ライフサイエンスコーパス: null

1 nd gestational age may be biased towards the null.

2 d variants rendered the protein hypomorph or null.

3 lihood estimator (MLE) is feasible under the null.

4 r, the association with 2-minute sit-ups was null.

5 icted PC scores from SP can be biased toward NULL.

6 etween caffeine consumption and glaucoma was null.

7 ffect estimates in urban areas were close to null.

8 on in the Ddr2 locus to produce an effective null.

9 timated heritability for MDC was essentially null (2%; 95% CI, -8% to 12%).

10 Conditioned-medium from NF2-null ACs or exogenous NRG1 stimulated ERBB3, EPHA2, and

11 Surprisingly, this bias is null after error trials.

12 association for apoA-I was attenuated to the null after mutual adjustment.

13 considered as a highlighted architecture for null aggregates.

14 containing the EDA isoform or contain an EDA-null allele and express only FN lacking EDA, with or wit

15 A transcriptional null allele of exo70a2 also suppressed the hpat1/3 ferti

16 ve mouse mutants, we identified a functional null allele of inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase E (I

17 cells, and cells expressing a Foxp3 reporter null allele revealed that the majority of Foxp3-dependen

18 e in JAZ1, JAZ3, JAZ4, JAZ9, and JAZ10, phyB null alleles only weakly alleviated the growth and repro

19 ail to rescue the loss of Cdk8 and behave as null alleles.

20 or allele rates at each marker, in which the null and alternative hypotheses have no common support.

21 Using null and conditional mutants, we demonstrate that the P.

22 However, in children with GSTM1 null and GSTT1 present, increasing acetaminophen use for

23 Furthermore, in Miwi-null and Miwi slicer-deficient mutants, major and minor

24 U8 mutations in zebrafish revealed that one null and one functional allele contribute to LCC.

25 (-/*) line 12 is due to the combination of a null and the specific haploinsufficient CCR2 allele.

26 decreased blood flow are prevented in AKAP5 null arterial myocytes/arteries.

27 Within-mother modelling showed a null association with intervals of 24-59 months when con

28 There were mostly null associations for men.

29 ter transfer into wild-type recipient, Cosmc-null B cells fail to home to lymph nodes as well as non-

30 d to be increased in Th2 cells with a Trim32 null background.

31 ast GSIS phase was absent from PIs from NOX4-null, beta-cell-specific knockout mice (NOX4betaKO) (tho

32 OLS models estimating SACE were close to the null, beta: 95% CI -4.7: 132.3 to 123.0 g for birthweigh

33 However, no patient with null biallelic mutations has ever been described, and mu

34 ETV2-null blastocysts were injected with human induced plurip

35 Eicosanoid associations with LGA were mostly null, but negative associations were observed with eicos

36 itical care trials biased results toward the null by overestimating control group mortality and power

37 these associations were all attenuated until null by sequential addition of stratification by study a

38 6 and miR-148a enriched in exosomes from FAK-null CAFs contribute to the reduced tumor cell activitie

39 alterations of several exosomal miRs in FAK-null CAFs, and further analysis suggested that miR-16 an

40 ting white blood cells, because of the Duffy-null (CC) genotype at rs2814778 in the ACKR1 gene.

41 abrogated it, and it was not found in Notch1-null CD4 T cells, identifying the Notch pathway as a maj

42 tion assay, (2) expression levels in a Dicer null cell line, and (3) Ago2 pulldown.

43 ORP1-null cells accumulated cholesterol in LEL and had reduce

44 y is a direct result of Ku inhibition, as Ku-null cells are insensitive to Ku-DBi's.

45 Analysis of Ku-null cells demonstrates that Ku-DBi's cellular activity

46 ely, PKA-dependent. Upregulated sites in PKA-null cells include Ser256 of AQP2, which is critical to

47 ysis of the phosphopeptides increased in PKA-null cells indicates that vasopressin activates one or m

48 nterestingly, alternative exon usage by PTEN null cells is increased under metabolic stress in contra

49 Coronin 1C-null cells isolated from this model are more invasive in

50 ines that represent ideal models to study AR-null cells that have upregulated GR to sustain growth.

51 NF2-null cells treated with an ERBB3-neutralizing antibody p

52 The glucose-deprived PTEN null cells were found to continue global gene transcript

53 ration was significantly greater when IQGAP1-null cells were reconstituted with IQGAP1 Y1510A than wh

54 h this observation, reconstitution of IQGAP1-null cells with IQGAP1 GRD-2K significantly increased th

55 ed delivery of cholesterol to the PM in ORP1-null cells, cholesterol was diverted to the ER resulting

56 the cytoplasm in both wild type and isoform-null cells.

57 used in sarcoma (FUS) is higher in Itgalpha1-null cells.

58 ariant, also restored PM cholesterol in ORP1-null cells.

59 ut, implying that drift is not confined to a null coding space.

60 to pesticide self-poisoning, compared with a null comparator.

61 thromboembolism prevention on mortality was null (control group mortality was 3391 [9.8%] of 34 537

62 peared to cancel each other out and led to a null correlation between disagreeableness and power.

63 months, thyroid size was reduced for the Akt null crosses (p < 0.001).

64 To address the role of DDR1 in PDA, Ddr1-null (Ddr(-/-)) mice were crossed with the Kras(G12D/+);

65 ow that the piezo voltage used to maintain a null deflection provides a reliable measure of the local

66 se facilitation or suppression at optimal or null disparity, respectively, even in neurons classified

67 ulated distribution was used to estimate the null distribution of test statistics in order to achieve

68 The (limiting) null distribution of the classical likelihood-ratio stat

69 n measuring permutation importance against a null distribution.

70 red muscle stem cell properties in lamin A/C-null dystrophic mice.

71 for nonobese participants were close to the null [e.g., for an IQR increase in PNC, RR = 1.17 (95% C

72 fects as median risk ratios (RRs), wherein a null effect equals 1, with 95% credible intervals (CrIs)

73 is is accomplished by reconstitution of PTEN-null embryoid bodies with PTEN mutants that lack only PT

74 We used Chd7 null embryonic stem cells (ESCs) derived from Chd7 mutan

75 Wbp11 homozygous null embryos die prior to E8.5, indicating that Wbp11 is

76 Nkx6.2-null embryos, neonates and adult mice exhibited alterati

77 tion of indoles, but to our surprise, almost null enantioselectivity was observed.

78 These AR-null, enzalutamide-responsive cells were characterized b

79 hing a gene knockout-rescue system in a Brd2-null erythroblast cell line, here we compared a series o

80 We found a strong dependency of TRF2-null ES cells on the telomere-associated protein POT1B a

81 parators resulted in hazard ratios below the null, except for vancomycin vs. cefazolin.

82 Herein, we unveil the null exciton character in a series of crystalline Greek

83 emergence of pentacene centric Kasha's ideal null exciton, providing novel insights toward design str

84 oupling regime reassures the universality of null excitonic character in perpendicularly cross-stacke

85 ch responses are measured and lack of robust null expectations.

86 he canal imposes the average flow rate to be null, explaining the reported bidirectionality.

87 WT and FATP2-null (Fatp2 (-/-)) mice (5 weeks) were maintained on a s

88 However, mtrm-null females are sterile [13], and sister chromatid cohe

89 Using CRISPR-Cas9-generated hdac1- or hdac2-null fibroblasts, we determined that HDAC1 and HDAC2 do

90 remainder (n = 6) had a mix of positive and null findings.

91 No study had only null findings.

92 lit-N or Slit-C does not repel axons in Slit-null flies.

93 of flies, anesthesia disrupts rafts and PLD(null) flies resist anesthesia.

94 Results were also null for cardiovascular mortality in the 2 external coho

95 at, relative to controls, skin keratinocytes null for Krt6a/Krt6b or Krt16 exhibit elevated ROS, redu

96 Analysis of mice genetically null for Prnd revealed impaired CNS blood vessel morphog

97 female APP/PS1 transgenic mice, genetically null for the beta2 nAChR subunit gene, showed improved s

98 In this study, we show that an S209A phospho-null Foxo1 exhibited Akt-dependent nuclear trafficking i

99 rent alleles and expressing them in a common null genetic background.

100 Here, we investigate whether the Duffy-null genotype is associated with the risk of infection u

101 h lower average neutrophil counts, the Duffy-null genotype was not associated with an increased risk

102 opposite sides of and could not exclude the null (glimepiride: aHR(Medicaid) 1.17, 95% CI 0.96-1.42;

103 zygous mice were more severely affected than null homozygotes on the same genetic background.

104 variants of human alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), Null Hong Kong (NHK), and Z (ATZ), in Man1b1 knockout HE

105 recent high-throughput kinome screen in NF2-null human arachnoidal and meningioma cells, we showed a

106 creased expression of several ligands in NF2-null human arachnoidal cells (ACs) and the MN cell line

107 Importantly, PTEN null human cancer cells and in vivo murine models are se

108 ften intractable when used to test composite null hypotheses in irregular statistical models.

109 point was objective response rate (ORR); the null hypothesis (<= 5% ORR) would be rejected within eac

110 zation, which is not ideal because often the null hypothesis cannot be rejected simply due to limited

111 l landscapes that can be used as a realistic null hypothesis for making biological discoveries.

112 al offspring genotype distribution under the null hypothesis given the sufficient statistic.

113 We show that this null hypothesis is sufficient to explain the lack of det

114 c nerve stimulation of 23.7 ms (p < 0.001 vs null hypothesis of <88ms).

115 e significantly higher than the prespecified null hypothesis of 40% (P = 0.02 and P = 0.005, respecti

116 We tested, and rejected, the null hypothesis of equal survival and timing of spring m

117 Results fail to confirm the null hypothesis of no association between BCG vaccinatio

118 ion P=0.004, median difference 110 under the null hypothesis of no association between sex and phenot

119 ich the observed data are unusual, given the null hypothesis or other test hypothesis, by translating

120 Simon two-stage design was used to compare a null hypothesis OS3 of 18% against an alternative of 43%

121 The null hypothesis specified a complete response rate of le

122 For instance, some methods test the null hypothesis that there is colocalization, which is n

123 The primary null hypothesis was equal probability of objective respo

124 ret them as probability statements about the null hypothesis.

125 sted against those expected under a suitable null hypothesis.

126 s evaluated using its distribution under the null hypothesis.

127 velop a simple method to test an alternative null hypothesis: that lineage-specific genes do have hom

128 nd degrees-of-freedom are computed, allowing null-hypothesis thresholding at high levels of confidenc

129 To our knowledge, our new Hu-NSG/alpha-Gal(null) is the first available humanized mouse model with

130 new humanized mouse model (Hu-NSG/alpha-Gal(null)) is designed to be used for preclinical evaluation

131 irtually absent (null-null) or impaired (non-null) LDL-receptor activity.

132 The optimal inversion time for nulling long T2 signal is determined by finding minimal

133 ts recapitulated these properties, with AMPK-null macrophages lacking AnxA1-mediated polarization.

134 Optical and electron microscopy of HIPK4-null male germ cells reveals defects in the filamentous

135 MAFR-1 in the male germline, we found mafr-1 null males have smaller spermatids that are less capable

136 erived by breeding male or female dystrophin-null mdx mice with a wild type mate.

137 Thm2-null MEF show normal ciliary dynamics and Hedgehog signa

138 ld-type mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs), CRT null MEFs were unresponsive.

139 Interaction of SUB2-null merozoites with RBCs leads to either abortive invas

140 or (VDR) only in the distal intestine of VDR null mice (KO/TG mice) results in the normalization of s

141 of pathology in dystrophic mice, dystrophin-null mice (mdx(betageo)) presented with a mildly exacerb

142 We find that Slc44a2 null mice (Slc44a2(KO)) have increased bleeding times an

143 In human beta-globin transgenic Eto2 null mice and in human CD34+ erythroid progenitor cells

144 t patterns downstream of single cones in Bax null mice and may serve to maintain constancy in both th

145 A and completely rescue both survival of Smn null mice and motor neuron electrophysiology demonstrati

146 Importantly, Wbp11 heterozygous null mice are small and exhibit defects in axial skeleto

147 MHCII(hi)-immune cells in tumors from Gpr81-null mice compared with tumors from wild-type mice.

148 Tumor growth was suppressed in Gpr81-null mice compared with wild-type mice.

149 Homozygous null mice demonstrated significantly prolonged survival

150 Here, we show that Atxn1-null mice develop a more severe experimental autoimmune

151 Independent studies have shown that Sox3 null mice exhibit a spermatogenic block as young adults,

152 nsistent with computational predictions, Id3-null mice exhibit increased numbers of cells expressing

153 oss of MyHC-emb function in vitro Adult Myh3 null mice exhibit scoliosis, a characteristic phenotype

154 The protection of Galpha(z)-null mice from HFD-induced diabetes is beta-cell autonom

155 tudy was carried out with wild-type and CT-1 null mice in fed (ad libitum) and food-restricted condit

156 ts from HFD-fed beta cell-specific Galpha(z)-null mice is significantly improved as compared with isl

157 autonomous, as beta cell-specific Galpha(z)-null mice phenocopy the full-body KOs.

158 ure rates are significantly delayed in TSG-6-null mice relative to wildtype mice.

159 Opn5-null mice show overactive BAT, increased body temperatur

160 Furthermore, Prkcz null mice showed compromised AD-like phenotypes in the M

161 r formation observed in p53(5KR/5KR) and p53-null mice was suppressed upon the treatment of the mTOR

162 Gm15441-null mice were developed and shown to be more susceptibl

163 se to VRS using TRPV1 antagonism or in Trpv1 null mice while the response to passive stretch remains

164 PF-06869206 had no effect on Npt2a-null mice, but promoted phosphate excretion and reduced

165 In the PNS of Caspr-null mice, diffusion trapping mediated by the NF186 ecto

166 consistent with normal adipose mass in GPAT3-null mice, GPAT3 inhibition did not prevent the formatio

167 nocyte and fibroblast migration in the Rhamm-null mice, indicating that RHAMM suppresses keratinocyte

168 HSC aging and inflammation in young miR-146a-null mice, preceding development of aging-associated mye

169 orotic phenotype that is very similar to opg-null mice, suggesting that the antiresorption activity o

170 tor, nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBTI), and ENT1-null mice, we demonstrated that ENT blockade elevated lu

171 ased delta opioid receptor activity in Gpr88 null mice, we investigated the impact of GPR88 co-expres

172 elay in the onset of prostate cancer in Pten-null mice, whereas Kdm5b loss alone caused no morphologi

173 the complex pathological phenotypes of FUT8 null mice, which display defects in cellular signaling,

174 ked the defective hypoxic responses of Epas1-null mice.

175 tagonist or is completely abolished in Trpv1 null mice.

176 mammary fat pad of wild-type mice and Gpr81-null mice.

177 expression in the cortex of WT but not MMP-9-null mice.

178 ed adipose tissue lipid mobilization in CT-1 null mice.

179 emperature in wild-type mice but not in Opn5-null mice.

180 -wounding but are completely absent in TSG-6-null mice.

181 in WT versus paranode defective (i.e., Caspr-null) mice.

182 lymphatic valve function utilizes the servo-null micropressure system, which is highly accurate and

183 ssembly mechanisms by phylogenetic bin-based null model analysis (iCAMP).

184 o sex-limited gene expression is the correct null model for tests of molecular evolution of reproduct

185 We derive a null model for the network based on the signal contribut

186 genomic data, a framework for an appropriate null model remains elusive.

187 for by a DDM with value modulation than by a null model without value modulation.

188 Our approach represents an appropriate null model, against which the effects of positive select

189 Without such a null model, the role of adaptive processes in shaping wi

190 result from a slight misspecification of the null model.

191 or two constraint models and a random wiring null model.

192 Based upon null modeling results, we show that stochastic processes

193 results with transcriptome analysis on Mecp2-null models and cells derived from a patient with RTT, c

194 based on the comparison between permutation null models and the empirical networks.

195 en the difficulty of predicting extinctions, null models provide useful benchmarks for conservation p

196 As a result, neutrally stochastic null models such as the SAR and rarefaction are likely t

197 anslated at different levels in WT and Upf3b-null mOSNs.

198 ly per unit length over mitochondria in Drp1-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) compared to wild

199 Moreover, we report that LEC-specific Reln-null mouse embryos develop smaller hearts, that RELN is

200 ified 155 that reduced the viability of Pkd1-null mouse kidney cells with minimal effects on wild-typ

201 Additionally, we use a Sox3 null mouse model to define a potential role for this fac

202 analyzed subcellular transcriptomes of FMRP-null mouse neuronal cells to identify transcripts that d

203 allenged with the wild type (W83) and the SL-null mutant (W83 DeltaSPT), the SL-null strain elicited

204 pe CpRbp1 allele and another with the CpRbp1-null mutant allele.

205 Arabidopsis CGEP null mutant alleles (cgep) had no visible phenotype but

206 Nicotiana benthamiana (Nb) is a natural null mutant carrying Rcr3 and Pip1 alleles with deleteri

207 A pix-1 null mutant has a reduced level of activated Rac in musc

208 We found that a null mutant in aafA, the major subunit of AAF/II, adhere

209 We studied dysbindin-1 null mutant mice (Dys(-/-)) to shed light on retinal neu

210 Constitutive Lpar1 null mutant mice are protected from partial sciatic nerv

211 Constitutive Lpar1 null mutant mice have been instrumental in identifying r

212 d both heterozygous and homozygous D252H and null mutant mice using behavioural and motor phenotyping

213 Dot1l is an essential gene, as homozygous null mutant mouse embryos exhibit multiple developmental

214 eneration of an Lpar1(flox/flox) conditional null mutant mouse that allows for cre-mediated condition

215 failed to recapitulate the single or double null mutant phenotypes.

216 Here, we show that pancreas-specific Hnf1a null mutant transcriptomes phenocopy those of Kdm6a muta

217 ons, we transformed the embryo-lethal tps1-1 null mutant with various forms of TPS1 and with a hetero

218 allele of Fgfr2 that broadly phenocopies the null mutant.

219 down of for in pr1 cells phenocopies the for null mutant.

220 replacement resulted in two putative CpRbp1-null mutants and genotype analyses identified these two

221 ing murine palate development, and Tgf-beta3 null mutants develop cleft palate with 100% penetrance.

222 is is supported by our observations that tim null mutants exhibit reduced incidence of reproductive d

223 AvrPtoB phospho-null mutants exhibited compromised virulence functions a

224 underscores the importance of employing true null mutants in genetic complementation studies.

225 plementation test with CRISPR/Cas9-generated null mutants in nonstandard wild accessions.

226 ent Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cepr1 null mutants showed disproportionately large reductions

227 r mammalian Piezo1 in these neurons of piezo-null mutants suppresses the overconsumption phenotype.

228 Phosphoproteomic comparison of TbDYRK null mutants with wild-type parasites identified molecul

229 In contrast to pleiotropic null mutants, only pollen numbers are significantly affe

230 nome stability in larval neuroblasts of mps1-null mutants.

231 mesodermal defects that phenocopy brachyury null mutants.

232 embryonic lethality of GPI biosynthesis gene null mutants.

233 ion of a library of 484 transcription factor null mutants.

234 By analyzing Ascl-1(null) mutants we dissociated the neurogenic defects obse

235 In the mouse, donor liver CC1 null mutation augmented IRI-OLT (CC1-KO->WT) by enhancin

236 This study evaluated the effect of Msx2-null mutation during experimental periodontitis in mice.

237 Here, mice carrying a null mutation in Sost were analyzed using quantitative m

238 ces of this study are the demonstration that null mutation in the axon guidance molecule EphA4 gene i

239 he sterility and premature aging caused by a null mutation in the single worm lamin homolog.

240 wn and kinase inhibition approaches, as Plk1 null mutations are embryonically lethal.

241 PSEN1 null mutations do not cause EOfAD.

242 Null mutations in the FGF receptor heartless (htl), or i

243 cause B vitamins are essential for survival, null mutations often have embryo lethal phenotypes that

244 nally, intracranial infection of ZIKV in APP-null neonatal mice resulted in higher mortality and vira

245 e-expression of SUMO-modified MeCP2 in Mecp2-null neurons rescues synaptic and behavioral deficits in

246 tage-gated sodium channel currents in Jedi-1 null neurons.

247 In addition, Ars2 null NSCs can still transition into post-mitotic neurons

248 e System (hSIS)-humanized NOD-scid IL2Rgamma(null) (NSG) mouse and Sprague-Dawley-Rag2(tm2hera) Il2rg

249 ished a diabetic humanized NOD-scidIL2Rgamma(null) (NSG) mouse model of T-cell-mediated human islet a

250 acy in the P. falciparum NOD-scid IL-2Rgamma(null) (NSG) mouse model.

251 ic variants that result in virtually absent (null-null) or impaired (non-null) LDL-receptor activity.

252 e the distribution of these scores under the null of uncorrelated technical noise has an accurate gam

253 ct estimates attenuated substantially to the null on accounting for apolipoprotein B.

254 elative amounts of FL BRCA2 exhibited either null or hypomorphic phenotypes.

255 st immune reconstitution in mice with either null or hypomorphic Rag mutations while preserving thymi

256 DSPN were positive in obese participants but null or inverse for nonobese participants, with pinterac

257 file for PRD mutations that is distinct from null or KD mutations.

258 accination modifies T1D development, finding null or protective associations.

259 of-function alleles rather than the expected null or severe hypomorphic alleles.

260 hip between caffeine intake and glaucoma was null (P >= 0.1).

261 Indeed, Rac1-null PC3 prostate cancer cells or cancer models with low

262 ject to compensation, or may fail to yield a null phenotype due to leakiness (e.g. use of cryptic spl

263 s EphA7 extracellular domain will rescue the null phenotype in vitro, and will also enhance commitmen

264 erapeutic target for DLBCL patients with ATM null phenotype.

265 o regulate cell growth following stress, few null phenotypes for TA systems have been reported.

266 ETV2-null pig embryos lacked hematoendothelial lineages and w

267 eas cost-infliction affordances were weak or null predictors.

268 duced neuroendocrine differentiation of Pten null prostate adenocarcinoma, corroborates that the line

269 What can account for this null relationship?

270 till be at substantial risk for a spuriously null result.

271 r behaviour and the importance of publishing null results to build cumulative knowledge about how to

272 d longer seedling shoots and roots, than the null segregant (NS) controls.

273 -loop validation, using stimuli lying in the null space of the linear receptive field, revealed stron

274 nd the SL-null mutant (W83 DeltaSPT), the SL-null strain elicited a robust inflammatory response (ele

275 Furthermore, we show that CD4(+)CD28(null) T cells represent a highly reactive subset showing

276 by three commonly used strategies-definitive-null, targeted knockout (KO)-first, and CRISPR/Cas9.

277 overed that telomerase reverse transcriptase null (Tert(-/-)) mESCs exhibit genome-wide alterations i

278 els were an order of magnitude higher in PKA-null than in PKA-intact cells, indicative of a PKA-depen

279 s expressed higher levels of STING, and PTEN-null TNBC cell lines were hyperresponsive to STING agoni

280 PTEN-null TNBC cells expressing a phosphomimetic version of R

281 Consistent with this data, PTEN-null TNBC tumors expressed higher levels of STING, and P

282 ion experiments in isogenic TP53-WT and TP53-null (TP53(-/-)) cell lines.

283 under animals that show suppression of Mecp2-null traits from screening 3177 Mecp2/Y genomes.

284 iven genetic data indicating that bi-allelic null U8 alleles are likely incompatible with human devel

285 ith elevated HRs, but with CIs including the null value, for myocardial infarction (incidence rate, 3

286 54), with confidence intervals including the null value.

287 can still be observed for the CAMTA3 phospho-null variant of the MAPK-modified sites, suggesting addi

288 noglobulin G1 (IgG1) versus those given a Fc-Null variant of the same antibody.

289 ncluded the common alleles, identified three null variants and one variant with reduced and nine with

290 r-predisposition gene, that certain presumed null variants can retain function due to their impact on

291 Allele frequencies of all TRDN null variants identified in the cardiac-specific isoform

292 dings support a role for non-pathogenic ROM1 null variants in contributing to phenotypic variability

293 mia disorder caused by recessively inherited null variants in TRDN-encoded cardiac triadin.

294 These genes, derepressed in PRC2-null villus cells, remain silent in intestinal stem cell

295 Here, we generated an ORF66-null virus and confirmed that it fails to produce late g

296 h antibodies in comparison to gB from the gC-null virus, suggesting that gC hampers the recognition o

297 T had higher latency reactivation than a LAT-null virus.

298 sed to obtain the optimal inversion time for nulling water signals using STAIR-UTE imaging at differe

299 Reintroduction of TSG-6 into TSG-6-null wounds rescues both the delay in wound closure and

300 cal trial design may bias results toward the null, yielding findings inconclusive for treatment effec