ライフサイエンスコーパス: orexin

1 ns in the LHA that express the neuropeptide, orexin.

2 t connection between central ghrelin and VTA orexin.

3 population of the tuberal hypothalamus, the orexins.

4 Finally, the orexin 1 receptor antagonist SB334867A attenuated both t

5 composed of two G-protein coupled receptors, orexins 1 and 2, and two neuropeptide agonists, orexins

6 Systemic administration of the orexin-1 receptor (OX1R) antagonist SB-334867 had no eff

7 Orexin-1 receptor (OxR1) antagonism reduces demand for c

8 Signaling at the orexin-1 receptor (OxR1) is important for motivated drug

9 Here, we investigate the role of orexin-1 receptor signaling (OxR1) within ventral pallid

10 neurons reduced motivation for cocaine, and orexin-1 receptor signaling played a larger role in drug

11 rexin cells, pharmacological blockade of the orexin-1 receptor, and subregion-specific knockdown of o

12 Furthermore, activation of downstream orexin-1 receptors is required for vHP ghrelin-mediated

13 discovery of the first selective nonpeptidic orexin 2 receptor (OX2R) agonists.

14 These selective orexin-2 antagonists are proven to promote sleep in rats

15 3,4-c]pyrroles that are potent and selective orexin-2 antagonists is described.

16 ed changes in expression and distribution of orexin A (its precursor is also known as hypocretin-HCRT

17 Orexin A (OXA) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are two hypothal

18 mic (LH) orexin neurons, increases levels of orexin A and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in the ventra

19 In dopaminergic neurons of VTA slices, orexin A presynaptically inhibits GABAergic transmission

20 The method was demonstrated by determining orexin A, orexin B, and a novel isoform of rat beta-endo

21 xins 1 and 2, and two neuropeptide agonists, orexins A and B, has captured the attention of the scien

22 alcohol via stimulation of the hypocretin-1/orexin-A (Hcrt-1/Ox-A) system.

23 POMC neurons receive orexin-A (OX-A)-expressing inputs and express both OX-A

24 It has long been known that orexin-A and -B excite basal forebrain cholinergic neuro

25 the conduits of a negative crosstalk between orexin-A and CRF as demonstrated in transfected cells an

26 pounds including the native agonist peptides orexin-A and orexin-B and the potent therapeutic inhibit

27 using both calcium mobilization and [(125)I]-orexin-A competition binding.

28 While the effects of dynorphin-A and orexin-A desensitize over multiple applications, co-appl

29 The responses both to dynorphin-A and to orexin-A desensitize, but co-application of dynorphin-A

30 Here, we show that NAc microinjection of orexin-A in medial shell amplifies the hedonic impact of

31 des corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and orexin-A in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) play an imp

32 whereas at -70 mV the excitatory response to orexin-A prevails.

33 whereas at -70 mV the excitatory response to orexin-A prevails.

34 lications, co-application of dynorphin-A and orexin-A produces a sustained response that reverses dep

35 itize, but co-application of dynorphin-A and orexin-A produces a sustained response.

36 lly significant interactions between CRF and orexin-A that depend on oligomerization of CRF1 receptor

37 nal amyloid load was not associated with CSF orexin-A, CSF AD biomarkers, or neuropsychological profi

38 ls to the excitatory effects of both CRF and orexin-A, thus providing a mechanism by which stress ind

39 mplex promotes a long-term disruption of the orexin-A-CRF negative crosstalk.

40 esults thus identify a molecularly distinct, orexin-activated LH submodule that governs physical acti

41 vated by designer drugs were used to inhibit orexin activation throughout repeated restraint to deter

42 Orexin also augments the SCN clock-resetting effects of

43 The orexin (also known as hypocretin) G protein-coupled rece

44 Orexin (also known as hypocretin) is a lateral hypothala

45 tems and may be a key site through which the orexin (also known as hypocretin) neurons drive arousal

46 reflects a selective loss or dysfunction of orexin (also known as hypocretin) neurons of the lateral

47 Hypothalamic neurons producing orexins (also called hypocretins) enhance innate risk-av

48 d by selective loss of the neurons producing orexins (also known as hypocretins) sparked great advanc

49 Orexin, an HCRTR2 agonist, rescued function in this HF m

50 They also reveal distinct roles for orexin and acetylcholine signals in NAc shell for hedoni

51 se control, however the relationship between orexin and impulsive behavior is incompletely characteri

52 Here, we provide evidence that orexin and its related receptors are expressed in chicke

53 d not show altered mRNA expression levels of orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone, two peptides t

54 the well-described neuropeptides hypocretin/orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone.

55 We hypothesised therefore that orexins and QRFP might be implicated in the pathophysiol

56 ics revealed a neuroprotective role for both orexins and QRFP.

57 Hypocretin (orexin) and dynorphin are neuropeptides with opposing ac

58 that the excitatory synaptic inputs to both orexin- and melanin-concentrating hormone expressing LHA

59 very and development of structurally diverse orexin antagonists suitable for preclinical pharmacology

60 Orexins are altered in anxious and depressed patients.

61 Orexins are associated with drug relapse in rodents.

62 Orexins are neuropeptides that activate the rhodopsin-li

63 Orexins are neuropeptides that regulate the sleep-wake c

64 Orexins are originally characterized as orexigenic hypot

65 od was demonstrated by determining orexin A, orexin B, and a novel isoform of rat beta-endorphin in t

66 ing the native agonist peptides orexin-A and orexin-B and the potent therapeutic inhibitor suvorexant

67 s with decreased rapid-eye-movement sleep in orexin-B saporin lesioned rats supporting its potential

68 or cocaine and remifentanil, indicating that orexin-based therapies may reduce demand for many classe

69 in the VTA and provide a mechanism by which orexin can gate the output of dopamine neurons.

70 in recordings in behaving mice, we show that orexin cell activation rapidly recruits GAD65LH neurons.

71 spondingly, calcium recordings revealed that orexin cell activity rapidly reduced upon exiting the in

72 ons, but the motivational characteristics of orexin cell activity remain unclear.

73 ed and oriented by a need to reduce aversive orexin cell activity, and suggest a hypothalamic circuit

74 This increase in orexin cell number and activity persisted during protrac

75 The orexin cell optosilencing also reduced avoidance of plac

76 re more likely to stay in places paired with orexin cell optosilencing.

77 eceptor, and subregion-specific knockdown of orexin cell populations.

78 focusing on observing and silencing natural orexin cell signals associated with a fundamental innate

79 f LH neurons have been identified, including orexin cells and glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65)

80 n the rapid change of activity of hypocretin/orexin cells in response to contact rather than digestio

81 by quantification of numbers and activity of orexin cells, pharmacological blockade of the orexin-1 r

82 al evidence that these neurons innervate the orexin cells.

83 odel of repeated stress, we examined whether orexins contribute to sex differences in outcomes releva

84 In narcolepsy caused by hypocretin/orexin deficiency, cataplexy is associated with a marked

85 immune process in narcolepsy or secondary to orexin deficiency, these findings are indicative of infl

86 soon after sleep onset; cerebrospinal fluid orexin deficiency; and positivity for HLA-DQB1*06:02.

87 show that D2 cell activity is necessary for orexin-dependent innate risk-avoidance in mice, thus rev

88 innate avoidance behaviour, consistent with orexin disinhibition.

89 This is remarkable because orexin excites target neurons including BF neurons, but

90 onto both melanin-concentrating hormone- and orexin-expressing neurons projecting from the LHA to the

91 ied by an increase in number and activity of orexin-expressing neurons within the lateral hypothalami

92 In parallel, orexin expression and activation were determined in both

93 Increased orexin expression and activation were observed in female

94 VP is densely innervated by orexin fibers and is known to regulate opioid reward.

95 We describe a direct orexin-->D2 excitatory circuit and show that D2 cell act

96 (LepRb) regulate the function of hypocretin/orexin (HCRT) and dopamine neurons.

97 Hypocretin/orexin (HCRT) and melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) ne

98 The hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt) neurons regulate sleep\wake states, feedin

99 The hypocretin/orexin (HCRT) system has been associated with both posit

100 The lateral hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin (HCRT) system has been implicated in drug-taking

101 example, neurons containing the neuropeptide orexin homeostatically control arousal and appetitive st

102 The orexin (hypocretin) neurons play an essential role in pr

103 This condition is caused by a lack of orexin (hypocretin) signaling, but little is known about

104 The orexin (hypocretin) system is important for reward-drive

105 om vHPC neurons to lateral hypothalamic area orexin (hypocretin)-producing neurons that project to th

106 ypothalamic neurons expressing histamine and orexin/hypocretin (hcrt) are necessary for normal regula

107 In humans and rodents, loss of brain orexin/hypocretin (OH) neurons causes pathological sleep

108 LH melanin-concentrating-hormone (MCH) and orexin/hypocretin (OH) neurons mediate energy accumulati

109 Within NAc shell, orexin/hypocretin also has been reported to stimulate fo

110 Hypothalamic orexin/hypocretin neurons integrate multiple sensory cue

111 Orexin/hypocretin neurons located in the lateral hypotha

112 The orexin/hypocretin system in the perifornical/lateral hyp

113 -growing body of evidence discerning how the orexin/hypocretin system integrates internal and externa

114 The orexin/hypocretin system is important for reward-seeking

115 rainstem and hypothalamic neurons, including orexin/hypocretin-producing neurons that regulate sleep-

116 eleases neuropeptides promoting wakefulness (orexin/hypocretin; OH), or sleep (melanin-concentrating

117 c evidence for an inhibitory GABAergic Agrp->orexin hypothalamic neurocircuit, and find that Agrp cel

118 current study investigated a causal role for orexin in cue-driven feeding, and examined the neural su

119 These findings identify a novel role for orexin in morphine-induced plasticity in the VTA and pro

120 that neurons that produce hypocretin (Hcrt)/orexin in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) regulate c

121 and provide evidence for a broader role for orexins in mediating functions relevant to stress-relate

122 lect a fundamentally integrated function for orexins in translating motivational activation into orga

123 ypothesize that many behavioral functions of orexins (including regulation of sleep/wake cycling) ref

124 Recombinant orexins increased fatty acid synthase (FASN) protein lev

125 secreted from chicken hepatocytes, and that orexin induced hepatic lipogenesis via activation of ERK

126 urons of VTA, but did attenuate cocaine- and orexin-induced increases in calcium transient amplitude

127 pot in NAc medial shell as a unique site for orexin induction of hedonic 'liking' enhancement, simila

128 tress activates LH orexin neurons, releasing orexins into the VTA to activate postsynaptic OX1Rs of d

129 blish predominantly asymmetric synapses with orexin-ir cell bodies or dendrites.

130 ions between PNMT-ir axonal varicosities and orexin-ir profiles were observed.

131 reactive (PNMT-ir) axons were detected among orexin-ir somata, and close appositions between PNMT-ir

132 y regulates cue-induced feeding, and suggest orexin is acting through prefrontal cortical and thalami

133 er, this is the first report evidencing that orexin is expressed and secreted from chicken hepatocyte

134 uble immunofluorescence staining showed that orexin is localized in the ER, Golgi, and in the lysosom

135 Hypocretin (also known as orexin) is a peptide neuromodulator that is expressed ex

136 , a disorder caused by a lack of hypocretin (orexin), is so strongly associated with human leukocyte

137 DREADDs or a control vector into the CeA of orexin knock-out mice crossed with vGAT-Cre mice, result

138 e that, in AD, increased cerebrospinal fluid orexin levels are related to a parallel sleep deteriorat

139 to severe AD presented with higher mean (SD) orexin levels compared with controls (154.36 [28.16] vs

140 Brefeldin A treatment reduced orexin levels in the culture media, but increased it in

141 On the other hand, in the global AD group, orexin levels were positively correlated with total tau

142 Orexins mediate the impairments in adaptations to repeat

143 examined the neural substrates through which orexin mediates this effect.

144 c functions and contain dopamine, histamine, orexin, melanin-concentrating hormone, oxytocin, and vas

145 nocortin, agouti-related peptide, hypocretin/orexin, melanin-concentrating hormone, oxytocin, arginin

146 The higher expression of orexin messenger RNA in female rats was due to actions o

147 t enables genetic targeting of GABA cells in orexin(-/-) mice.

148 ate CeA activity selectively in narcoleptic (orexin(-/-)) mice to determine its functional role in co

149 rison, at all sites throughout medial shell, orexin microinjections stimulated 'wanting' to eat, as r

150 a glucoregulatory region where both 5-HT and orexin modulate the CRR and feeding responses to glucopr

151 drenergic neurons play differential roles in orexin neuron-dependent regulation of sleep/wakefulness

152 iphering of the immune mechanisms leading to orexin(+) neuron loss and narcolepsy development.

153 The C1-orexin neuronal connection is probably one of several su

154 mapped the pattern of BF projections to the orexin neurons across multiple BF regions and neuronal t

155 vels suggesting that reduced excitability of orexin neurons affects behavior through induction of a h

156 All orexin neurons also make dynorphin, and nearly all brain

157 be caused by a T cell-mediated attack on the orexin neurons and explain how these new perspectives ca

158 i) Spontaneously hypertensive rats have more orexin neurons and more CO2 -activated orexin neurons in

159 In summary, the orexin neurons are among the hypothalamic neurons contac

160 We found that the orexin neurons are heavily apposed by axon terminals of

161 We found that the orexin neurons are the main source of dynorphin input to

162 endogenous activity of lateral hypothalamic orexin neurons causes place preference and reduces innat

163 The orexin neurons contribute to the autonomic responses to

164 uces innate avoidance Endogenous activity of orexin neurons correlates with place preference Mediobas

165 anatomical approach, we consider whether the orexin neurons could also be contributing to the autonom

166 ischarge of immunohistochemically identified orexin neurons during performance of an associative disc

167 The orexin neurons excite wake-promoting neurons in the basa

168 d nearly all brain regions innervated by the orexin neurons express kappa opiate receptors, the main

169 The loss of orexin neurons in humans is associated with the sleep di

170 Despite the known role of orexin neurons in narcolepsy, the precise neural mechani

171 more orexin neurons and more CO2 -activated orexin neurons in the hypothalamus.

172 In this study, we showed that, in male mice, orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus activated a s

173 arise from melanin-concentrating hormone and orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus.

174 their strong reciprocal connections, BF and orexin neurons likely work in concert to promote arousal

175 tic manipulation silenced the wake-promoting orexin neurons located in the lateral hypothalamic area

176 eciprocal projection from the BF back to the orexin neurons may help promote arousal and motivation.

177 Orexin neurons play a critical role in promoting and mai

178 stem and may be a key site through which the orexin neurons promote arousal.

179 Selective knockdown of lateral hypothalamic orexin neurons reduced motivation for cocaine, and orexi

180 , we review the current understanding of how orexin neurons regulate sleep-wake behaviour and the con

181 Orexin neurons responded differentially to auditory cues

182 l role in promoting arousal, and loss of the orexin neurons results in narcolepsy, a condition charac

183 terogeneity modulate this function, allowing orexin neurons to organize diverse, adaptive responses i

184 Mediobasal hypothalamic Agrp neurons inhibit orexin neurons via GABA, and chemogenetic suppression of

185 In the hypothalamus, SHRs have more orexin neurons, and a greater proportion of them increas

186 frequently form functional synapses with the orexin neurons, but, surprisingly, functional synapses f

187 in mice activates lateral hypothalamic (LH) orexin neurons, increases levels of orexin A and 2-arach

188 s suggest that restraint stress activates LH orexin neurons, releasing orexins into the VTA to activa

189 LH infusions were made in close proximity to orexin neurons, which are regulated by ghrelin and proje

190 tensive axonal projections of the hypocretin/orexin neurons.

191 be excited or inhibited by signals from the orexin neurons.

192 ology ameliorated narcolepsy in mice lacking orexin neurons.

193 ehaviour and the consequences of the loss of orexin neurons.

194 e and proopiomelanocortin but not hypocretin/orexin neurons; pattern B, GABAergic cortical interneuro

195 o-self-antigen" specifically in hypothalamic orexin(+) neurons (called Orex-HA), which were transferr

196 nflammation, they did not elicit the loss of orexin(+) neurons or clinical manifestations of narcolep

197 eracted directly with MHC class I-expressing orexin(+) neurons, resulting in cytolytic granule polari

198 ell infiltration and specific destruction of orexin(+) neurons.

199 on this detailed description, the hypocretin/orexin neuropeptides have since been studied in many dif

200 protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) respond to orexin neuropeptides in the central nervous system to re

201 literature today attests that the hypocretin/orexin neuropeptides play important roles in multiple ph

202 Orexin neuropeptides regulate sleep/wake through orexin

203 Activation of orexin, neurotensin, and metabotropic glutamate Gq/11-li

204 stress neuromodulators, including hypocretin/orexin, norepinephrine, corticotropin-releasing factor,

205 8059 attenuated these stimulating effects of orexin on lipogenic factors.

206 unts of melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), orexin, or galanin; neuropeptides that regulate both foo

207 Orexin (Orx) neurons are known to be involved in the pro

208 RP), melanin-concentrating-hormone (MCH) and orexin (ORX) neurons characteristics of the ARH and the

209 The orexin (Orx) system plays a critical role in drug addict

210 es, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), and orexin (Orx).

211 such as LH VGLUT2 and VGAT neurons [4-7] and orexin- (ORX) and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) ne

212 steroids, and both neuropeptide Y (NPY) and orexin (OX) immunoreactivity.

213 We established that orexin (OX)-B provides partial but significant protectio

214 oligomerization of CRF1 receptor (CRF1R) and orexin OX1 receptors (OX1R).

215 Hypothalamic hypocretin (orexin) peptides mediate arousal, attention, and reward

216 Orexins primarily mediate behavior under situations of h

217 ite basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, but orexin-producing neurons also make the inhibitory peptid

218 p disorder resulting from the destruction of orexin-producing neurons in the central nervous system (

219 Then we showed that lateral hypothalamus orexin-producing neurons project to the mPFC.

220 Fibers containing orexins project to brain structures that govern motivate

221 o actions of glucocorticoid receptors on the orexin promoter, as determined by chromatin immunoprecip

222 etermine transcription factors acting at the orexin promoter.

223 ffects of systemic or centrally administered orexin receptor (OXR) antagonists on measures of impulsi

224 Finally, we blocked orexin receptor 1 signaling in the mPFC and showed that

225 ng neurons in the lateral habenula (LHb) via orexin receptor 2 (OxR2) and that activation of these GA

226 ss species, similarly to that seen with dual orexin receptor antagonism.

227 roval of suvorexant as a first-in-class dual orexin receptor antagonist for the treatment of insomnia

228 Suvorexant is an orexin receptor antagonist for treatment of insomnia.

229 Suvorexant (MK-4305) is an orexin receptor antagonist shown to be efficacious for i

230 The nonselective orexin receptor antagonist suvorexant has been the first

231 ) Antagonism of orexin receptors with a dual orexin receptor antagonist, almorexant, normalizes the a

232 Suvorexant, a dual (OX1/2R) orexin receptor antagonist, reduced cocaine-evoked prema

233 cies higher than the range observed for dual orexin receptor antagonists.

234 We found that targeted restoration of orexin receptor expression in the dorsal raphe (DR) and

235 number of serotonergic neurons restored with orexin receptor expression in the DR, while the consolid

236 creased spontaneous meal size via downstream orexin receptor signaling in the laterodorsal tegmental

237 them showing selectivity with respect to the orexin receptor subtype 1.

238 sed a recently solved X-ray structure of the orexin receptor subtype 2 in computational docking calcu

239 Here we show that signaling at orexin receptor type 1 (OxR1) in the VTA is required for

240 on of Agrp neurons increases avoidance in an orexin receptor-dependent manner.

241 antagonistic activities against hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2.

242 llele for rs7767652, upstream of hypocretin (orexin) receptor-2 (HCRTR2), were less likely to have im

243 phanin FQ opioid receptor (NOP), MCHR1, both orexin receptors (ORX), somatostatin receptors 1 and 2 (

244 innervation and expression of genes encoding orexin receptors (OX1 and OX2) in the mouse SCN, with OX

245 in neuropeptides regulate sleep/wake through orexin receptors (OX1R, OX2R); OX2R is the predominant m

246 instatement of cocaine CPP depends on type 1 orexin receptors (OX1Rs), type 1 cannabinoid receptors (

247 port that the down-regulation of hippocampal orexin receptors (OXRs) and GPR103 particularly in the c

248 Orexin receptors are G protein coupled receptors that ma

249 The orexin receptors are peptide-sensing G protein-coupled r

250 Importantly, intra-VTA blockade of orexin receptors attenuated food intake induced by LV gh

251 Blockade of orexin receptors can normalize the augmented CO2 chemore

252 Finally, blockade of orexin receptors in the RVLM abolished the increase in A

253 in the locus coeruleus (LC) of mice lacking orexin receptors inhibited cataplexy-like episodes and p

254 s of narcolepsy and cataplexy; inhibition of orexin receptors is an effective therapy for insomnia.

255 (iii) Antagonism of orexin receptors with a dual orexin receptor antagonist,

256 However, the mechanism through which orexin regulates remifentanil demand is currently unknow

257 ether direct activation by glucoprivation or orexin release in the RVLM modulates the adrenaline rele

258 These findings suggest that orexin release modulates the activation of adrenal presy

259 In avian (non-mammalian) species, however, orexin seemed to not affect feeding behavior and its phy

260 At NAc shell sites outside the hotspot, orexin selectively enhanced 'wanting' to eat without enh

261 and Adcyap1, and receptors for substance P, orexin, serotonin, and ATP.

262 he mPFC neuronal plasticity and neuropeptide orexin signaling are critical circuit and neurotransmitt

263 ure that challenge the widely held view that orexin signaling is exclusively excitatory and suggest n

264 These effects occur via downstream orexin signaling to the hindbrain laterodorsal tegmental

265 signaling in hippocampal neurons engages LHA orexin signaling.

266 Defects in orexin signalling are responsible for the human diseases

267 contribute to a prominent (but not isolated) orexin signalling deficiency in patients with NT1.

268 ion and will aid further efforts to modulate orexin signalling for therapeutic ends.

269 ggest a hypothalamic circuit for fine-tuning orexin signals to changing ethological priorities.

270 such approaches replicate natural/endogenous orexin signals, which rapidly fluctuate during wakefulne

271 ously approached this question by artificial orexin stimulation, which could induce either rewarding

272 donic hotspots in cortex, where mu opioid or orexin stimulations enhance the hedonic impact of sucros

273 Opioid/orexin stimulations in either cortical hotspot activated

274 n the first drug on the market targeting the orexin system and is prescribed for the treatment of ins

275 link between dysfunction or deletion of the orexin system and narcolepsy, a disorder characterized b

276 an augmented CO2 chemoreflex and overactive orexin system are linked with high ABP in both young (po

277 These results highlight the promise of the orexin system as a treatment target for opioid addiction

278 the first evidence that lateral hypothalamic orexin system function extends beyond general reward see

279 Orexin system function was assessed by quantification of

280 Dysfunction of the hypocretin/orexin system has been implicated as the underlying caus

281 binant orexins upregulated the expression of orexin system in the liver of 9-day old chicks, but did

282 Thus, the orexin system is a potential novel target for pharmacoth

283 The orexin system is a potential treatment target for drug a

284 These results suggest that the orexin system is important for the regulation of inter-m

285 The orexin system is overactive in SHRs and contributes to t

286 Modulation of the orexin system may be beneficial in the treatment of neur

287 We suggest that an overactive orexin system may play an important role in the augmente

288 The orexin system plays an important role in the regulation

289 Since its discovery in 1998, the orexin system, composed of two G-protein coupled recepto

290 r therapies related to the activation of the orexin system, especially with respect to the treatment

291 diet to mice compromised the function of the orexin system, leading to impairments in reward-seeking

292 The orexin system, which consists of the two G protein-coupl

293 Levels of orexin, tau proteins, and beta-amyloid 1-42; macrostruct

294 Subsequent studies found orexin to be expressed and perform pleiotropic functions

295 These findings also support the view that orexin transmission is closely involved in executive fun

296 eased the expression of lipogenic genes, and orexin treatment induced the phosphorylated levels of ER

297 Administration of recombinant orexins upregulated the expression of orexin system in t

298 Inhibition of orexins using designer receptors exclusively activated b

299 ides, respectively called the hypocretins or orexins, which were discovered using two different appro

300 plasticity and signaling of the neuropeptide orexin within the mPFC mediates cue potentiated feeding