaken to measure the swallowing muscle

287 Skeletal muscle wasting is also common in COPD, but less is known

288 tor and therapeutic target of cancer-induced muscle wasting.

289 s miR-133b function in DMD-affected skeletal muscles, we genetically ablated miR-133b in the mdx mous

290 tes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and skeletal muscle weakness of human IOPD, indicating its utility fo

291 C45B who exhibit childhood-onset progressive muscle weakness.

292 Human myenteric ganglia and adjacent smooth muscle were isolated by laser-capture microdissection fo

293 h day, motor-evoked potentials in upper limb muscles were first measured after stimulation of the pri

294 hile the EMG activity of all finger extensor muscles were modulated in a similar way across all digit

295 EMG activity of all the recorded finger muscles were significantly different (p < 0.05, ANOVA) w

296 Other demonstrations include artificial muscles, which can lift masses that are about 110 times

297 posture were most prominent for index finger muscles, while the EMG activity of all finger extensor m

298 ed a 1-year follow-up assessment of the same muscle with repeat MRI and muscle biopsy.

299 This effect was stronger in muscles with baseline FF below the mean +/- standard dev

300 were low molecular weight (LMW-PAH) (liver > muscle) with 2-3 aromatic ring.