ライフサイエンスコーパス: natural gas

1 pipe networks (wastewater, water supply, and natural gas).

2 of deep shale formations to retrieve oil and natural gas.

3 Methane represents the major constituent of natural gas.

4 greenhouse gas and the primary component of natural gas.

5 nticlines are important structures that hold natural gas.

6 s, that favor a high adsorption capacity for natural gas.

7 ) and oil refineries, two major end users of natural gas.

8 esign and manufacture of vehicles powered by natural gas.

9 onment and for utilizing vast new sources of natural gas.

10 California resulted in a massive release of natural gas.

11 o be prospective for drain and sweetening of natural gas.

12 ove the efficiency of energy production from natural gas.

13 of fuel switching from coal or petroleum to natural gas.

14 ral gas engines and compressed and liquefied natural gas.

15 ake electrified heating cheaper than burning natural gas.

16 of liquid petroleum hydrocarbons rather than natural gases.

17 consumption of coal (49%), petroleum (25%), natural gas (17%), and biomass (9%).

18 as delivered to the region, demonstrate that natural gas accounted for approximately 60-100% of metha

19 PAH levels closest to natural gas activity were comparable to levels previousl

20 ing many secondary processes that may modify natural gases after their formation, such as biodegradat

21 Shale is an increasingly viable source of natural gas and a potential candidate for geologic CO2 s

22 hanol is an important feedstock derived from natural gas and can be chemically converted into commodi

23 than water demands for the fuel cycle (e.g., natural gas and coal) and power plant manufacturing (e.g

24 inery, refinery configuration, and prices of natural gas and electricity revealed how the magnitude o

25 l benefits of cleaner, gaseous fuels such as natural gas and hydrogen are widely reported.

26 ement region near Red Deer, characterized by natural gas and light oil production, measured methane f

27 ether with new installations and upgrades of natural gas and nuclear plants materialize in 2025, and

28 frastructure to produce low carbon renewable natural gas and reducing global warming.Coalbeds produce

29 carbon constrained scenarios largely involve natural gas and renewables.

30 ong-term emissions resulting from the use of natural gas and under high leak rates.

31 remely stable molecule, a major component of natural gas, and also one of the most potent greenhouse

32 duction and shares of electricity from coal, natural gas, and renewables.

33 d on expected energy prices; historical oil, natural gas, and water-production decline data per well;

34 Adsorbed natural gas (ANG) is an alternate storage system of natu

35 Methane emissions from natural gas appliances remain the least characterized po

36 selectively capturing CO2 from flue-gases or natural gas are of interest in terms of rising atmospher

37 ated with the production and distribution of natural gas are of particular importance and warrant fur

38 Oil and natural gas are primary sources of energy in the United

39 but we also find that methane emissions from natural gas as a fraction of production have declined fr

40 Future energy systems may rely on natural gas as a low-cost fuel to support variable renew

41 A critical bottleneck for the use of natural gas as a transportation fuel has been the develo

42 am methane reforming, followed by the use of natural gas as fuel in the rest of the process units' he

43 lopments and technical challenges in storing natural gas as hydrates in wetted porous carbon material

44 d be taken to predicting the compositions of natural gases as functions of time, temperature, and sou

45 s mitigate the flaring or direct emission of natural gas at remote locations.

46 , as economic drivers increase renewable and natural gas-based capacity, while water-intensive coal a

47 00,000 tons of released petroleum liquid and natural gas became entrapped below the sea surface, but

48 No natural gas, biofuels, nuclear power, or stationary batt

49 The Aliso Canyon (Porter Ranch), California, natural gas blowout lasted 112 days, from October 23, 20

50 in a rural community heavily affected by the natural gas boom.

51 ehen (local dung), wood, kerosene/diesel, or natural gas burning for cooking and heating and all-caus

52 ia and industry have foreseen the storage of natural gas by adsorption (ANG) in porous materials, at

53 gas (LNG) are the most common forms in which natural gas can be stored.

54 Existing and new diesel and natural gas capacity can play an important role to provi

55 city generation with underutilized, existing natural gas capacity has net societal benefits or net co

56 However, leaking natural gas causes climate damage because methane (CH4)

57 Compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) are th

58 tural gas fueled vehicles and the compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) fuelin

59 In this study, we consider compressed natural gas (CNG) use directly in conventional vehicles

60 sel-electric, ethanol (RED95) and compressed natural gas (CNG).

61 es: municipal solid waste landfills, oil and natural gas, coal mining, and agricultural manure manage

62 The ongoing construction of natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) power plants is incomp

63 (CCS) retrofits of pulverized coal (PC) and natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) power plants.

64 Many of the existing natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) units are suitable for

65 Capturing CO2 from a natural gas combined cycle power plant instead of the ai

66 acing 8-10 existing power plants with modern natural gas combined cycle units would result in reducti

67 lumes from sources such as closed landfills, natural gas compressor stations, and waterways.

68 ine transport of bitumen, it is diluted with natural gas condensate, and the resulting mixture, "dilb

69 Gg CH(4) yr(-1), 0.40% [0.35%, 0.44%] of all natural gas consumed by these appliances, comparable in

70 1) on average, 0.93% [0.87%, 0.99%] of their natural gas consumed, primarily from on/off pulses.

71 1) on average, 0.39% [0.34%, 0.43%] of their natural gas consumption.

72 ace the current energy and capital intensive natural gas conversion process.

73 ral gas leaks emphasizes the challenges that natural gas creates with respect to meeting California's

74 We assess residential electricity and natural gas demand in Los Angeles, California under mult

75 As natural gas demand surges in China, driven by the coal-t

76 cracking of petroleum, partial oxidation of natural gas) depend strongly on the types and distributi

77 (CV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), and natural gas-derived electricity (NG-e) use in plug-in ba

78 Unconventional natural gas development (UNGD) generates large volumes o

79 Unconventional natural gas development (UNGD) produces environmental co

80 Growing literature linking unconventional natural gas development (UNGD) to adverse health has imp

81 Unconventional oil and natural gas development (UOGD) expanded extensively in t

82 to determine whether mule deer habituated to natural gas development and if their response to disturb

83 Associations between unconventional natural gas development and nasal and sinus, migraine he

84 The benefits and impacts of unconventional natural gas development are realized at different spatia

85 Oil and natural gas development in the Bakken shale play of Nort

86 The drilling phase of oil and natural gas development is a growing area of environment

87 ater, community, weather, and unconventional natural gas development were associated with indoor rado

88 n U.S. cities, which have invested in modern natural gas distribution infrastructure.

89 d the contribution of methane emissions from natural gas distribution networks and end use.

90 Emissions from the natural gas distribution system were estimated from meas

91 I) and high-pressure direct injection (HPDI) natural gas engines and compressed and liquefied natural

92 from two diesel pilot-ignited, port-injected natural gas engines on a coastal vessel while under norm

93 trometer is placed >1 km from decommissioned natural gas equipment configured with intentional leaks

94 rocesses and rates of subsurface/atmospheric natural gas exchange remain uncertain.

95 .50 per thousand cubic feet (Mcf) of gaseous natural gas exported as LNG ($.028/kWh).

96 licata Region, Southern Italy, where oil and natural gas extraction began in 1998.

97 Natural gas extraction from Marcellus Shale generates la

98 unties to offset damages from unconventional natural gas extraction in exchange for consolidated stat

99 This work suggests that natural gas extraction is contributing PAHs to the air,

100 This work suggests that natural gas extraction may be contributing significantly

101 Natural gas extraction, often referred to as "fracking",

102 red to conventional materials for aggressive natural gas feeds.

103 oor facility that closely resembles upstream natural gas field operations.

104 lution of methane leakage from an artificial natural gas field.

105 gates the cost of carbon capture from the US natural gas-fired electricity generating fleet comparing

106 in estimates of methane (CH4) emissions from natural gas-fired power plants (NGPP) and oil refineries

107 This work discusses 23 flights at 14 natural gas-fired power plants (NGPPs) using an aircraft

108 n dioxide (CO(2)) from the flue emissions of natural gas-fired power plants could reduce their carbon

109 esult, carbon capture and sequestration from natural gas-fired power plants is an attractive strategy

110 rbonize the power sector, the utilization of natural gas-fired power plants is anticipated to continu

111 solvent-based carbon capture technologies on natural gas-fired power plants, using site-specific emis

112 allenges of postcombustion capture for small natural gas-fired units with low utilization, such as ga

113 tion for a hybrid cooling system at coal- or natural-gas-fired power plants with and without amine-ba

114 capable of >=90% CO(2) capture from a humid natural gas flue emission stream, as confirmed by breakt

115 its high CO(2) capture rate from a simulated natural gas flue emission stream, this material is one o

116 (2) under the extreme conditions relevant to natural gas flue emissions.

117 Reliance on natural gas for H(2) production results in large energy

118 r to upgrading emissions (45%) is the use of natural gas for hydrogen production through steam methan

119 gies to reduce the carbon footprint of using natural gas for MHDVs, ranging from increasing vehicle f

120 d States has increased the interest in using natural gas for transportation.

121 the uncontrolled release of large amounts of natural gas from the reservoir to the surface.

122 Extraction of natural gas from unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs b

123 essment (EBA) in regions with development of natural gases from unconventional hydrocarbon resources.

124 have examined flaring-the open combustion of natural gas-from OGD.

125 emissions were characterized from twenty-two natural gas fueled transit buses, refuse trucks, and ove

126 In this study, methane emissions from HD natural gas fueled vehicles and the compressed natural g

127 icient electrification of applications, like natural gas furnaces for space heating, that currently i

128 electric heat pumps cheaper to operate than natural gas furnaces.

129 mulation to estimate CH4 emissions from U.S. natural gas gathering and processing operations.

130 H4) emissions measurements obtained from 114 natural gas gathering facilities and 16 processing plant

131 mparison with equivalent diesel electric and natural gas generation is discussed, as is the effect of

132 The overall shortage of natural gas greatly jeopardized the air quality benefits

133 s can benefit from reduced fuel costs and as natural gas has a lower CO2 intensity compared to diesel

134 Natural gas has become the dominant source of electricit

135 In today's perspective, natural gas has gained considerable attention, due to it

136 Dual fuel diesel and natural gas heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) operate on a com

137 enarios, ranging from colloidal particles to natural gas hydrates, and that, as a result, the general

138 Extraction of oil and natural gas (hydrocarbons) from shale is increasing rapi

139 ane is the second most abundant component of natural gas in addition to methane, and-similar to metha

140 nclude producing H(2) and syngas from remote natural gas in modular units.

141 Production of oil and natural gas in North America is at an all-time high due

142 Large reservoirs of natural gas in the oceanic subsurface sustain complex co

143 reased by 25% if coal were to be replaced by natural gas in the power generation and industry sectors

144 duce 42% overall if biofuel were replaced by natural gas in the residential sector.

145 gasification and steam reforming of coal and natural gas, in which anthropogenic CO(2) emission is in

146 n research on separation and purification of natural gas including the benefits and drawbacks of each

147 er investigation, particularly as the use of natural gas increases in the United States and internati

148 lfide monitoring has become essential in the natural gas industry, biogas production, wastewater trea

149 e upstream and midstream sectors of the U.S. natural gas industry.

150 is one of the crucial challenges facing the natural-gas industry.

151 Single-point failures of natural gas infrastructure can hamper methane emission c

152 newable energy by utilizing existing coalbed natural gas infrastructure to produce low carbon renewab

153 of methane emissions from California oil and natural gas infrastructure with observed variability sug

154 air pollutants, and methane leakage from the natural gas infrastructure.

155 4.1 million barrels of oil and 10(10) mol of natural gas into the Gulf of Mexico, forming deep-sea pl

156 Raw natural gas is a complex mixture comprising methane, eth

157 Natural gas is a key energy resource, and understanding

158 upported by increasingly available reserves, natural gas is achieving greater adoption as a cleaner-b

159 roximately 150 billion cubic meters (BCM) of natural gas is flared and vented in the world annually,

160 However, the origin of dry thermogenic natural gas is one of the most controversial topics in p

161 The key requirement for a portable store of natural gas is to maximize the amount of gas within the

162 Marginal abatement costs are dependent on natural gas leak rates, but consistently indicate that a

163 -value theory to explore the distribution of natural gas leak sizes.

164 f CH4 throughout the city reflecting diffuse natural gas leakage and downstream usage as possible sou

165 18 prior studies, we show that all available natural gas leakage data sets are statistically heavy-ta

166 homes to (1) quantify methane emissions from natural gas leaks and incomplete combustion while off, t

167 nd previously unreported impact of pre-meter natural gas leaks emphasizes the challenges that natural

168 put normalized methane emissions (TNME) from natural gas liquid unloading activities for 18 basins in

169 Compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) are the most common forms in which nat

170 tudy analyzes how incremental U.S. liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports affect global greenhouse gas (

171 e compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) fueling stations that serve them were

172 d by combustion of Indian coal and liquefied natural gas (LNG) imported from the United States.

173 el year (MY) 2010 or newer diesel, liquefied natural gas (LNG), and hydraulic hybrid diesel engines d

174 uated for a range of inputs for well-to-pump natural gas loss rates, vehicle efficiency, and pump-to-

175 uipped stoves and replacing these fuels with natural gas may be useful interventions to reduce the bu

176 tire state of Ohio's reported annual oil and natural gas methane emission, or, alternatively, a subst

177 Natural gas (methane, CH4) is widely considered as a pro

178 Natural gas migration in the subsurface can have environ

179 catalytic system electrochemically converts natural gas mixture into liquid products under ambient c

180 2013 Southeast Nexus and 2015 Shale Oil and Natural Gas Nexus campaigns.

181 search efforts on the atmospheric impacts of natural gas (NG) have focused heavily on the production,

182 g to oil consumption and global warming, and natural gas (NG) is considered to be a relatively clean

183 rmation about the location and magnitudes of natural gas (NG) leaks from urban distribution pipelines

184 thane emissions from U.S. local distribution natural gas (NG) pipes using data collected from an adva

185 t of methane (CH4) emissions associated with natural gas (NG) production, especially as recent advanc

186 effects of lower sulfur level liquid fuels, natural gas (NG), and exhaust scrubbers on particulate m

187 Methane, the primary component of natural gas (NG), is a potent greenhouse gas.

188 twenty-year period, is the main component of natural gas (NG).

189 marine engine operating on low-sulfur fuels natural gas (NG; dual-fuel with diesel pilot), marine ga

190 of VOCs and NO(x) stemming from U.S. oil and natural gas (O&NG) sources during 2009-2014 were then ad

191 f VOCs and nitrogen oxides from U.S. oil and natural gas (O&NG) sources on air quality.

192 seepage, we find that methane emissions from natural gas, oil and coal production and their usage are

193 ossil fuel industry (production and usage of natural gas, oil and coal) is thought to contribute 15 t

194 dicate a link between emissions from oil and natural gas operations and concerns about exposure to ha

195 Oil and natural gas operations have continued to expand and move

196 technology mix, and except wide adoption of natural gas or scrubbers, no significant decrease in glo

197 ion is a promising route to converting coal, natural gas, or biomass into synthetic liquid fuels.

198 syngas, generated from gasification of coal, natural gas, or biomass, into lipids that can be used fo

199 bon dioxide (CO(2)) and can purify biogas to natural gas pipeline-quality biomethane.

200 e data for 39 open- and closed-loop coal and natural gas plants from across the U.S., which operated

201 have shown that many of the world's coalbed natural gas plays are secondary biogenic in origin, sugg

202 ial for indirect carbon capture from coal or natural gas power plants.

203 is the relatively short driving distance of natural-gas-powered vehicles due to the lack of an appro

204 instruments, and if firms market the abated natural gas, private net benefits may be generated.

205 capturing CO2 first from chemical plants and natural gas processing, then from paper mills, power pla

206 ntensity (methane emitted as a percentage of natural gas produced or methane produced).

207 chian Basin are the fourth and first largest natural gas producing plays in the United States, respec

208 showed maxima over regions with the highest natural gas production and were correlated with nitrogen

209 hile there have been significant declines in natural gas production between measurements, recent incr

210 reases in the number of wells and associated natural gas production during the past 10 years.

211 xtend fracture networks that enhance oil and natural gas production from unconventional reservoirs.

212 ources, contributed approximately 2% of U.S. natural gas production in 2015.

213 uid unloadings were measured at 107 wells in natural gas production regions throughout the United Sta

214 of methane emission inventories for oil and natural gas production regions.

215 ted (pneumatic) controllers were measured at natural gas production sites and a small number of oil p

216 Atmospheric methane emissions from active natural gas production sites in normal operation were qu

217 ate methane emissions from all components on natural gas production sites in the Barnett Shale produc

218 in the United States, with 8% of total U.S. natural gas production, and thus, our results represent

219 have dramatically increased domestic oil and natural gas production, they have also raised concerns f

220 d ~32% of the total statewide unconventional natural gas production.

221 ouse Gas Inventory and correspond to 1.5% of natural gas production.

222 the greenhouse gas footprint of U.S. onshore natural gas production.

223 estimate of methane emissions from upstream natural gas production.

224 of methane emissions associated with oil and natural gas production.

225 esponds to a loss rate of 2.9% [2.2-3.8%] of natural gas production.

226 ing stock and continued use of fossil fuels (natural gas, propane, and fuel oil) in homes.

227 least once a week and burning either wood or natural gas/propane was associated with a modestly highe

228 to energy and the environment, especially in natural gas purification and postcombustion carbon captu

229 tractive for industrial applications in sour natural gas purification.

230 conditions for petrochemical separations and natural gas purification.

231 esses including flue-gas desulfurization and natural-gas purification, but the design of porous mater

232 Biogas upgrading to natural gas quality is essential for the efficient use o

233 quire only slight modifications for use with natural gas; rather, the main problem is the relatively

234 itically examined as a viable technology for natural gas recovery from coalbed methane (CBM) reservoi

235 ficant potential for feasible application in natural gas refining to gasoline and materials under mod

236 ost of postcombustion capture for the entire natural gas-related emissions and incorporating the impa

237 Subsurface natural gas release from leaking oil and gas wells is a

238 idation of methane, the primary component of natural gas, remains an important challenge in catalysis

239 duty, diesel pilot ignited, direct-injection natural gas research engine through comparison to a flam

240 of abundant conventional and unconventional natural gas reserves have revitalized strong interest in

241 monstrating a potential low carbon renewable natural gas resource.

242 gas become two most important unconventional natural gas resources in US.

243 gestion (AD) for the production of renewable natural gas (RNG), and dry AD with electricity generatio

244 ne emissions due to accidents in the oil and natural gas sector are very challenging to monitor, and

245 This Review summarizes the needs of natural gas separation, gives an overview of the current

246 dance for next generation membranes for sour natural gas separation.

247 shale (Pennsylvania), the largest producing natural gas shale play in the United States, to better i

248 issions was of a high likelihood caused by a natural gas shortage in the south due to the coal-to-gas

249 med during this process and allow release of natural gas so that it can also sequester NORM from the

250 nventory suggested contributions of 47% from natural gas sources and 50% from landfills.

251 tions if emissions are dominated by fugitive natural gas sources that correlate with natural gas usag

252 and CO) provides a promising way to utilize natural gas sources under relatively mild conditions.

253 sted DeltaCH(4) contributions of 56-79% from natural gas sources, 7-31% from landfills, and 4-15% fro

254 be unrelated to the presence of underground natural gas storage areas or unconventional oil/gas prod

255 record emission variability from underground natural gas storage facilities despite substantial contr

256 ssues, advantages, and drawbacks involved in natural gas storage in these two classes of materials ar

257 nding of emission variability at underground natural gas storage sites will improve inventories and m

258 dered to be the most promising materials for natural gas storage, as they exhibit properties such as

259 ying potential methods for safely extracting natural gases stored in naturally occurring hydrates wit

260 tively mitigating methane emissions from the natural gas supply chain requires addressing the disprop

261 ns from liquids unloading, attributed to the natural gas supply chain, across all basins are ~4.8 tim

262 plain the existence of super-emitters in the natural gas supply chain, this work finds that super-emi

263 quantification of methane emissions from the natural gas supply chain, which contribute substantially

264 in inventories of methane emissions from the natural gas supply chain.

265 rns over mitigating methane leakage from the natural gas system have become ever more prominent in re

266 sphere from all downstream components of the natural gas system, including transmission, distribution

267 Variable renewable and natural gas technologies account for nearly all the addi

268 Increasing shares of renewable and natural gas technologies in future national and regional

269 le the economical small-scale utilization of natural gas that is currently flared or stranded, has no

270 ing, but due to the abundant availability of natural gas, there is much recent interest in developing

271 to be converted by indigenous microbes into natural gas, thus demonstrating a potential low carbon r

272 can allow the vast reserves of methane from natural gas to augment or replace oil as the source of f

273 at, in most parts of the U.S., a switch from natural gas to electric heat pumps would raise household

274 Biological conversion of natural gas to liquids (Bio-GTL) represents an immense e

275 lacing power plants with new wind, solar, or natural gas to meet a CO(2) reduction target in the Unit

276 an the RTO for every category for the use of natural gas to produce electricity.

277 e to the currently used process of reforming natural gas to supply H2 needed to upgrade bio-oils to s

278 tified HDVs powered by diesel and compressed natural gas totaling over 6800 miles of on-road operatio

279 t's electric power demand using an auxiliary natural gas turbine-based combined heat and power plant.

280 emerging industries, such as unconventional natural gas (UNG) extraction, could offset stationary so

281 ther biological sources contribute 48% while natural gas usage and other fossil fuel sources contribu

282 A significant barrier to cleaner natural gas usage lies in the safety/efficiency limitati

283 tive natural gas sources that correlate with natural gas usage.

284 government statistics and geospatial data on natural gas use, we find the average fractional loss rat

285 ortation sector is another growing sector of natural gas utilization, and it requires an efficient an

286 found to be most sensitive to the amount of natural gas utilized as feedstock by the steam methane r

287 l-to-wheels methane emissions reductions and natural gas vehicle efficiency improvements would be req

288 By substituting diesel for natural gas, vehicle operators can benefit from reduced

289 Natural gas vehicles (NGVs) have been promoted in China

290 e-way catalyst (TWC) equipped stoichiometric natural gas vehicles emit 96% lower NOx emissions as com

291 ite, using the air emissions associated with natural gas wastewater transport as a case study.

292 ns despite representing only ~0.43% of total natural gas well count.

293 We estimate that natural gas well pad soils account for 4.6 x 10(-4) (1.6

294 ethane hydrocarbons, and carbon dioxide from natural gas well pad soils and from nearby undisturbed s

295 orted from 2007 to 2014 by the regulator for natural gas wellpads in the Marcellus shale region of Pe

296 relationship between household proximity to natural gas wells and reported health symptoms.

297 s limitations in database records of oil and natural gas wells.

298 obioreactors to produce low carbon renewable natural gas, which can be considered carbon neutral, or

299 and reducing global warming.Coalbeds produce natural gas, which has been observed to be enhanced by i

300 gas (ANG) is an alternate storage system of natural gas, which is advantageous as compared to CNG an

301 een indoor burning of biomass, kerosene, and natural gas with the subsequent risk of GI cancers.