ライフサイエンスコーパス: optic disc

1 er beyond the standard areas surrounding the optic disc.

2 on the pathogenesis of rare diseases of the optic disc.

3 s traction and adhesion above the macula and optic disc.

4 covering a 1.5 x 2-mm2 area centered at the optic disc.

5 than 4 times as often as progression in the optic disc.

6 1.3, 1.5, and 1.7 mm from the center of the optic disc.

7 l coherence tomography imaging of macula and optic disc.

8 ain axon growth into the fiber layer and the optic disc.

9 re followed up with FD-OCT cube scans of the optic disc.

10 eering, Heidelberg, Germany) scanning of the optic disc.

11 led by retrograde biocytin labeling from the optic disc.

12 g the disease based on the appearance of the optic disc.

13 hyperreflective opacity as a cap on the left optic disc.

14 lial cells as they migrate radially from the optic disc.

15 stoid macular edema not originating from the optic disc.

16 The scans were centered on optic discs.

17 tool for patients with glaucoma with myopic optic discs.

18 y, hyperopia, short axial length and crowded optic discs.

19 6.0, 10.1, 10.2 mm) (P < 0.001), distance to optic disc (3, 5, 5, 5 mm) (P < 0.001), distance to fove

20 nner (2.2 vs. 2.7 mm), more distant from the optic disc (3.2 vs. 2.5 mm) and foveola (4.0 vs. 2.0 mm)

21 87%, P < 0.001), increased mean distance to optic disc (3.3 vs. 5.0 mm, P < 0.001) and foveola (3.1

22 ively; P < 0.001), greater distance from the optic disc (3.5 vs.

23 on (62%), optic disc drusen (47%), anomalous optic discs (44%), isolated optic neuritis (19%), and op

24 s (N = 80) strabismus (88% versus 64%), pale optic discs (65% versus 27%) and visual field defects (7

25 l glaucoma and optical nerve hypoplasia, and optic disc abnormalities.

26 The ability to capture the perimeter of the optic disc accurately can be limited in the setting of p

27 The eye underwent 3 scans centered on the optic disc and another 3 scans centered on the macula th

28 red to control eyes was largest close to the optic disc and approximated the level of controls toward

29 t basal diameter, and tumor distances to the optic disc and fovea were 7.6, 12.8, 5.2, and 4.6 mm, re

30 etina, depending on location relative to the optic disc and fovea.

31 mean blood flow velocity index (BFVi) in the optic disc and in each of multiple arterial and venous s

32 aturity is located asymmetrically around the optic disc and is closest to the optic disc nasally.

33 ach ON at 2 locations (5 mm posterior to the optic disc and just posterior to the optic canal) in pat

34 in the retinal nerve fiber layer around the optic disc and macula in patients with cerebral vein thr

35 l coherence tomography (SDOCT) images of the optic disc and macula regions at baseline and at 3 and 6

36 dimensional (3D) 6 x 6-mm raster scan of the optic disc and macula, radial, and line scan.

37 e horizontal scans through the center of the optic disc and macula.

38 -domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) optic disc and macular cube scans, and 10-2 and 24-2 vis

39 g (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) using the optic disc and macular scanning protocols.

40 examination that included OCT imaging of the optic disc and measurements of intraocular pressure, axi

41 cle disrupts ERK signaling, which results in optic disc and nerve dysgenesis and, ultimately, ocular

42 e ocular variables (such as strabismus, pale optic disc and visual field defects) were compared.

43 y examined by 2 independent readers from the optic disc and visual field reading centers of the OHTS.

44 ith small tumours not extending close to the optic disc and/or fovea.

45 itis (Uv-N) (n = 143), raised IOP and normal optic disc and/or visual field (Uv-H) (n = 233), and rai

46 ning of the posterior globe, swelling of the optic disc, and bilateral transverse sinus stenosis.

47 a, coloboma of the iris, retina, choroid and optic disc, and microcornea.

48 xial length, coloboma of the iris and of the optic disc, and severe myopia.

49 distance of posterior tumor margin from the optic disc, and the presence or absence of serous retina

50 algorithm was used to compute 3-dimensional optic disc angiography.

51 nal barrier to fluid migration from cavitary optic disc anomalies can be safely achieved in most pati

52 Fifteen eyes of 15 patients with congenital optic disc anomalies were enrolled in this study.

53 Congenital optic disc anomalies were identified in all 15 eyes.

54 chemic optic neuropathies and two congenital optic disc anomalies).

55 structure and the pathogenesis of congenital optic disc anomalies.

56 We describe a distinct excavated optic disc anomaly associated with high myopia and incre

57 ted case of Down syndrome with morning glory optic disc anomaly in literature.

58 ngs compatible with unilateral morning glory optic disc anomaly in the right eye.

59 est naming this entity high myopia-excavated optic disc anomaly.

60 etween CG and the suspects with glaucomatous optic disc appearance (GODA).

61 de in 74.1% of Group A and 75.9% of Group B, optic disc appearance in 85.4% of Group A, and 93% of Gr

62 rol group (CG), patients having glaucomatous optic disc appearance or ocular hypertension, and patien

63 ad intraocular pressure (IOP) >21 mmHg or an optic disc appearance suspicious of glaucoma.

64 nts were suspected to have glaucoma based on optic disc appearance, but the eyes were judged to be no

65 s defined as stable intraocular pressure and optic disc appearance.

66 stalline appearance, and drusen nasal to the optic disc are more likely to have a rare variant in the

67 t association between corneal hysteresis and optic disc area (P = .6), cup area (P = .77), vertical c

68 Larger optic disc area (per mm(2); beta = 0.78; P < 0.001) was

69 ly been shown to be strongly associated with optic disc area and vertical cup-to-disc ratio, which ar

70 pressure (IOP), vertical cup-to-disc ratio, optic disc area, and optic disc cup area.

71 ONH parameters (including optic disc area, optic cup area, neuroretinal rim area,

72 lynomial regression model, including age and optic disc area, which accounted for 83.3% of the variat

73 zone areas were expressed as a percentage of optic disc area.

74 tudy chart and a lesion area of less than 12 optic disc areas (DA).

75 sion was detected first as frequently in the optic disc as in the visual field.

76 se had participated in the previous European Optic Disc Assessment Trial (EODAT), a trial on glaucoma

77 testing, autorefraction, A-scan biometry and optic disc assessment.

78 testing, autorefraction, A-scan biometry and optic disc assessment.

79 a (91%), cataract (93%), glaucoma (35%), and optic disc atrophy (25%).

80 high prevalence of cataract, macular edema, optic disc atrophy, and glaucoma.

81 ntral and supero-nasal field remnant and the optic disc became pallor.

82 pathologic condition of the optic disc before irradiation and intravitreal therapy t

83 ic disc, remnant of fetal vasculature on the optic disc (Bergmeister's papilla).

84 ntraretinal barrier to fluid egress from the optic disc cavitation.

85 Retinal vessel calibers were measured at an optic disc centered inner and outer zone.

86 s were more often gradable in both eyes than optic disc-centered images (P < .001).

87 follow-up of this cohort will allow further optic disc changes in relationship to polysomnography pa

88 ment of OAG was based on visual field and/or optic disc changes.

89 hat were noted during endoscopy included the optic disc characteristics, anatomic integrity of the re

90 oscopic photographs in the assessment of any optic disc characteristics, for example disc size (mono

91 a patient with optic disc pit in one eye and optic disc coloboma with a focal pit associated with mac

92 ted with optic disc pit in the right eye and optic disc coloboma with a focal pit like excavation in

93 Optic disc colobomas were found in 5 eyes, and the chara

94 (angio-OCT) in morning glory syndrome (MGS), optic disc colobomas, and optic disc pits, and to explor

95 ical cup-to-disc ratio, optic disc area, and optic disc cup area.

96 tween eyes with presumed large physiological optic disc cupping (pLPC) and eyes with minimal optic di

97 than doubled the known loci associated with optic disc cupping and will allow greater understanding

98 plete success), stable ocular dimensions and optic disc cupping, and no further glaucoma surgery (inc

99 steresis or CCT and quantitative measures of optic disc cupping, suggesting that corneal hysteresis a

100 ssociated with greater visual field loss and optic disc cupping.

101 ssociated with visual field (VF) defects and optic disc cupping.

102 On worsening of visual field defect and optic disc damage, patients could receive selective lase

103 eview determined progression of glaucomatous optic disc damage.

104 We measured the vertical optic disc diameter (DD) of the UK Biobank (UKBB) cohort

105 argest arteries in zone B (between 0.5 and 1 optic disc diameter from the optic disc), summarized by

106 fference between groups for age, refraction, optic disc diameter, CRAE, or fractal dimension.

107 ickness (P = 0.007) after adjusting for age, optic disc diameter, gender, and refractive error.

108 eral bowing included reduced distance to the optic disc (difference, 1.3 mm; 95% CI, -2.95 mm to 5.51

109 Eye Study 10-year follow-up who did not have optic disc disease, including glaucoma, were included.

110 Mean macular and optic disc distance were 4.56 (0-19.9) mm and 4.59 (0-22

111 , pattern dystrophy-like changes (7.5%), and optic disc drusen (2.0%).

112 observed in intracranial hypertension (62%), optic disc drusen (47%), anomalous optic discs (44%), is

113 (19 eyes) with PPE owing to suspected buried optic disc drusen (ODD), and 3 children (6 eyes) with PP

114 Optic disc drusen (ODD), present in 2% of the general po

115 (all >4 years of age), and 21 children with optic disc drusen (ODD).

116 streaks, pattern dystrophy-like changes, and optic disc drusen are a consistent finding in seven stud

117 EDI-OCT and swept source OCT showed multiple optic disc drusen at different levels; most were located

118 halmology clinics of the international ODDS (Optic Disc Drusen Studies) Consortium between April 1, 2

119 ered suspects based on the appearance of the optic disc during clinical examination.

120 chemic fundus and retinal lesions and of the optic disc during the acute phase showed no statisticall

121 granularity (74%), vitreous cell (53%), and optic disc edema (52%).

122 4%]), (sub)retinal hemorrhage (n = 6 [12%]), optic disc edema (n = 3 [6%]), chorioretinal lesions (n

123 ents with optic nerve head drusen (ONHD) and optic disc edema (ODE) compared with healthy participant

124 and presented with normal visual acuity but optic disc edema and an enlarged blind spot in the right

125 Optic disc edema and epiretinal membrane formation was f

126 d the need for remediation for misdiagnosing optic disc edema during end-rotation funduscopic simulat

127 initial evaluation revealed severe bilateral optic disc edema with distal lower-extremity sensory and

128 The combination of retinitis, vitritis, and optic disc edema without optic nerve enhancement should

129 ncluding uveitis, hemorrhagic complications, optic disc edema, and dry eye syndrome.

130 hthalmic changes, including choroidal folds, optic disc edema, cotton-wool spots, globe flattening, a

131 dings have included unilateral and bilateral optic disc edema, globe flattening, choroidal and retina

132 ifestations, optic neuropathy presented with optic disc edema, often associated with uveitis, retinit

133 ination at visual symptom onset demonstrated optic disc edema.

134 Measurement of optic disc elevation appears promising for the detection

135 Optic disc elevation greater than 0.04 cm attained sensi

136 The area under the curve of highest measured optic disc elevation to detect intracranial pressure gre

137 Optic disc elevation was also measured.

138 planation tonometry, gonioscopy, pachymetry, optic disc evaluation, and automated perimetry.

139 Optic disc evaluation, which is fundamental to the diagn

140 Optic disc examination showed severe glaucomatous cuppin

141 opy, intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement, optic disc examination, and static automated perimetry.

142 on, including gonioscopy, dilated fundus and optic disc examination, visual fields, stereo disc photo

143 atures were found, including nonglaucomatous optic disc excavation (20%), relatively low (<10 mmHg) i

144 LPC and individuals with minimal excavation (optic disc excavation within normal limits; control grou

145 ic disc cupping (pLPC) and eyes with minimal optic disc excavation.

146 es), were selected to demonstrate a range of optic disc features from a total of 197 eyes of 197 pati

147 eles previously associated with POAG or with optic disc features in other cohorts were compared betwe

148 Visual acuity (VA), pupillary reaction, and optic disc findings were assessed at presentation and 3

149 sual field first in 28 eyes (15%) and in the optic disc first in 34 eyes (18%); in 1 eye (1%), it occ

150 ual field first in 163 eyes (52%) and in the optic disc first in 39 eyes (12%); in 1 eye (0%), it was

151 ty, and normal population variability of the optic disc flow index were 1.2%, 4.2%, and 5.0% CV, resp

152 was evaluated in 4 quadrants surrounding the optic disc for ONH images.

153 t retinal function in a wide zone around the optic disc, giving rise to massive enlargement of the ph

154 ocular hypertension (OHT) and glaucoma-like optic discs (GLD)- defined as a cup to disc ratio greate

155 ous features, and VF data were combined with optic disc grading to determine "disc plus field defined

156 Optic disc grading was available for 25,289 (93 %) eyes

157 risk of maculopathy, the dose to 20% of the optic disc had the largest impact on optic neuropathy, d

158 sual acuity of worse than 6/12 or suspicious optic discs had detailed examination including Goldmann

159 ucoma progression, eyes with a history of an optic disc hemorrhage (DH) confirmed by stereophotograph

160 To determine the cumulative incidence of optic disc hemorrhage (ODH) before and after development

161 ether phacoemulsification is associated with optic disc hemorrhage in patients with glaucoma.

162 ffected individuals presented with excavated optic discs, high myopia (-1.00 to -16.00 diopters), and

163 (HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.04; P = .001) and optic disc (HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00-1.01; P = .005), and

164 A subset of 100 optic disc images from both methods were further used to

165 occurrence of radiation optic neuropathy and optic disc imaging during follow-up.

166 its role in anterior segment vasculature and optic disc imaging has been limited thus far.

167 luorescence that extended nasally beyond the optic disc in both eyes.

168 wed no filling of the entire choroid and the optic disc in both groups of animals.

169 ysomnography-derived measures of OSA and the optic disc in young adults.

170 Congenital cavitary anomalies of the optic disc, including typical coloboma, optic pit (and o

171 id streaks, that is, their distance from the optic disc, into 5 groups.

172 orrected visual acuity (BCVA) and foveal and optic disc involvement were associated with poor respons

173 45 degrees areas centered on the macula and optic disc is 4.7%.

174 f peripheral vascular leakage, 5 eyes showed optic disc leakage, and 6 eyes had leakage within the ma

175 Dose metrics for several structures (i.e., optic disc, macula, retina, globe, lens, ciliary body) c

176 The peculiar features of cavitary optic disc maculopathy can be explained only by consider

177 Cavitary optic disc maculopathy develops when fluctuating pressur

178 andmarks (branched/curved vessels, fovea, or optic disc) mapped the tumor location and extent.

179 retinal rim assessment based on the clinical optic disc margin (DM) lacks a sound anatomic basis for

180 rane opening (BMO), rather than conventional optic disc margin (DM)-based assessment or retinal nerve

181 exceeding the distance between the temporal optic disc margin and foveal center, and the vertical di

182 On fundus examination, left optic disc margin was blurred.

183 ded-zone vessels (>2 disc diameters from the optic disc margin) were summarized as mean width of arte

184 Conventional optic disc margin-based neuroretinal rim measurements la

185 There were no significant differences in optic disc measures between groups of OSA severity.

186 Neither optic disc measures predicted VF progression in any of t

187 progression in contrast to semi-quantitative optic disc measures.

188 enhance our understanding of the genetics of optic disc morphology and shed light on the genetic find

189 s a diagnostic challenge because of atypical optic disc morphology and visual field defects that can

190 Optic disc morphology might not be a potential anatomica

191 D) (spherical equivalent) and typical myopic optic disc morphology, with and without glaucoma, were r

192 around the optic disc and is closest to the optic disc nasally.

193 Both patients had neovascularization of the optic disc (NVDs) and one patient had neovascularization

194 Observational procedure: optic disc OCT images were obtained of both the retinal

195 A cross-sectional study comprising 189 Optic Disc (OD) centred retinal images of healthy and di

196 nificantly by 15% in nine astronauts without optic disc oedema (P < 0.005).

197 To report a case of bilateral optic disc oedema and associated optic neuropathy in the

198 above upright values is a suspected cause of optic disc oedema in astronauts.

199 aceflight and this led to the development of optic disc oedema in one-half of the subjects.

200 The results of the two astronauts with optic disc oedema suggest that both increases and decrea

201 develop structural ocular changes including optic disc oedema that resemble signs of intracranial hy

202 sed significantly in nine astronauts without optic disc oedema, suggesting that the cephalad fluid sh

203 tal fundus images centered on the macula and optic disc of 213 patients were graded.

204 it circumscribed the thicker RNFL around the optic disc of healthy and glaucomatous eyes, and it was

205 re was impaired perfusion and leakage at the optic disc on fluorescein angiography immediately after

206 ial on glaucoma diagnostic accuracy based on optic discs only.

207 rative evidence for vitreous traction on the optic disc or macula was seen in any eye.

208 , shorter distance between the tumor and the optic disc (P=0.026), subretinal fluid (P=0.035), thickn

209 e posterior globe [p=0.491], swelling of the optic disc [p=0.881], and bilateral dural sinus stenosis

210 Optic disc pallor in 9 eyes (12%) and peripapillary nodu

211 es had substantially resolved, and there was optic disc pallor.

212 me-wide association meta-analysis of IOP and optic disc parameters and validated our findings in mult

213 ssociations between OSA and glaucoma-related optic disc parameters in young adults.

214 erated by the new SSADA, repeatably measures optic disc perfusion and may be useful in the evaluation

215 tical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) measured optic disc, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (NFL

216 rence tomography (FDOCT) was used to measure optic disc, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (NFL

217 The optic disc, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (NFL

218 glaucoma diagnosis may be influenced by the optic disc phenotype.

219 y capillary density (cpCD) of 4 glaucomatous optic disc phenotypes in 193 eyes of 141 glaucoma patien

220 OCTA-measured vessel density differs among optic disc phenotypes.

221 ane opening (BMO) algorithm and stereoscopic optic disc photograph readings by glaucoma specialists.

222 utional neural network was trained to assess optic disc photographs and predict SD OCT average RNFL t

223 A total of 9282 pairs of optic disc photographs and SDOCT optic nerve head scans

224 tographs for glaucoma likelihood, monoscopic optic disc photographs did not appear to represent a sig

225 criteria and (2) ophthalmologist grading of optic disc photographs for characteristic features of gl

226 For expert observers in the evaluation of optic disc photographs for glaucoma likelihood, monoscop

227 he DL predictions of global BMO-MRW from all optic disc photographs in the test set (mean +/- standar

228 tion of average RNFL thickness from all 6292 optic disc photographs in the test set was 83.3+/-14.5 m

229 A series of 42 monoscopic optic disc photographs of healthy and glaucomatous eyes

230 ologists for correctly matching stereoscopic optic disc photographs to their visual fields was 58.7%.

231 uantify the amount of neuroretinal damage on optic disc photographs using SDOCT BMO-MRW as a referenc

232 ntral corneal thickness (CCT) were measured; optic disc photographs were analyzed; and multivariable

233 Optic disc photographs were read by 2 masked glaucoma sp

234 optical coherence tomography (OCT), VF, and optic disc photographs were reviewed.

235 TS) participants annually using stereoscopic optic disc photographs.

236 pendently assessed optic disc progression in optic disc photographs.

237 essment by 3 clinicians of visual fields and optic disc photographs.

238 by glaucoma experts on masked evaluation of optic disc photographs.

239 tructed 3-dimensionally, and superimposed on optic disc photographs.

240 o quantify glaucomatous structural damage on optic disc photographs.

241 MRW global and sector values when evaluating optic disc photographs.

242 All eyes had stereoscopic optic disc photography and in vivo LC imaging using enha

243 Patients received optic disc photography every 3 months and VF testing eve

244 testing included bilateral color fundus and optic disc photography, fundus autofluorescence, automat

245 Initial and last acceptable optic disc photos were analyzed.

246 analyze the morphologic changes seen in the optic disc pit and evaluate the source of subretinal flu

247 was performed on a 15-year-old boy with deep optic disc pit and foveal detachment, before and for 10

248 d describe an unusual case of a patient with optic disc pit in one eye and optic disc coloboma with a

249 A 21-year-old woman presented with optic disc pit in the right eye and optic disc coloboma

250 Many patients with optic disc pit maculopathy maintain good long-term visua

251 s were identified with a new presentation of optic disc pit maculopathy.

252 edical record review of previously untreated optic disc pit maculopathy.

253 partial thickness fenestration radial to the optic disc pit was associated with retinal anatomic and

254 Optic disc pit with associated maculopathy is a known en

255 Stuffing of the optic disc pit with the ILM results in improvement of an

256 he gap in the lamina cribrosa present in the optic disc pit, supporting the hypothesis of cerebrospin

257 e optic nerve and fovea and stuffed into the optic disc pit.

258 ectomy for foveal detachment associated with optic disc pit.

259 ckness inner retinotomy just temporal to the optic disc pit.

260 on was performed at the temporal side of the optic disc pit.

261 of serous macular detachment resulting from optic disc pits as well as combined surgery.

262 or serous macular detachment associated with optic disc pits were evaluated in this study.

263 ry syndrome (MGS), optic disc colobomas, and optic disc pits, and to explore possible correlations be

264 Laser shots at the border of the optic disc produced massive retinal lesions, while low p

265 Evaluation of visual field progression and optic disc progression during an 8-year follow-up period

266 Three graders independently assessed optic disc progression in optic disc photographs.

267 illedema, 37 eyes with congenitally elevated optic disc (pseudopapilledema), and 34 normal eyes met t

268 0.95, 0.99, 0.87, and 0.93 for 3D macula, 3D optic disc, radial, and line scans, respectively.

269 0, and 0.91, respectively, for 3D macula, 3D optic disc, radial, and line scans.

270 e Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS) Optic Disc Reading Group and the OHTS Endpoint Committee

271 nts (CGE) was delivered to the tumor and the optic disc received a minimum of 50 CGE.

272 ning was observed in the nasal sector of the optic disc, remnant of fetal vasculature on the optic di

273 s, greater cup-to-disc area ratio, and lower optic disc rim area (P < 0.001 for all).

274 tinal thickness, cup-to-disc area ratio, and optic disc rim area.

275 Optic disc, RNFL, and VF showed no statistically signifi

276 ng was the most common artifact on 3D scans (optic disc scan, 7%; macula scan, 9%), whereas segmentat

277 nglewood, California, were imaged for 6x6-mm optic disc scans on a spectral-domain optical coherence

278 iagnosis of early glaucoma, both macular and optic disc scans should be used.

279 High-frequency ODH within optic disc sectors, equivalent to detecting ODH in 45% o

280 uded change in corneal diameter and clarity, optic disc status, refraction, need for anti-glaucoma th

281 a was diagnosed based on a masked grading of optic disc stereophotographs.

282 tween 0.5 and 1 optic disc diameter from the optic disc), summarized by the central retinal artery eq

283 tive afferent pupillary defect, (4) observed optic disc swelling, and (5) no other etiology being fou

284 included anterior and intermediate uveitis, optic disc swelling, and white-yellowish choroidal lesio

285 tereoscopic photographs and OCT scans of the optic discs taken during the same visit were compared.

286 im health according to the appearance of the optic disc, the clinically visible surface of the ONH.

287 Optic disc-to-tumor distance was the only variable assoc

288 uxtapapillary choroidal melanoma (</=1 mm to optic disc) treated with plaque radiotherapy from Octobe

289 er and thickness, distance to the foveola or optic disc, tumor calcification, central macular thickne

290 underwent circular OCT scans centred at the optic disc using a Spectralis OCT (Heidelberg Engineerin

291 We induced ischemia at the optic disc via laser-activated photochemical thrombosis,

292 ty to the foveola was 3.0 mm and that to the optic disc was 1.8 mm.

293 The median distance to the optic disc was 3.0 mm, and that to the foveola was 2.0 m

294 The optic disc was imaged with SD OCT at approximately 4-mon

295 Severe PCO was defined if the view of the optic disc was obscured, or neodymium-yttrium-aluminum-g

296 optical coherence tomography scanning of the optic disc, was carried out between January 2013 and Nov

297 The fundus and the optic disc were evaluated by repeated ophthalmoscopy, co

298 l coherence tomography scans surrounding the optic disc were performed in each eye of patients and su

299 Dcc, some ganglion cell axons stalled at the optic disc, whereas others perforated the retina, separa

300 ith 2 healthy subjects with normal-appearing optic disc within 5 years of age.