ライフサイエンスコーパス: mycotoxin

1 ples (98%) were contaminated by at least one mycotoxin.

2 samples were contaminated with at least one mycotoxin.

3 nd that was observed for both pesticides and mycotoxins.

4 LC-MS/MS for determination of pesticides and mycotoxins.

5 was applied in this work to the screening of mycotoxins.

6 eserving food that may exert some effects on mycotoxins.

7 nated by various fungi, capable of producing mycotoxins.

8 e the most potent genotoxic and carcinogenic mycotoxins.

9 , but significantly higher than the original mycotoxins.

10 sceptible to fungal contamination as well as mycotoxins.

11 identified including two to seven different mycotoxins.

12 ereal samples were contaminated with several mycotoxins.

13 ble to that of the enniatins and beauvericin mycotoxins.

14 d grains are often contaminated with harmful mycotoxins.

15 by determining zearalenone and aflatoxin B1 mycotoxins.

16 nificant cross-reactivity with other related mycotoxins.

17 ort the establishment of limits for emerging mycotoxins.

18 ity and bioaccessibility of the 10 prevalent mycotoxins.

19 , 3 hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) isomers, 6 mycotoxins, 6 inorganic compounds) together with chemica

20 arbon or graphene oxide removed up to 70% of mycotoxins (adsorption of 598 ng/g).

21 a photothermal immunoassay (PTIA) by taking mycotoxins (AFB(1)) as an example based on the PTEs of p

22 to reduce contamination by NIV, although the mycotoxin affects the chemical characteristics of the fi

23 ed for the simultaneous determination of two mycotoxins, aflatoxin B(1) and fumonisin B(1).

24 n of their marker - ergosterol and important mycotoxins (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, and ochratoxin

25 ay ionization for the determination of seven mycotoxins (aflatoxins B1, B2, G2 and G1, ochratoxin A,

26 nal bioaccessibility for both mycotoxins and mycotoxin-AITC conjugates, with duodenal fractions repre

27 has been developed for the determination of mycotoxins (alpha-zearalenol and zearalenone, and aflato

28 od for the determination of three Alternaria mycotoxins (alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, a

29 Among them, the "emerging mycotoxin" alternariol and alternariol-methyl ether arou

30 The stability of two Alternaria mycotoxins, alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl

31 polymer microspheres selective to Alternaria mycotoxins, alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl

32 The method applied for mycotoxin analyses included high performance liquid chro

33 ard strategies offering widespread access to mycotoxin analysis while cutting down on costs, we prese

34 ostic assays with commercial application for mycotoxin analysis.

35 e a possible technique to meet this need for mycotoxins analyze.

36 In all cases, concentrations of all the mycotoxins analyzed were below quantification limits (<0

37 application (35 mT) and simultaneous use of mycotoxin and MF.

38 re successfully validated by chromatographic mycotoxin and microscopy analysis.

39 hibition of biosynthesis of the carcinogenic mycotoxin and secondary metabolite, aflatoxin B1 in the

40 sion confers increased root tolerance to the mycotoxin and spike resistance to the fungus.

41 d by LC-MS for simultaneous determination of mycotoxins and fungicide residues in wheat grains suscep

42 consumed cereals, and can be contaminated by mycotoxins and fungicides.

43 tive recognition from aptamers to the target mycotoxins and further "on-the-move" fluorescence quench

44 tandardized approaches were able to quantify mycotoxins and identify Fusarium spp.

45 ms to assess the co-occurrence of twenty-one mycotoxins and metabolites present in breakfast cereals

46 mical properties, as well as the presence of mycotoxins and microorganisms.

47 gher than duodenal bioaccessibility for both mycotoxins and mycotoxin-AITC conjugates, with duodenal

48 detection and/or identification methods for mycotoxins and mycotoxin-producing fungi for application

49 This is the first study in which mycotoxins and other microbial metabolites occurring in

50 Hence, the recoveries for mycotoxins and pesticides were within the specified rang

51 Relatively high levels of the main regulated mycotoxins and presence of non-regulated mycotoxins in f

52 gy for the simultaneous determination of ten mycotoxins and six pesticides in rice was developed.

53 a followed first order kinetics for analysed mycotoxins and thermal constant rates (k) were calculate

54 S system to confirm the identity of detected mycotoxins and to identify other possible microbial meta

55 ), have stable binding affinity towards some mycotoxins, and can be cheaper alternative receptors for

56 ward FB1 with no cross-reactivity with other mycotoxins, and it demonstrated acceptable recovery (hig

57 Mycotoxins are highly toxic secondary metabolites, which

58 Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi that cause

59 Three mycotoxins are suspected to contribute to poor child hea

60 Mycotoxins are toxic compounds that can be present in fe

61 ly, but concentrations of the three Fusarium mycotoxins assessed were ~10 times lower than the EC-max

62 f smart using of biosensing for detection of mycotoxin at both academic and industrial levels in orde

63 The method enabled quantification of the mycotoxin at the levels set by European legislation and

64 nzymatic biosensor for the detection of HT-2 mycotoxin based on carbodiimide linking of the microelec

65 orted, there was no transfer of the emerging mycotoxins, beauvericin and enniatins, from feeds to fis

66 s that plays an important role in regulating mycotoxin biosynthesis and virulence of F. graminearum.

67 Currently, deletion of key genes for mycotoxin biosynthesis is a laborious and time-consuming

68 stems are effective for maintaining Fusarium mycotoxins, but not OTA concentrations, below the MCL.

69 r ultrasensitive detection of AFB1 and other mycotoxins by replacing the core recognition sequence of

70 Its key benefits are that extraction of mycotoxins can be carried out at remote sites and by min

71 Mycotoxins can contaminate poultry production via fungal

72 These mycotoxins can enter human food chain via use of edible

73 Ultrasensitive visual detection of mycotoxin citrinin is reported here using a novel yellow

74 n increasing health concern due to potential mycotoxins combined effects.

75 Baking temperature, time and initial mycotoxin concentration in the raw materials were assaye

76 farming system (organic vs conventional) on mycotoxin concentrations in UK and German wheat flour br

77 The influence of excessive mycotoxin concentrations on yeast growth, productivity a

78 Low contents of biogenic amines and mycotoxins confirmed celery quality and freshness.

79 Human exposure to multiple mycotoxins constitutes an increasing health concern due

80 Between 2 and 20 mycotoxins contaminated examined samples.

81 a rapid, and simple tool for the analysis of mycotoxin-contaminated foods.

82 edge on health effects posed by ingestion of mycotoxins-contaminated food and feed by humans and live

83 Aflatoxin, a mycotoxin contaminating corn and other commodities, caus

84 One of the most common mycotoxin contaminating feed and foodstuffs is Ochratoxi

85 Fusarium mycotoxin contamination in malting barley is of great co

86 t and barley that leads to reduced yield and mycotoxin contamination of grain, making it unfit for hu

87 The multi-mycotoxin contamination of ninety-eight (98) couscous se

88 Three different mycotoxin contamination scenarios were considered.

89 need to monitor the quality of products for mycotoxin contamination.

90 production, resulting in both yield loss and mycotoxin contamination.

91 rns pertaining towards fungal occurrence and mycotoxins contamination in agri-food commodities has be

92 Mycotoxins contamination in both food and feed is inevit

93 have been scarcely explored regarding their mycotoxin content.

94 t confer any advantage; adding herbs reduced mycotoxins content by up to 60%, but also appeared to in

95 Cooking itself reduced mycotoxins content, while using bags did not confer any

96 Analytical chromatographic techniques for mycotoxins control are well established, but they often

97 d resistance to conventional methods used in mycotoxin degradation, development of new effective proc

98 The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) frequently contaminates c

99 The biosynthesis of mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) in Fusarium graminearum i

100 scent biolabels for immunoassay detection of mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in food and feed, CdSe/CdS/ZnS

101 t study is to determine the incidence of the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) i

102 he study was mainly focused on the following mycotoxins: deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside,

103 development of a user friendly biosensor for mycotoxin detection at both academic and industrial leve

104 vide an extensive overview on biosensors for mycotoxin detection by highlighting the main biorecognit

105 Mycotoxin detection in food and feedstock in particular

106 Considering the significance of mycotoxin detection in food industries, herein, an ultra

107 aptasensor, enzymatic sensors and others for mycotoxin detection with a reference to label and label

108 aspects in the development of biosensors for mycotoxin detection, current challenges and future prosp

109 umentation is often a bottleneck in reliable mycotoxin detection.

110 Remarkable accuracy (Er < 5%) during the mycotoxin determination in certified reference material

111 While CAPP shows promise in terms of mycotoxin detoxification important questions concerning

112 Mycotoxin diffusion to healthy oranges after direct cont

113 nt to avoid inaccurate quantification of all mycotoxins due to signal enhancement or suppression.

114 ove oil nanoemulsions on Fusarium growth and mycotoxin during malting process.

115 of sample was injected on first column, and mycotoxins elution regions were collected in a loop and

116 earalanone, T-2 and HT-2 toxin) and emerging mycotoxins (enniatins, beauvericin, moniliformin and ste

117 ween 25.5 and 96.8%, appeared for all of the mycotoxins, especially for deepoxy-deoxynivalenol, zeara

118 lues were between 82.6 and 94.4% for all the mycotoxins, except for fumonisins.

119 n exposure; to evaluate associations between mycotoxin exposure and child stunting; and to investigat

120 We summarize the evidence that mycotoxin exposure is associated with stunting, and prop

121 vestigate EED as a potential pathway linking mycotoxin exposure to child stunting, to inform potentia

122 uld be a viable countermeasure against acute mycotoxin exposure.

123 tween agricultural and harvest practices and mycotoxin exposure; to evaluate associations between myc

124 No toxicological concern was associated to mycotoxins exposure for average beer consumers.

125 the recipe formulation has an impact on the mycotoxins extractability by affecting the biscuit micro

126 reener alternative to traditional methods of mycotoxin extraction.

127 For the detection of the mycotoxin FB1 in foods, the anti-fumonisin antibody was

128 omise for future adaptation to include other mycotoxins for multiplex detection.

129 Deoxynivalenol (DON), a cosmopolitan mycotoxin found in agricultural commodities causes serio

130 icacy of CAPP against six of the most common mycotoxins found in foods and feedstuffs was assessed he

131 Fumonisins are a group of mycotoxins found in various foods whose consumption is k

132 Samples were surveyed for the presence of 22 mycotoxins (four aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, diacetoxiscyr

133 optimized for the selective isolation of the mycotoxins from aqueous samples coupled to HPLC with flu

134 The efficiency for binding mycotoxins from contaminated aqueous solutions was studi

135 s were developed to remove the main types of mycotoxins from liquid food matrices.

136 hod for the simultaneous extraction of multi-mycotoxins from maize and subsequent quantification on L

137 ffectively extract and quantify 15 different mycotoxins from maize in a single step with satisfactory

138 stance to the programmed cell death-inducing mycotoxin fumonisin B1, with an accompanying reduced acc

139 reliable assessment of two highly concerning mycotoxins (fumonisin B1 (FB1) and ocratoxin A (OTA)) ha

140 The fungus also produces carcinogenic mycotoxins, fumonisins on infested maize.

141 heoretical and experimental CCS obtained for mycotoxin glucuronides suggested the potential of the CC

142 The levels of mycotoxins gradually decreased with the increase in the

143 ence of obesity and diabetes and controlling mycotoxin growth, are just as urgently required.

144 asing food safety standards, the analysis of mycotoxins has become essential in the food industry.

145 lk from chicken eggs were examined for their mycotoxin, hormone, and fat-soluble vitamin content.

146 ntration of all types of investigated masked mycotoxins, i.e., 15-ADON (-25%) > 3-ADON (-15%) > D3G (

147 duced graphene oxide microelectrode for HT-2 mycotoxin immunoenzymatic biosensing is reported.

148 ction has been developed for the analysis of mycotoxin in beer.

149 The removal or degradation of this mycotoxin in contaminated apple juices has been studied

150 show limitations to robustly determine this mycotoxin in grape-derived products below regulated leve

151 flatoxin B2 was the most frequently detected mycotoxin in water samples, with a maximum concentration

152 Deoxynivalenol was the prevalent mycotoxin in wheat grain and epoxiconazole was the fungi

153 has been applied to monitor the presence of mycotoxins in 194 samples belonging to different types o

154 ric method to investigate the presence of 20 mycotoxins in 204 maize samples harvested in Northern Se

155 assay was successfully validated for these 3 mycotoxins in a corn-based feed sample after a simple sa

156 ysite, and tests for efficient adsorption of mycotoxins in animals' stomachs are also carried out.

157 different Fusarium toxins including modified mycotoxins in beer (deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, deoxyniv

158 is necessary to establish maximum levels of mycotoxins in beer in Brazil and other countries in orde

159 developed for the analysis of 41 (modified) mycotoxins in beer.

160 etermine accurately and simultaneously seven mycotoxins in beer.

161 luated the ability of these fungi to produce mycotoxins in both native grass and wheat hosts using bi

162 s of arid regions), reduce human exposure to mycotoxins in buildings and our food-supply chain, preve

163 The simultaneous quantification of 15 mycotoxins in cow milk by liquid chromatography-mass spe

164 nted and validated for the trace analysis of mycotoxins in drinking bottled waters.

165 ally relevant to the research on presence of mycotoxins in edible plant based oils.

166 ted mycotoxins and presence of non-regulated mycotoxins in feed samples were found.

167 gen and produces several extremely important mycotoxins in food products that have deleterious effect

168 The presence of mycotoxins in food samples has been widely studied as we

169 esized and applied to the extraction of both mycotoxins in food samples.

170 gy was developed to determine pesticides and mycotoxins in food supplements.

171 Commonly occurring mycotoxins in food were also tested to confirm the selec

172 ZEA), one of the most frequently encountered mycotoxins in food worldwide.

173 cant influence on the occurrence of examined mycotoxins in maize.

174 aneously determinate legislated and emerging mycotoxins in malt and beer was evaluated for the first

175 d be used as a mitigation strategy to reduce mycotoxins in meat.

176 pectrometry method for the quantification of mycotoxins in nuts has been developed.

177 comprehensive and traceable data of emerging mycotoxins in plant-based aquafeeds and fish reared on t

178 ped for the simultaneous determination of 11 mycotoxins in plant-based beverage matrices, using a QuE

179 e routine monitoring of the major Alternaria mycotoxins in pomegranates.

180 thermal treatment, may have implications on mycotoxins in products available for consumers.

181 simultaneous determination of pesticides and mycotoxins in red wine is presented.

182 was validated by quantifying pesticides and mycotoxins in six different cereal samples.

183 ve method in fungal control and reduction of mycotoxins in stored rice.

184 ing time play important roles for minimizing mycotoxins in the final products, while the recipe formu

185 es worldwide for monitoring the incidence of mycotoxins in the food chain.

186 ining towards fungal occurrence and level of mycotoxins in various oil seeds and their edible oils.

187 ensitivity to monitor contamination of these mycotoxins in wheat in accordance with European Commissi

188 In order to explore the early detection of mycotoxins in wheat three standardized approaches (Fusar

189 o evaluated for the determination of the two mycotoxins in whole grain samples (wheat and maize).

190 most all samples an increase in the level of mycotoxins in wort was observed during mashing followed

191 tion for accurate quantification of patulin (mycotoxin) in strawberries.

192 graminearum produced more deoxynivalenol, a mycotoxin, in the primed treatment.

193 ized clove oil nanoemulsion displayed higher mycotoxin inhibitory activity and less flavor impact on

194 The antifungal activity and mycotoxin inhibitory activity of essential oils in both

195 d to inhibition of mycotoxin production, the mycotoxin inhibitory activity of essential oils was enha

196 sis methods were applied to convert modified mycotoxins into their free aflatoxins.

197 This low molecular weight mycotoxin is analyzed using an indirect competitive immu

198 e presence of hazardous contaminants such as mycotoxins is an on-going and complex challenge.

199 ood contamination and protect people against mycotoxins is based on timely detection.

200 rage in the world and its contamination with mycotoxins is of public health concern.

201 The masked mycotoxins issue is of increasing relevance in the field

202 oil nanoemulsion, the mitigation effects on mycotoxin levels and fungal biomass, and the clove oil f

203 act spots) protocol allows quantification of mycotoxin levels currently recognized as safe (aflatoxin

204 This research work aimed to study how mycotoxin levels may be influenced by modifying the tech

205 meter can be a useful tool for prediction of mycotoxin levels.

206 the percentage of moldy and fermented beans, mycotoxins levels, phenolic acids content, pasting prope

207 Xenoestrogenic mycotoxins may contaminate food and feed posing a public

208 YOR1 transporter genes respond to different mycotoxins, menadione, and hydrogen peroxide in a distin

209 This multi-mycotoxin method was applied to analyse plant-based beve

210 A stable isotope dilution LC-MS/MS multi-mycotoxin method was developed for 12 different Fusarium

211 analyzed by using the newly developed multi-mycotoxin method.

212 te risk assessment of children's exposure to mycotoxins mixtures in food.

213 The presence of mycotoxins mixtures in foodstuffs as cereals has been re

214 s (n = 25), (veterinary) drugs (n = 29), and mycotoxins (n = 23).

215 g toxicity, we demonstrate that the volatile mycotoxin, N-methyl-N-nitrosoisobutyramide, is the domin

216 n FNP availability in the environment and on mycotoxin occurrence in crops increase the relevance of

217 tested for the simultaneous detection of the mycotoxins ochratoxin A (OTA), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and d

218 nd rapid method for the determination of ten mycotoxins (ochratoxin A, fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2, de

219 Destruxin A, a mycotoxin of entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisop

220 sorbent for the extraction of a group of six mycotoxins of interest including zearalenone, alpha-zear

221 method achieves the quantification of those mycotoxins of major concern and mycotoxins that are not

222 The fungus produces several mycotoxins of which the fumonisins are the most toxic.

223 This study demonstrates that the mycotoxin patulin suppresses Toll-like receptor- and RIG

224 Allergens, mycotoxins, pesticides and heavy metals are the chemical

225 e and commercial market, for aquatic-toxins, mycotoxins, pesticides and microorganism detection.

226 The formation of fungal colonies, mycotoxins, phenolic compounds, cooking quality and colo

227 markable symbiosis is reduced deoxynivalenol mycotoxin, potentially benefiting millions of subsistenc

228 l of 32 compounds, classified as pesticides, mycotoxins, process-induced toxicants or packaging conta

229 Omicronchratoxin A (OTA) is a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by A. carbonarius that constitutes a

230 chratoxin A (OTA), is a natural carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium fungi

231 Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species contaminating mai

232 Fusaric acid (FSA) is a mycotoxin produced by several fusaria, including the ric

233 nes are a class of photoactivated polyketide mycotoxins produced by fungal plant pathogens that notab

234 However, mycotoxins produced by pathogenic fungi are of constant

235 r with negligible cross-reactivity for other mycotoxins produced by the same fungi species.

236 on, and Aspergillus flavus, food spoiler and mycotoxin producer.

237 it secondary metabolite syntheses in several mycotoxin producing filamentous fungi, these effects are

238 ical methodology for the characterization of mycotoxin-producing fungal species from the genera Asper

239 or identification methods for mycotoxins and mycotoxin-producing fungi for application in food safety

240 c profiles were able to discriminate between mycotoxin-producing fungi from different sections and to

241 Mycotoxin-producing Fusarium graminearum and related spe

242 seed from native grasses for the presence of mycotoxin-producing Fusarium species and evaluated the a

243 Mycotoxin-producing Fusarium species were shown to be pr

244 ted significant differences in inhibition of mycotoxin production in the two isolates of F. graminear

245 With regard to inhibition of mycotoxin production, the mycotoxin inhibitory activity

246 lity, antifungal activity, and inhibition of mycotoxin production.

247 lationship between fungicide application and mycotoxin production.

248 mat was followed employing immobilization of mycotoxin-protein conjugates onto the SiO(2) of differen

249 assays for Fusarium spp. identification and mycotoxin quantification) and a novel untargeted metabol

250 Mycotoxin reductions were dose-dependent, and ZEA levels

251 Effective management of mycotoxins rely on stringent regulation and routine surv

252 Mycotoxins remain a global threat to human and animal he

253 Mycotoxins represent a serious risk for human and animal

254 Aflatoxins are mycotoxins secreted by Aspergillus flavus, which can col

255 molecular recognition of OTA; simulating the mycotoxin-specific antibody.

256 ed the importance of temperature and time in mycotoxin stability in heat treatments.

257 The impact of different cooking methods on mycotoxins stability and bioaccessibility is scarcely st

258 achieving a negligible matrix effect for all mycotoxins studied in peanut, pistachio and almond.

259 Among all mycotoxins studied, fumonisins B1 was the most widely di

260 e risk of exposure to emerging plant-derived mycotoxins such as beauvericin and enniatins has been ad

261 Mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)), pose a seri

262 ed beverages have been analysed, and certain mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol, aflatoxin B1, aflato

263 Fusaric acid (FA) is a well-known mycotoxin that plays an important role in plant patholog

264 ion of those mycotoxins of major concern and mycotoxins that are not frequently studied in milk, such

265 Trichothecenes are phytotoxic sesquiterpenic mycotoxins that can act as virulence factors in plant di

266 Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the main mycotoxins that can be found in food.

267 Wheat is one of the main dietary sources for mycotoxins that can cause adverse health effects in huma

268 oxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most common mycotoxins that contaminates food or feed and cause inte

269 red to produce sesquiterpene (trichothecene) mycotoxins, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the phytop

270 recommended to study food processing fate of mycotoxins through naturally contaminated materials (inc

271 racterization of interspecies differences in mycotoxin toxicity for a range of protein targets and re

272 Mycotoxin toxicity in foodstuff can occur at very low co

273 Patulin is a toxic mycotoxin usually associated with apple products.

274 As the quantification of mycotoxins usually relies on complex and expensive techn

275 simultaneous immunodetection of these three mycotoxins was demonstrated via the laminar flow pattern

276 t pathogen related to the early detection of mycotoxins was discovered.

277 n of the tested fruits with toxic metals and mycotoxins was low.

278 rinciple, deoxynivalenol (DON), an important mycotoxin, was captured using an SPR gold chip containin

279 since the ergot alkaloids and the regulated mycotoxins were below their regulated limits.

280 To this purpose, thirteen mycotoxins were considered and analyzed using drift time

281 The most prevalent mycotoxins were deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (63%), HT-2 t

282 and 1229.4 ppb of fumonisin B1, any of these mycotoxins were detected in isolated starch.

283 The three mycotoxins were detected in less than 20min at concentra

284 Low-level mycotoxins were detected in most of the eggs tested.

285 For recovery experiments, mycotoxins were divided in two groups according to their

286 Mycotoxins were dosed at varying concentrations to 11.5

287 The studied mycotoxins were found in feeds with enniatin B and beauv

288 Mycotoxins were not present in grains from all storage c

289 More than 80% of the mycotoxins were reliably quantified at the lowest spike

290 sence of mycotoxins with a focus on modified mycotoxins, whereof 76% of the samples were contaminated

291 Citrinin is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin which can be synthesized by Monascus mold duri

292 The first group includes mycotoxins, whilst the second encompasses ethyl carbamat

293 Fg infection leads to the production of mycotoxins, whose consumption is toxic to humans and liv

294 Ustilaginoidins are a kind of mycotoxins with 9,9'-linked bis-naphtho-gamma-pyrones st

295 worldwide, were analyzed for the presence of mycotoxins with a focus on modified mycotoxins, whereof

296 um oxide were able to eliminate up to 87% of mycotoxins with an adsorption efficiency of 450 ug/g.

297 the identification and quantification of 23 mycotoxins with different chemical characteristic includ

298 d nanoparticles that can efficiently prevent mycotoxins with minimal risk to health and environment.

299 The mycotoxins zearalenone and alternariol may contaminate f

300 rkable discrimination of DON against similar mycotoxins (zearalenone and ochratoxin A).