ライフサイエンスコーパス: observer

1 of both the "Target" and, by extension, the "Observer".

2 le (images in, estimates out) Bayesian ideal observer.

3 dicted by this reliability-weighted TM (RTM) observer.

4 followed by GAT readings by a second masked observer.

5 itive control the environment affords to the observer.

6 the relevance and locus of the threat to the observer.

7 ral backgrounds is also predicted by the RTM observer.

8 ce between the algorithm and the independent observer.

9 hen this TM observer is the Bayesian optimal observer.

10 nds on their orientation with respect to the observer.

11 t of 13 possible topics, recorded by trained observers.

12 ver correlation (precision) was 0.95 between observers.

13 pared with the median of the remaining seven observers.

14 easurements between TT and two masked manual observers.

15 , and the urothelium was annotated by expert observers.

16 ponses in color-anomalous and normal control observers.

17 ate it's use for research involving multiple observers.

18 were performed in two rounds by two trained observers.

19 ess agreement among measurements and between observers.

20 r severe air pollution compared with Chinese observers.

21 sing non-stereoscopic cues than neurotypical observers.

22 ral face discrimination responses across all observers.

23 s was performed independently by two blinded observers.

24 ion models do not consider variation between observers.

25 were manually annotated by five experienced observers.

26 Observers (10 female, 5 male) reported rivalrous, fused,

27 However, most of what we know from ideal observers about visual processing and performance derive

28 On a lesion level (dichotomous scale), the observers agreed on the number and location of bone meta

29 Inter-observer agreement for detection of mrTDs was kappa0.77

30 Inter-observer agreement for mrTD was measured using Cohen's K

31 hted kappa coefficients for inter- and intra-observer agreement for the group of radiologists and bet

32 We determined that level of inter-observer agreement in the LR-1, LR-5, and LR-5V categori

33 The overall inter-observer agreement of WB-DWIBS in the detection of osseo

34 Observer agreement was assessed by intraclass correlatio

35 Inter-observer agreement was assessed for the detection of oss

36 Intra- and inter-observer agreement was excellent (ICC >0.99) and highly

37 Observer agreement, sensitivity, specificity, and diagno

38 Image-computable ideal observer analyses underlie some of the most important re

39 ility of the definition of the LAA ostium, 3 observers analyzed all time frames in each patient 3 tim

40 ) and three control models (distance between observer and actor, number of people, HMAX-C1), we found

41 Additionally, the high intra-observer and inter-observer variability in grading can r

42 Normal observers and a placebo control showed no such changes i

43 es on CT scans were visually assessed by two observers and categorized as showing improvement, stabil

44 reement with findings from eight independent observers and generalized well to external data.

45 Correlation between these observers and the expert (accuracy) was 0.94 and 0.97 re

46 odules may be inconsistent between different observers and time consuming for radiologists.

47 nto subsystems is a subjective choice of the observer, and hence should not affect the predictions of

48 elevated LV filling pressure was 92% for all observers, and specificity was 93+/-6%.

49 otential, a late slow wave that appears when observers are aware of a stimulus, but disappears when a

50 When observers are aware of simple visual stimuli, the P3b is

51 om various paradigms traditionally show that observers are aware of surprisingly little of the world

52 fixation behavior, while differences between observers are interpreted as a "noise-ceiling" that stri

53 r, we found that the P3b does not track what observers are perceiving, but instead tracks what observ

54 imuli, the P3b is nowhere to be found unless observers are reporting the contents of their experience

55 vers are perceiving, but instead tracks what observers are reporting.

56 e, while 2D radiographs interpreted by human observers are still the gold standard for clinical trial

57 pendently to each eye of 11 normally-sighted observers as they fixated a target dot presented only to

58 The observer assessed 27 of 30 images reconstructed with 30

59 ameters of the entrance pupil ellipse for an observer at an arbitrary location.

60 Eight of 11 observers attained 5 degrees asymmetric convergence and

61 ity in association with, and do not consider observer-based functional outcomes related to distress.

62 s is extremely time-consuming and subject to observer bias.

63 exquisitely detailed information with little observer bias.

64 urements to increase throughput and minimize observer biases.

65 We conducted a randomized, observer-blind, comparator-controlled (trivalent high-do

66 VAC-Nepal is a large-scale, participant- and observer-blind, individually randomized, controlled tria

67 This randomized, observer-blind, multicenter, phase 2 study evaluated the

68 This Phase I, randomized, observer-blind, placebo- and active-controlled study eva

69 In this completed, observer-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase I t

70 ity data from an ongoing placebo-controlled, observer-blinded dose-escalation study (ClinicalTrials.g

71 nse data from an ongoing placebo-controlled, observer-blinded phase I/II coronavirus disease 2019 (CO

72 on longer-term AVF patency, we performed an observer-blinded randomized controlled trial at three un

73 diphtheria toxoid vaccine in a multicenter, observer-blinded trial.

74 OPICS1) was a single-center, 1:1 randomized, observer-blinded, active-comparator-controlled, superior

75 In an ongoing, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded, dose-escalation, phase 1 trial conduct

76 We did a randomised, observer-blinded, phase 1 study in healthy adults in two

77 n ongoing multinational, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded, pivotal efficacy trial, we randomly as

78 This phase 3 randomized, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled trial was conducted

79 r-blinded, phase 2 noninferiority trial with observer blinding for osocimab doses, conducted at 54 ho

80 atients with PCa was very high among trained observers, both on a patient level and on a lesion level

81 those who previously punished as third-party observers but not those who punished as victims.

82 's (IATTC) tropical tuna purse-seine fishery observer bycatch database (2005-2015).

83 sks with natural stimuli and shows how these observers can be used to predict and understand perceptu

84 Observers can use monocular cues to deceive some of the

85 on that encodes predominantly the outcome of observers' causal inference (i.e., common vs separate ca

86 Fisheries observers collected data on the elasmobranch bycatch fro

87 in terms of Bayesian inference, whereby the observer computes the probability that the whole entity

88 dary extension, a memory distortion in which observers consistently recall a scene with visual inform

89 Inter-observer correlation (precision) was 0.95 between observ

90 Intra-observer correlation for the expert was 0.98.

91 Healthy observers could detect sinusoidal gratings formed by the

92 sets that include mandatory vessel logbooks, observer datasets, and high-resolution geospatial vessel

93 On each trial, observers decided whether signals come from common or se

94 icting EPE and BRFS with a similar degree of observer dependence.(C) RSNA, 2020Keywords: MR-Imaging,

95 STATEMENT When engaging in face recognition, observers deploy idiosyncratic fixation patterns to samp

96 mated in digital images correlate with human observer detection-localization performance for signals

97 tomics studies, yet this process is prone to observer error and bias.

98 ation experiments are laborious and prone to observer errors, leading to the necessity for automated

99 We tested the accuracy and reliability of observers' estimates of the visual direction of previous

100 9) and highly significant independent of the observer, evaluation round, and CBCT section thickness.

101 close spatial and temporal succession, human observers experience a percept of apparent motion.

102 In a qualitative observer experiment, an enriched set of 100 scan-pairs w

103 In the most extreme case, almost a third of observers failed to notice when less than 5% of the visu

104 a 100-image subset with two groups of human observers: fellowship-trained radiologists and orthopedi

105 Human observers (female and male) judged stimuli presented wit

106 agnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study human observers (female and male) were presented with synchron

107 lar, reporting mechanism by longline fishery observers (fishery-dependent data).

108 ents were obtained with the Icare ic200 by 1 observer followed by GAT readings by a second masked obs

109 rver precision and correlated with an expert observer for accuracy.

110 or elevation map patterns were assessed by 1 observer for loss of regular isopachs, displacement of t

111 nt efforts to develop image-computable ideal observers for a range of tasks with natural stimuli and

112 tion of images was rated as excellent by the observers for kits than for modules (45% vs. 34%).

113 OCT images were evaluated independently by 3 observers for number of detached layers (1 or 2), reflec

114 xtensive training on the saccade task, these observers gradually acquired the ability to perform simi

115 cue indicated the grating whose orientation observers had to discriminate.

116 The British observers have a stronger negative response under severe

117 Observers have tended to infer their effectiveness from

118 We find that, like the ideal observer, human observers take a region-based approach t

119 nding on their behavioural relevance for the observer (i.e. edible or inedible objects).

120 Observers identified targets with various emergent featu

121 ultiplicity of crowding was then tested with observers identifying both features.

122 Thus, it would be advantageous to an observer if encountering or working on a feature from a

123 Obvious artifacts were found by an untrained observer in 13.6% and 6.4% of the synthetic mediolateral

124 Results There was absolute agreement among observers in 573 (68.2%) of 840 observations.

125 d head-mounted virtual reality (VR) to place observers in immersive, dynamic real-world environments,

126 we recorded vergence eye movements from ten observers in response to four types of stimuli that isol

127 ata collected opportunistically by fisheries observers in the Azores archipelago.

128 We suggest that visual observers increase their survey effort to all of Decembe

129 Two experienced observers independently evaluated the (18)F-NaF PET/CT s

130 ere camera-trapped on 40 occasions and eight observers independently identified individuals and recap

131 By contrast, informed by observers' inferred causal structure, the FEF-IPS circui

132 Our results show that observers integrate audiovisual inputs weighted by senso

133 How observers integrate contrast modulation across orientati

134 dash cam video, which corresponds with lower observer intentionality judgments.

135 s using a staircase procedure while a set of observers intentionally attended to the periphery.

136 datasets from multiple species with minimal observer interference.

137 patient was determined across the different observers (interobserver) and within each observer's own

138 ceptual expertise for a class of stimuli, an observer invariably encounters novel exemplars from this

139 An ideal observer is a theoretical model observer that performs a

140 al activation between conditions in which an observer is or is not aware of a stimulus.

141 s uniform in the target region, then this TM observer is the Bayesian optimal observer.

142 edibly documented by a contemporary Japanese observer, is a plausible contributor to the elevated sul

143 focal actor may introduce unique effects on observer judgment, this research establishes an empirica

144 true physical surface reliefs, against which observers' judgments could be compared.

145 In contrast, when observers learn under more natural conditions, they make

146 r psychophysical experiments, in which human observers localized auditory signals that were presented

147 In visual search tasks, observers look for targets among distractors.

148 For nonvarying phase motion, observers made large errors in heading judgments.

149 his end, we manipulated whether or not human observers (male and female) covertly attended the locati

150 nd recording neural activity using MEG while observers (male and female) were acquiring and exploitin

151 fter intervention videos were assessed by an observer masked to time point.

152 graphics and multimodal imaging features, by observers masked to the original diagnoses.

153 In this observer-masked, randomised controlled trial treatment-n

154 hues, yet previous work suggests that these observers may experience the world to be more colorful t

155 ately Bayesian to simple heuristics-that the observers may have adopted to update their beliefs about

156 In the real world, observers may search for multiple classes of target in c

157 . observers' mean was lower than between any observers' mean against each other in the ONL (0.77 +/-

158 ent analysis showed that bias between TT vs. observers' mean was lower than between any observers' me

159 ork to determine how well ALAN accounted for observer metrics compared to other commonly used metrics

160 Observers misclassified 12.5% of all capture occasions,

161 sion cannot be captured by an ideal Bayesian observer model alone.

162 We examined both an optimal observer model and an approximate Bayesian model in whic

163 Instead, it is well captured by an ideal observer model with efficient encoding and Bayesian deco

164 sing a non-prewhitening-matched mathematical observer model with eye filter (d'(NPWE)), task transfer

165 across cues, in accordance with the optimal observer model.

166 We recorded EEG from an observer monitoring two individuals who were occasionall

167 he AAo and MPA, relative differences between observers never exceeded 6% in any vessel and showed exc

168 ntify lesion-detection performance for human observers, no significant differences were observed for

169 The algorithm and the independent observer obtained comparable Dice scores (P = .834) on t

170 ention shifts to locations within and beyond observers' oculomotor range via their disruptive, attent

171 As soon as an observer opens their eyes, they have the immediate impre

172 n both partners were measured by independent observers or separately in space and time (mean r = 0.01

173 were either the concordant grades of the two observers or the majority grades, including those given

174 Our results suggest that what observers perceive when auditory and visual signals inte

175 o engage in velocity-based synchrony affects observers' perception of coordination and their aestheti

176 itical question by studying task-based human observer performance in detecting and localizing signals

177 2020Keywords: MR-Imaging, Neoplasms-Primary, Observer Performance, Outcomes Analysis, Prostate, Stagi

178 Observers performed a task in which they executed a sacc

179 Observers performed a yes/no detection task in which tex

180 Human observers performed an antisaccade task in which they we

181 Observers performed an orientation discrimination task.

182 so that the standard template-matching (TM) observer performs equally well whether or not the noise

183 An image-computable ideal observer (pixels in, estimates out) is a particularly po

184 miners, correlated with each other for inter-observer precision and correlated with an expert observe

185 se boundaries in an attempt to improve inter-observer precision.

186 116, 1592-1602 (2016)], most observers preferentially integrated information from loc

187 d estimated bias parameters that depended on observers' previous choices.

188 sed to improve the vision of color-deficient observers principally modify the illuminant and are larg

189 In addition, an experienced observer qualitatively assessed the SPECT image quality

190 y CT [DECT, n = 20]) studies were evaluated: observers quantified CT patterns (including the extent o

191 Observers rated from 1 to 10 (worst to best) for edge de

192 Two independent observers rated the success of the tool to delineate MTV

193 t perspectives reflected in self-reports and observer ratings.

194 ptual novelty, that determined whether adult observers' reaction times reliably reflected the agent's

195 Observers received two successive TMS pulses around thei

196 represented in a world-relative rather than observer-relative reference frame.

197 mizes precision, report the intra- and inter-observer reliability, and to advocate it's use for resea

198 Here we show that, for adult observers, reliably manifesting an ability to track anot

199 cortex reflect the sensory uncertainty that observers rely on in their decisions, providing critical

200 As a result, many observers remain skeptical of initiatives such as the Eu

201 A second observer repeated the measurements.

202 During 2008-2016, observers reported 1326 marine debris items intercepted

203 Observers reported either the target direction (clockwis

204 Meanwhile, on half of the trials, observers reported the contents of their perceptual expe

205 ector (~250 m) suggesting that marine debris observer reporting focused in this sector may be most ef

206 However, relying on observers' reports is problematic because it is difficul

207 ng CMR-FT had fair and good intra- and inter-observer reproducibility and had superior reproducibilit

208 Each eye was measured by 2 observers, resulting in 100 videos.

209 Three observers reviewed all biopsies to assess the nature and

210 impact of changes in image texture on human observer's ability to perform signal detection and local

211 s information on gaze direction, guiding the observer's attention to the relevant object, has remaine

212 Faces attract the observer's attention toward objects and locations of int

213 are markedly less effective at orienting an observer's attention when they are seen as deflected in

214 o significant differences between TT and any observer's average outer nuclear layer (ONL) (p = 0.998)

215 w this information is encoded and used by an observer's brain is poorly understood.

216 nal excitability is easily suppressed by the observer's expectations about object weight and that thi

217 P300 is modulated by any factor affecting an observer's expectations, not only target probability.

218 s and this signal is then used to update the observer's expectations.

219 et's level of distress and the impact of the Observer's familiarity with the Target on empathic behav

220 nd of representation of the scene and of the observer's location but the form this might take is deba

221 Observation of object lifting activates the observer's motor system in a weight-specific fashion: Co

222 nt observers (interobserver) and within each observer's own data sets (intraobserver).

223 ce is that after signals compatible with the observer's self-motion are suppressed, the direction of

224 llax and disparity signals attributed to the observer's self-motion.

225 instead suggest that confidence reflects the observer's subjective probability that they made the bes

226 les) how motor resonance is altered when the observer's weight expectations, based on visual informat

227 In the visual masking paradigm, observers saw images of animals and objects that were vi

228 Q-5D), surgical scar assessment (Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale), and chronic pain (Doule

229 To answer this, we let observers search for two colored targets among distracto

230 e movements using EEG and eye tracking while observers searched for multiple possible targets.

231 Observers showed a pessimism bias toward the presented a

232 Our human observer studies involve localization ROC (LROC) studies

233 Three pediatric radiologists performed an observer study to assess anatomic structures with low ob

234 Here, in a within-observer study with five separate experiments, we demons

235 his information is limited by methodology or observer subjectivity.

236 Two observers supervised automated quantification of T2-weig

237 ion status, the presence of halo and overall observer suspicion of malignancy) and were correlated wi

238 cifications, ill-defined borders and overall observer suspicion or impression (defined by well-known

239 We find that, like the ideal observer, human observers take a region-based approach to the orientatio

240 ut) is a particularly powerful type of ideal observer that explicitly models the flow of visual infor

241 An ideal observer is a theoretical model observer that performs a specific sensory-perceptual tas

242 When compared with the accuracy of human observers, the accuracy of the model achieved an expert-

243 adigm to assess the emotional valence of the observer to determine whether emotional contagion had oc

244 eous in complex environments, by allowing an observer to use information about its own behavior to in

245 cted in random order by 2 independent masked observers to assess the deep learning model as well as i

246 Color adaptation was measured by asking observers to identify 'unique yellow', appearing neither

247 Next, we asked observers to indicate whether all presented items were i

248 investigated whether communicative cues help observers to make sense of human interaction.

249 When we adapted human observers to moving light edges or dark edges, we could

250 l this gap, we measured the ability of human observers to report the speed of natural textures-which

251 Can observers track sudden changes in probability?

252 nk brain activity with perceptual awareness, observers traditionally report the contents of their per

253 with or without Matrix-M1 adjuvant, and with observers unaware of trial-group assignments) in 131 hea

254 or VOT observation records were completed by observers until treatment or study end.

255 Eight observers used CO-RADS to assess the scans.

256 ovea, ocular cycloposition was assessed by 2 observers using 5 fundus photographs and 5 FoDi analyses

257 est as well as subjectively by 2 independent observers using a 4-point scale.

258 Mean difference between the 2 observers using automated GAT videos was -0.3 mmHg (LoA,

259 chieved or approximated more simply by human observers using heuristic approaches.

260 Mean difference between the 2 observers using standard GAT was 0.09 mmHg (LoA,-3.8 to

261 rate as manual measurements, with less inter-observer variability and faster throughput.

262 harmonized, leading to a reduction of inter-observer variability by 30%.

263 of cardiac cycles and has considerable inter-observer variability despite years of training(4,5).

264 In addition, we tested inter-observer variability in atrial biopsies from the CATCH-M

265 itionally, the high intra-observer and inter-observer variability in grading can result in overtreatm

266 rmodality agreement and intra- as well inter-observer variability were assessed.

267 onsiderably simplify TMTV estimation, reduce observer variability, and facilitate the use of TMTV as

268 timation method has been shown to have inter-observer variability.

269 Female and male human observers viewed low- or high-passed images of round or

270 In this experiment, observers viewed stimulus videos and performed a forced-

271 greement between interpretations of 1 masked observer was assessed (percentage, and kappa-statistic w

272 vertical distances of a visual target to an observer was investigated in parabolic flight during alt

273 The kappa statistic between the two observers was 0.74 (95% CI, 0.57-0.91) representing subs

274 Agreement between the observers was almost perfect on a patient level (3-categ

275 Overall agreement between the six observers was fair, with a kappa coefficient of 0.65 for

276 Agreement with the eight human observers was moderate to substantial, with mean linearl

277 No significant variation between observers was observed (ICC = 0.89, p < 0.001).

278 the movement (i.e. towards or away from the observer) was found to be critical for the recognition o

279 Additionally, for every observer we obtained an objective index of neural face d

280 g discrimination experiments with three male observers, we confirm this link and determine the quanti

281 contrast modulates then the Bayesian optimal observer weights the template at each pixel location by

282 splacement discrimination improved such that observers were able to see shifts as during fixation.

283 lue was calculated, and scores of individual observers were compared with the median of the remaining

284 Observers were given either an informative precue to att

285 Displacement discrimination thresholds of observers were high after participants were exposed to a

286 nt with scores assigned by eight independent observers were measured using receiver operating charact

287 esulted in a bias to do the opposite of what observers were motivated and paid to do, with associativ

288 We found that observers were often completely unaware of these drastic

289 Still, we found that observers were unaware when a large portion of their fie

290 y grades, including those given by the third observer, were correlated with patient outcomes in each

291 involves subtle facial muscle activation in observers when they perceive the facial emotional expres

292 systematically; predictions were better for observers who gave more extreme ratings to images subseq

293 ctions were tested psychophysically in human observers, whose measured differences in the diameters o

294 and were rated as more beautiful, providing observers with a stronger aesthetic experience.

295 have been proposed to improve the vision of observers with color vision deficiencies [1].

296 exposure to enhanced chromatic contrasts in observers with reduced spectral discrimination.

297 Eleven observers wore bright red glasses for five 1-hr periods

298 after such discovery, an initially agnostic observer would be led to conclude that there are more th

299 bition of the recruited neural circuits, the observer would perform the corresponding downstream acti

300 A Bayes-optimal observer would take the level of sensory uncertainty int