ライフサイエンスコーパス: myostatin

1 growth by altering the binding capacity for myostatin.

2 ng the interactions of GASP antagonists with myostatin.

3 ntibody LY2495655 (LY) binds and neutralises myostatin.

4 unique in that they specifically antagonize myostatin.

5 fibers can be negatively regulated by bovine myostatin.

6 he heat shock response and the antagonism of myostatin.

7 ar proteolytic activation of pro- and latent myostatin.

8 olding and regulating biological activity of myostatin.

9 at has been identified in the serum bound to myostatin.

10 feration by antagonizing the TGF-beta ligand myostatin.

11 regions that harbor loci that interact with myostatin.

12 achexia by secreting peptide factors such as myostatin.

13 s accompanied by increased protein levels of myostatin.

14 signature, including increased expression of myostatin.

15 1 Nm/kg, P=0.04), elevated levels of MSTN-2 (myostatin-2), FBXO-32 (F-box only protein 32 [Atrogin1])

16 Stroke injury acutely increased myostatin (3-fold) and lowered brain-derived neurotrophi

17 dependently of overexpression or knockout of myostatin, a key repressor of muscle development that ca

18 from cirrhotics had increased expression of myostatin, a known inhibitor of skeletal muscle accretio

19 We previously showed that expression of myostatin, a master negative regulator of skeletal muscl

20 Myostatin, a member of the TGF-beta family of ligands, i

21 To this end, we focused on blocking myostatin, a member of the transforming growth factor-be

22 own that AONs can also be used to knock down myostatin, a negative regulator of muscle growth and dif

23 Inhibition of myostatin, a negative regulator of muscle mass, offers a

24 and pig components, against the backdrop of myostatin, a universal sequence commonly found in mammal

25 Thus, the controlled inhibition of myostatin action could potentially help repair damaged c

26 These data indicate that preventing myostatin activation has therapeutic potential in addres

27 oclonal antibody which specifically inhibits myostatin activation, effectively increases muscle mass

28 m of antibody-mediated neutralization of pro-myostatin activation.

29 that ACE-083 binds and potently neutralizes myostatin, activin A, activin B and growth differentiati

30 least partially due to its ability to block myostatin, activin A, and transforming growth factor-bet

31 Here we show that myostatin/activin A inhibition can cause muscle hypertro

32 receptor (ACVR2B/Fc) to test the effects of myostatin/activin A inhibition in the R6/2 mouse model o

33 Inhibition of myostatin/activin A signaling activated transcriptional

34 satellite cells playing little or no role in myostatin/activin A signaling in vivo and render support

35 ains in a competitive manner at the critical myostatin/activin binding site, hence preventing signal

36 New function of the myostatin/activin type I receptor (ALK4) as a mediator o

37 Interference with myostatin activity improves insulin sensitivity that was

38 statin interaction and significantly reduced myostatin activity upon L165041-mediated activation of P

39 hich functions through negatively modulating myostatin activity via a mechanism involving Gasp-1.

40 Myostatin and activin A are structurally related secrete

41 The cellular targets for myostatin and activin A in muscle and the role of satell

42 , which encodes a high-affinity receptor for myostatin and activin A specifically in myofibers is suf

43 g or atrophying diseases, with a decrease of myostatin and activin receptor, and an increase of the m

44 ActRIIA in addition to ActRIIB in mediating myostatin and activin signaling and highlight the need f

45 action is likely due to its ability to block myostatin and enhance neovacularization.

46 Both myostatin and GDF11 affected synapse formation in isolat

47 Myoglianin (MYO), the Drosophila homolog of myostatin and GDF11, regulates not only body weight and

48 MT attenuated the stroke-induced increase in myostatin and increased BDNF expression in skeletal musc

49 However, expression of myostatin and its cognate receptors in other tissues, in

50 We also show that both myostatin and its receptor were abundantly expressed in

51 ergoes conformational rearrangements to bind myostatin and likely acts as a site of specificity for t

52 Here, we aimed to decipher the role of myostatin and myostatin-dependent signaling pathways for

53 ype II receptors, preventing the activity of myostatin and other negative skeletal muscle regulators.

54 2/3, and thus presents a means of regulating myostatin and potentiating muscle growth.

55 lammatory gene expression in muscle, such as myostatin and protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-gamm

56 HPA-responsive transcripts such as Fkbp5 and Myostatin and reveals novel HPA-responsive pathways such

57 Myostatin and the activins are capable of binding to bot

58 cuss the biochemical regulation of GDF11 and myostatin and their functions in the heart, skeletal mus

59 that multiple pathways, including decreased myostatin and up-regulated miRNAs, alpha-dystroglycan/li

60 ss development, including the ligands GDF-8 (myostatin) and GDF-11 (BMP-11).

61 ifferentiation factor 8 (GDF8; also known as myostatin) and GDF11 are closely related members of the

62 WEAK/Fn14 axis; FOXO-1, Atrogin-1 and MuRF1; Myostatin) and increased anabolic intracellular pathways

63 markers and protein expression of PI3K/Akt, myostatin, and autophagy signaling were measured.

64 , it specifically induces IGF1 and represses myostatin, and expression of PGC-1alpha4 in vitro and in

65 Circulating insulin-like growth factor-1, myostatin, and growth and differentiation factor-15 were

66 f muscle mass--insulin-like growth factor-1, myostatin, and growth and differentiation factor-15--wer

67 Myostatin antagonism might become a therapeutic strategy

68 e regulator of muscle regeneration, with the myostatin antagonist follistatin.

69 and activin receptor, and an increase of the myostatin antagonist, follistatin.

70 treatment of young and old mice with an anti-myostatin antibody (ATA 842) for 4 wk increased muscle m

71 gical inhibition of myostatin, using an anti-myostatin antibody, resulted in statistically significan

72 sults in mice regarding the efficacy of anti-myostatin approaches and may inform patient selection an

73 y explain the poor clinical efficacy of anti-myostatin approaches in several of the clinical studies

74 al Bbaa1 congenic mice, formally implicating myostatin as a novel downstream mediator of the joint-sp

75 de support for pharmacological inhibition of myostatin as a potential therapeutic approach for age-re

76 Finally, to investigate myostatin as a potential therapeutic target for the trea

77 domain (ND) of Fstl3 interacts uniquely with myostatin as compared with activin A, because it utilize

78 ecific recombinant congenic lines identified myostatin as uniquely upregulated in association with Bb

79 Regulators of myostatin at the protein (AKT1) and miRNA (miR-539 and m

80 uous electropositive surface is created when myostatin binds Fst288, which significantly increases th

81 y favorable phenotype can be reproduced when myostatin blockade begins at an adult age.

82 ease context, inducing muscle hypertrophy by myostatin blockade may have detrimental effects, which n

83 uscle wasting in heart failure, we infused a myostatin blocking antibody (JA-16), which promoted grea

84 ed highly up-regulated expression of p21 and Myostatin, both inhibitors of myoblast proliferation.

85 ion solution structure of myostatin-free and myostatin-bound states of GASP-1 and GASP-2.

86 tatin, which increased circulating levels of myostatin by 3- to 4-fold, caused a reduction in weight

87 or TGF-beta/activin family members including myostatin, can prevent or restore loss of lean body mass

88 orted to bind to and inhibit the activity of myostatin; consistent with this, we found that enhanced

89 e results demonstrate the mechanism by which Myostatin contributes to DNA damage in skeletal muscle o

90 Foxa2 transcriptionally up-regulated Myostatin, contributing to exaggerated oxidative stress

91 Parental myostatin deficiency (Mstn(tm1Sjl/+)) increases muscle m

92 In wild-type offspring, maternal myostatin deficiency altered fetal growth and calvarial

93 This large rodent model of myostatin deficiency did not have the negative consequen

94 Myostatin deficiency has been well studied in mice, but

95 Second, we sought to apply maternal myostatin deficiency to a mouse model with osteogenesis

96 ts demonstrated that the effects of maternal myostatin deficiency were conferred by the postimplantat

97 ent rats was markedly different from that of myostatin-deficient mice, which have impaired contractil

98 Overall, the muscle and tendon phenotype of myostatin-deficient rats was markedly different from tha

99 aimed to decipher the role of myostatin and myostatin-dependent signaling pathways for cardiac funct

100 However, the effect of myostatin depends on the genetic and pathophysiological

101 In support to this argument, we show that myostatin directly up-regulated lipogenic genes and incr

102 muscle growth that operates independently of myostatin-driven mechanisms.

103 y outstanding questions related to GDF11 and myostatin dynamics and signaling during development, gro

104 In young mdx mice, combined dystrophin and myostatin exon skipping therapy greatly improved DMD pat

105 Skeletal muscle autophagic proteolysis and myostatin expression (inhibitor of protein synthesis) ar

106 1R ablation enhanced AKT signaling, reducing myostatin expression and increasing IL-6 secretion.

107 the effect of AgRP neuron activation on BAT-myostatin expression and insulin sensitivity.

108 unique insights into hyperammonemia-induced myostatin expression and suggests a mechanism by which s

109 ecific null mice, indicating that myocardial myostatin expression controls muscle atrophy in heart fa

110 e demonstrate that hyperammonemia stimulated myostatin expression in a NF-kappaB-dependent manner.

111 ith CKD, we found a 2- to 3-fold increase in myostatin expression in muscle.

112 hole-body muscle-to-fat ratio with increased myostatin expression in muscle.

113 duced muscle mass and strength and increased myostatin expression in wild-type compared with postdeve

114 monstrated a higher interleukin-15 and lower myostatin expression relative to controls, indicating a

115 n cultured muscle cells, TNF-alpha increased myostatin expression via a NF-kappaB-dependent pathway,

116 Myostatin expression was decreased in atrial appendages

117 iation with Bbaa1 arthritis development, and myostatin expression was linked to IFN-beta production.

118 Additionally, myostatin expression was upregulated in Smad7(-/-) muscl

119 The BCAA/LEU supplement did not alter myostatin expression, but mTOR signaling, autophagy meas

120 le cannabinoid 1 receptor regulates Il-6 and myostatin expression, governing physical performance and

121 al muscle molecular markers showed increased myostatin expression, impaired mTOR signaling, and incre

122 conditions, expression of DN FoxO decreased myostatin expression, increased MyoD expression and sate

123 The increased skeletal muscle myostatin expression, reduced mammalian target of rapamy

124 ression of Numb in satellite cells inhibited Myostatin expression.

125 intaining Akt phosphorylation and inhibiting myostatin expression.C

126 lation of growth-inhibitory genes, including myostatin, Fbxo32 (MAFbx), and Trim63 (MuRF1).

127 e First low resolution solution structure of myostatin-free and myostatin-bound states of GASP-1 and

128 more tight binding with the mature peptide, myostatin function is inhibited, resulting in the change

129 The TGF-beta family ligands myostatin, GDF11, and activins are negative regulators o

130 mpared with other TGFbeta superfamily member myostatin (GDF8).

131 n with a naturally occurring mutation in the myostatin gene (Compact (Cmpt)) leading to a hypermuscul

132 ency of the C-variant (g.66493737C/T) at the myostatin gene (MSTN) in cohorts of the Thoroughbred hor

133 The first two exons of myostatin gene code for the N-propeptide and its third e

134 Myostatin gene inactivation prevented the severe loss of

135 a variation in the 5' flanking region of the myostatin gene is associated with the genetic regulation

136 n the myostatin promoter, and stimulation of myostatin gene transcription.

137 in % (w/w), a reference system based on the myostatin gene was used.

138 nt study, the coding region of bMSTN (bovine myostatin) gene was amplified and mutated (A224C and G93

139 Previously, we found that Myostatin genotype, reciprocal cross, and sex interacted

140 A total of 12 of these QTL interacted with myostatin genotype.

141 n activating growth factors, such as BMP2/4, myostatin, growth differentiation factor 11, and transfo

142 tors of muscle mass (e.g., MAFbx, MURF1, and myostatin) had peaked on days 2-4 but normalized by day

143 egeneration, primarily through inhibition of myostatin, have shown promise in the laboratory and are

144 tatin homodimers, suggesting a 1:1 (antibody:myostatin homodimer) binding stoichiometry.

145 ions of the prodomain in the pro- and latent myostatin homodimers, suggesting a 1:1 (antibody:myostat

146 ore potent than GASP-2, preferentially binds myostatin in an asymmetrical 1:1 complex, whereas GASP-2

147 Targeted inhibition of myostatin in cardiac cachexia might be a therapeutic opt

148 n dose-dependently inhibited the response to myostatin in cardiomyocytes and in perfused mouse hearts

149 glycogen accumulation after inactivation of myostatin in cardiomyocytes.

150 The crystal structure of pro-myostatin in complex with 29H4-16 Fab, a high-affinity v

151 Here, we present the crystal structure of myostatin in complex with Fstl3.

152 Here, we present the crystal structure of myostatin in complex with the antagonist follistatin 288

153 respect to a potential role for GDF11 and/or myostatin in humans with heart disease.

154 Our results uncover an important role of myostatin in the heart for maintaining cardiac energy ho

155 However, the function of myostatin in the heart is barely understood, although it

156 er, our results reveal an essential role for myostatin in the pathogenesis of cancer cachexia and lin

157 ls, and suggests that the greatest impact of myostatin in the regulation of muscle mass may not be to

158 Inhibition of myostatin in vivo suppressed Lyme arthritis in the reduc

159 n of follistatin (an endogenous inhibitor of myostatin) in our LGMD R1 model (C3KO) resulted in 1.5-

160 ants, we generated a mouse model that allows myostatin inactivation in adult cardiomyocytes.

161 achexia, combined inhibition of activins and myostatin increased mass or prevented muscle wasting, re

162 phy, M-p110alphaKO mice show decreased serum myostatin, increased mitochondrial mass, increased mitoc

163 Inhibiting myostatin induced a more profound increase in muscle mas

164 Loss of myostatin induced eccentric hypertrophy and enhanced car

165 Pharmacological myostatin inhibition also decreased the rate of protein

166 Here, we show that myostatin inhibition by follistatin transgene expression

167 We therefore tested the hypothesis that myostatin inhibition would improve recovery of skeletal

168 suggest that muscle hypertrophy, induced by myostatin inhibition, leads to loss of oxidative capacit

169 rmine if induction of muscle growth, through myostatin inhibition, represents a viable therapeutic st

170 ficacy of both SMN2 splicing modifiers and a myostatin inhibitor in mice at later disease stages.

171 Myostatin inhibitors are currently being pursued as ther

172 New advances in the use of potent myostatin inhibitors have made this an attractive approa

173 Remarkably, codelivery of activin and myostatin inhibitors induced a synergistic response, res

174 truncations of GASP-1 result in less potent myostatin inhibitors that form a 2:1 complex, suggesting

175 s field to include more novel agents such as myostatin inhibitors.

176 Myostatin inhibits skeletal muscle growth.

177 hanced secretion of Gasp-1, increased Gasp-1 myostatin interaction and significantly reduced myostati

178 owever, in contrast, the prodomain of GDF-8 (myostatin) interacts with the glycosaminoglycan side cha

179 Myostatin is a cytokine of the transforming growth facto

180 Myostatin is a major negative regulator of skeletal musc

181 Myostatin is a muscle-specific member of the TGF-beta su

182 Myostatin is a negative regulator of muscle growth, and

183 Myostatin is a negative regulator of muscle mass.

184 Myostatin is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle and

185 sarcopenia, but the antihypertrophic myokine myostatin is a potential therapeutic target.

186 Myostatin is a secreted signaling molecule that normally

187 For instance, the TGF-beta ligand myostatin is a staunch negative regulator of muscle grow

188 Myostatin is a transforming growth factor-beta family me

189 regulate aging of multiple tissues, whereas myostatin is a well-described negative regulator of post

190 ested the hypothesis that the muscle protein myostatin is involved in mediating the pathogenesis of c

191 Similar to other TGF-beta family ligands, myostatin is neutralized by binding one of a number of s

192 Myostatin is secreted as a latent configuration formed b

193 Myostatin is tightly controlled by Fst-like 3 (Fstl3), w

194 GDF8, or myostatin, is a member of the TGF-beta superfamily of se

195 In addition, a muscle atrophy marker, myostatin, is increased in UUO muscle; provision of miR-

196 in wild-type compared with postdevelopmental myostatin knockout mice.

197 nsulin-like growth factor-1 and unexpectedly myostatin, known mediators of muscle hypertrophy and atr

198 Indeed, myostatin levels in the plasma were significantly increa

199 Notably, myostatin loss also impeded the growth of LLC tumors, th

200 Mechanistically, myostatin loss attenuated the activation of muscle fiber

201 Muscle expression of myostatin, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) targets,

202 her these results suggest that inhibition of myostatin may not be a promising therapeutic strategy in

203 In Myostatin(-/-) mice however, Streptozotocin treatment di

204 Moreover, Foxa2 levels remained unaltered in Myostatin(-/-) mice, while levels of p63/REDD1 were high

205 nd 8.5-fold (P < 0.001) higher expression of myostatin mRNA and protein in patients.

206 1) and miRNA (miR-539 and miR-208b targeting myostatin mRNA) levels were altered in GRMD CS, consiste

207 We used a Cre/loxP system to ablate myostatin (Mstn gene) expression in a cell type-specific

208 ucleases were used to genetically inactivate myostatin (MSTN(Delta/Delta) ) would exhibit an increase

209 egulated by the secreted signaling proteins, myostatin (MSTN) and activin A.

210 Muscle growth is negatively regulated by myostatin (MSTN) and activins.

211 Myostatin (MSTN) and growth and differentiation factor-1

212 Null mutations of myostatin (Mstn) are associated with increased muscle ma

213 Myostatin (MSTN) belongs to the transforming growth fact

214 ac as well as skeletal muscle cells promotes myostatin (Mstn) expression.

215 The myostatin (MSTN) gene is important because of its role i

216 High doses of dexamethasone (Dex) or myostatin (Mstn) induce severe atrophy of skeletal muscl

217 Myostatin (Mstn) is a conserved negative regulator of sk

218 Myostatin (MSTN) is a dominant inhibitor of skeletal mus

219 Myostatin (MSTN) is a member of the transforming growth

220 Myostatin (MSTN) is a negative regulator of skeletal mus

221 Myostatin (MSTN) is a transforming growth factor-beta (T

222 Myostatin (Mstn) is predominantly expressed in skeletal

223 The growth factor myostatin (MSTN) negatively regulates skeletal muscle gr

224 Ablating myostatin (Mstn) prevents obesity, so we investigated if

225 ntagonist of another TGF-beta family member, myostatin (Mstn), for the promotion of muscle growth in

226 ily member, and a close homolog of mammalian Myostatin (Mstn), is a muscle-derived extrinsic factor t

227 gen-related receptor gamma (Errgamma) on the myostatin (Mtn) mouse null background (Mtn(-/-)/Errgamma

228 NA damage and muscle atrophy was observed in Myostatin(-/-) muscle in response to Streptozotocin trea

229 ccurring in constitutive and germ-line-based myostatin mutants, we generated a mouse model that allow

230 A non-functional myostatin mutation leads to a double muscling phenotype

231 Although myostatin negatively regulates skeletal muscle growth, i

232 output and beta-adrenergic responsiveness of myostatin null mice was therefore due to increased SR Ca

233 This was due to myostatin null ventricular myocytes having larger [Ca(2+

234 F2 population of 1000 mice derived from the Myostatin-null C57BL/6 and M16i mouse lines, six imprint

235 were collected on F2 progeny derived from a myostatin-null C57BL/6 strain by M16i cross.

236 atellite cell loss also persists with age in myostatin-null mice regardless of increased muscle mass.

237 o and liver regeneration via the analysis of myostatin-null mice, in which skeletal muscle is hypertr

238 tegrin-linked kinase are dysregulated in the myostatin-null mice.

239 needed to determine whether direct impact of myostatin on liver and aortic endothelium may contribute

240 ieves only a partial signaling blockade upon myostatin or activin A stimulation, and this leads to on

241 Genetic disruption of myostatin or its related signaling is known to cause str

242 Myostatin (or GDF8) and GDF11 are potent negative regula

243 Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) and myostatin (or GDF8) are closely related members of the t

244 Myostatin (or growth/differentiation factor 8 (GDF8)) is

245 Myostatin, or GDF8, is an inhibitor of skeletal muscle g

246 effects of the age-dependent decline of the myostatin paralog growth and differentiation factor 11.

247 arin coding gene Mtm1) that a down-regulated myostatin pathway can be reactivated by correcting the u

248 Several drugs targeting the myostatin pathway have been used in clinical trials to i

249 lity, we examined the effect of blocking the myostatin pathway in dysferlin-deficient (Dysf(-/-)) mic

250 Use of a soluble ActRIIB-Fc "trap," to block myostatin pathway signaling in normal or cachectic mice

251 myonuclear degeneration and the role of the myostatin pathway.

252 ional environment, and specifically prenatal myostatin pathways, provides a potential therapeutic win

253 bition by subcutaneous injections of an anti-myostatin peptibody into CKD mice (IC(50) approximately

254 cle (n = 15) and MCAO mice receiving an anti-myostatin PINTA745 (n = 12; subcutaneous injection of 7.

255 AAV-mediated expression of myostatin pro-peptide D76A mutant in adult Ldlr null mic

256 we reported that AAV-mediated delivery of a myostatin pro-peptide D76A mutant in adult mice attenuat

257 ull mice resulted in sustained expression of myostatin pro-peptide in the liver.

258 paB p65 subunit to specific sites within the myostatin promoter, and stimulation of myostatin gene tr

259 pQTL, tQTL and eQTL that interacted with Myostatin, reciprocal cross, and sex were detected as we

260 mice, but limited data are available on how myostatin regulates the structure and function of muscle

261 for the first time show the role of Foxa2 in Myostatin regulation in skeletal muscle in diabetic mice

262 Myostatin released from cardiomyocytes induces skeletal

263 We found that myostatin represses AMP-activated kinase activation in t

264 re identified to significantly interact with myostatin, sex or reciprocal cross.

265 Myostatin showed an age-dependent decrease and an invers

266 An analysis of a Tcap binding protein, myostatin, showed that deletion of Tcap was accompanied

267 Modalities that inhibit myostatin signaling are currently in clinical trials for

268 ac MRI revealed that genetic inactivation of myostatin signaling in the adult murine heart caused car

269 Loss or blockade of myostatin signaling increases muscle mass and improves m

270 Inhibition of myostatin signaling increases muscle mass, and therapeut

271 how that the expression of components of the myostatin signaling pathway is downregulated in muscle w

272 IIB receptor (ActRIIB)-mFc (an inhibitor of myostatin signaling) to promote hypertrophy and increase

273 GRMD CS, consistent with down-regulation of myostatin signaling, CS hypertrophy, and functional resc

274 Inhibition of myostatin signalling in C3KO muscles resulted in signifi

275 Inhibition of myostatin signalling is unlikely to be a valid therapeut

276 of genetic and pharmacological inhibition of myostatin signalling on the disease phenotype in a mouse

277 Smad7 inhibits intracellular myostatin signalling via Smad2/3, and thus presents a me

278 In this study, we used myostatin small interfering (si)RNA (siGDF-8), a major i

279 Transfection with Myostatin-specific siRNA rescued the proliferation defec

280 Furthermore, myostatin stimulated expression of regulator of G-protei

281 ent pathway, whereas muscle cells exposed to myostatin stimulated IL-6 production via p38 MAPK and ME

282 Therefore, an anti-myostatin strategy can improve skeletal muscle recovery

283 eEF2, ERK1/2 and UBF; gene expression of the myostatin target Mighty as well as c-Myc and its targets

284 associated with higher muscle expression of myostatin than placebo.

285 es conformational changes in pro- and latent myostatin that span the arm region, the loops contiguous

286 h factor-beta superfamily members, including myostatin, that are involved in the negative regulation

287 in breakdown, we conclude that CKD increases myostatin through cytokine-activated pathways, leading t

288 We found that genetic inhibition of myostatin through overexpression of follistatin (an endo

289 re are loci in the genome that interact with myostatin to control backfat depth and other complex tra

290 designed to identify loci that interact with myostatin to impact growth traits in mice.

291 ted at developing drugs capable of targeting myostatin to treat patients with muscle loss.

292 ion or gene silencing of NF-kappaB abolished myostatin up-regulation under conditions of hyperammonem

293 In addition, inhibiting myostatin using intramuscular injection of AAV1-follista

294 Pharmacological inhibition of myostatin, using an anti-myostatin antibody, resulted in

295 We find that the prehelix region of myostatin very closely resembles that of TGF-beta class

296 Local inhibition of myostatin was also not affected by rapamycin and may con

297 ed medium (CM), but IL-6, OSM, TNFalpha, and myostatin were not.

298 Levels of FBXO32 (Atrogin-1), ActRIIB and myostatin were significantly changed in the irradiated c

299 Moreover, cardiac-specific overexpression of myostatin, which increased circulating levels of myostat

300 ltured aortic endothelial cells responded to myostatin with a reduction in eNOS phosphorylation and a