ライフサイエンスコーパス: osmolarity

1 ute content of their surroundings (i.e., the osmolarity).

2 ed with hypoosmotic medium (30% reduction in osmolarity).

3 umulates to counterbalance the high external osmolarity.

4 cillations as a staircase of ever-increasing osmolarity.

5 ility changes induced by exposure to altered osmolarity.

6 ular surface alterations using OSDI and tear osmolarity.

7 Main outcome measures were OSDI and tear osmolarity.

8 s between measured osmolality and calculated osmolarity.

9 mpatible solutes to counteract extracellular osmolarity.

10 cosR is regulated by ionic strength and not osmolarity.

11 east in response to changes in extracellular osmolarity.

12 egulation, enabling long-term growth at high osmolarity.

13 r glycerol levels during changes in external osmolarity.

14 d similarly to abrupt changes in cytoplasmic osmolarity.

15 ive response to alterations in environmental osmolarity.

16 all, physiologically relevant, reductions in osmolarity.

17 r activation, and changes in temperature and osmolarity.

18 antly was increased even when controlled for osmolarity.

19 ficantly to the independent estimate of tear osmolarity.

20 thway are redundant for survival in moderate osmolarity.

21 TviA altered flhDC expression in response to osmolarity.

22 la, the Vi antigen and T3SS-1 in response to osmolarity.

23 flhDC transcription sensitive to changes in osmolarity.

24 testinal tract depends on adaptation to high osmolarity.

25 exhibited reduced growth at elevated medium osmolarity.

26 siae signaling pathway that responds to high osmolarity.

27 stress genes were not induced at physiologic osmolarity.

28 multiple transporters for choline under high osmolarity.

29 , and can be reversed by decreasing external osmolarity.

30 ar motors under stepwise changes in external osmolarity.

31 espond differently to hypertonic NaCl versus osmolarity.

32 lls did not induce autophagy with increasing osmolarity.

33 drolase production in response to changes in osmolarity.

34 rtex, that coordinate to manipulate cellular osmolarity.

35 g the cell from sudden decreases in external osmolarity.

36 an diseases caused by perturbations in fluid osmolarity.

37 erol levels at a wide range of extracellular osmolarities.

38 sis over a wide range of external or dietary osmolarities.

39 es by characterizing the effects of external osmolarity (0.3 M versus 0.0 M NaCl) and temperature (43

40 One [calculated osmolarity = 1.86 x (Na(+) + K(+)) + 1.15 x glucose + ur

41 ccating stress: significantly increased tear osmolarity (315.7 +/- 3.0 vs 327.7 +/- 5.1 mOsm/L, P = .

42 180 mM [Na(+)](o) required ACSF with higher osmolarity (345-355 mOsm), at which the firing rate incr

43 n PCHCE cells exposed to media of increasing osmolarity (350-450 mOsM) for 24, 48, and 72 hours.

44 Of 38 predictive equations used to calculate osmolarity, 4 equations showed reasonable agreement with

45 Hog1 perfectly adapts to changes in external osmolarity, a feature robust to signaling fidelity and o

46 ne whether Cl(-), in addition to maintaining osmolarity, actively participates in signaling pathways

47 , a transcriptional regulator controlling an osmolarity adaptation response was identified.

48 Changes in extracellular osmolarity affect cell volume and may impact various cel

49 our study was to assess changes of tear film osmolarity after micro-incision 25G+ pars plana vitrecto

50 Tear osmolarity also was measured.

51 utcome measures were mean change in (1) tear osmolarity and (2) DED symptoms (Ocular Surface Disease

52 h as the EnvZ/OmpR system, which responds to osmolarity and acidic pH in many Gram-negative bacteria.

53 uli sensed by the ASH neurons including high osmolarity and chemical repellents, indicating a specifi

54 nction after LASIK may induce an increase in osmolarity and consequently raise the concentration of p

55 -0.091; P = .38) or between changes in tear osmolarity and corneal fluorescein staining (R = -0.02;

56 For tear osmolarity and corneal fluorescein staining the scores f

57 e to alleviate the inhibitory effect of high osmolarity and eliminated the accumulation of [(14)C]gly

58 the yeast model, stress factors such as high osmolarity and heat shock, calorie restriction, or inhib

59 EFAs, for 3 months, resulted in reduced tear osmolarity and increased tear stability in people with D

60 Mean osmolarity and its variability calculated from a linear

61 Increased tear film osmolarity and lower TFBUT were found in the low-deliver

62 repeat proteins are dramatically induced by osmolarity and mediate interactions with host extracellu

63 inalis (OVLT) sense changes in extracellular osmolarity and NaCl.

64 zed protease digestion of slices, control of osmolarity and pH outside the incubator with Hibernate a

65 ntake is mediated by increased extracellular osmolarity and plays a critical role in regulating skin

66 inside cancer cells, SCNPs cause a surge of osmolarity and rapid cell lysis.

67 Plasma osmolarity and sodium levels were measured over 4 h and

68 espond differently to hypertonic NaCl versus osmolarity and subsequently regulate body fluid homeosta

69 relation between the recorded change in tear osmolarity and symptoms (R = -0.091; P = .38) or between

70 Approved tests, such as tear osmolarity and tear imaging, are being integrated into c

71 Tear osmolarity and tear secretion reflex were similar betwee

72 SCL treatment had a positive impact on tear osmolarity and van Bijsterveld score, as well as an impr

73 omeostasis genes in response to salt-induced osmolarity and virulence genes in response to changes in

74 eable channel that can be gated by tonicity (osmolarity) and mechanical stimuli.

75 ice and PKCalpha(-/-) mice, tear production, osmolarity, and clearance rate were evaluated before and

76 om blood through changes in its oxygenation, osmolarity, and hematocrit within physiologic norms, ass

77 irmer's test, tear breakup time (TBUT), tear osmolarity, and ocular surface disease index (OSDI).

78 The pH, osmolarity, and serum density were also determined.

79 ealed adhesion and responses to alkaline pH, osmolarity, and stress as biologic processes activated i

80 peremia, tear film breakup time (TBUT), tear osmolarity, and the Symptom Assessment in Dry Eye (SANDE

81 bolism genes reduced osmotolerance at a high osmolarity, and this reduction was due to the relief of

82 Thus, osmolarity appears to affect the severity of the divisio

83 Since an acidic pH and osmolarity are two of three known stimuli of the OmpR-En

84 Changes in external osmolarity as a consequence of fluctuating environmental

85 nutrient sensing may indicate that cells use osmolarity as a proxy for the presence of free sugar in

86 acillus subtilis frequently experiences high osmolarity as a result of desiccation in the soil.

87 m and caused by possible changes in cellular osmolarity as a result of the efflux of the intracellula

88 mutant of TRPM7 shows a similar behaviour to osmolarity as the wild-type protein, both in the presenc

89 Increasing osmolarity augmented expression of COX-2 in WT renal med

90 We find that, in addition to sensing osmolarity, basal skin cells in zebrafish larvae are als

91 We did not find differences in tear film osmolarity between the operated eyes and the fellow unop

92 plays no substantial role in altering serum osmolarity but appears to benefit duration of action.

93 mpR expression was not altered by changes in osmolarity but instead was induced by membrane-intercala

94 , however, correlated with changes in pH and osmolarity but matched the pattern of nutrient depletion

95 holera toxin production, and in LB with high osmolarity but not high pH or temperature.

96 ng a glycylglycine buffer with physiological osmolarity but only 62% of physiological conductivity an

97 high or fluctuating pH, salt, temperature or osmolarity, but we lack explanations for why so many ant

98 erae copes with fluctuations in salinity and osmolarity by producing and transporting small, organic,

99 ezing point depression by microosmometer and osmolarity calculated from biosensor measures of select

100 Tear osmolarity can be considered a more reliable test than O

101 H-NS, a transcription repressor, sense such osmolarity changes and regulate transcription through un

102 ctive value on symptom changes, whereas tear osmolarity changes did not.

103 e of functions other than protection against osmolarity changes that these channels possibly fulfil i

104 ssay which allows us to control how fast the osmolarity changes, over time scales ranging from a frac

105 densation processes and thus desiccation and osmolarity changes.

106 , indicating that K+off was not generated by osmolarity changes.

107 ut an improved ability to tolerate increased osmolarity compared with the wild type.

108 he inhibitory phenotype is induced under low osmolarity conditions and expression is primarily contro

109 athogenic E. coli experience a wide range of osmolarity conditions before and after successful infect

110 , BetT mediated significant uptake under low-osmolarity conditions, suggesting a role in transport fo

111 ntrol that was exerted by H-NS/Hha under low-osmolarity conditions, the homologous virulence activato

112 Upon high osmolarity conditions, yeast accumulates glycerol by inc

113 solutes in response to changing salinity or osmolarity conditions.

114 anced in the hns hha double mutant under low-osmolarity conditions.

115 This regulator, OscR (osmolarity controlled regulator), was found to modulate

116 obtained by clinical examination (i.e., tear osmolarity, corneal staining, tear breakup time, Schirme

117 Schirmer's test and tear osmolarity correlated significantly at r=-0.52, with Sch

118 Tear osmolarity correlated significantly with dry eye severit

119 Schirmer strip measurement and tear osmolarity correlated well with increased concentrations

120 Tear osmolarity correlates with dry eye severity and therefor

121 equilibrium polymer volume fraction and net osmolarity (difference in the solute concentration acros

122 nd fluorescence microscopy, we now show that osmolarity differences between the interstitial fluid an

123 on, or treatment with solutions of different osmolarity, differentially affected the ratio of diffusi

124 hol levels support a mechanism of reversible osmolarity disturbances due to temporarily altered brain

125 Changes in tear osmolarity do not correlate significantly with changes i

126 Only tear osmolarity does not appear to map monotonically and/or u

127 all Cls is increased with increasing medium osmolarity during logarithmic growth and in stationary p

128 A contributes detectible levels of CL at low osmolarity during logarithmic growth.

129 aradoxically, previous studies of changes in osmolarity during steady-state cell growth found no depe

130 Genes induced by physiologic osmolarity encoded a higher than expected number of prot

131 +) responses remain responsive under varying osmolarities, endowing plants with the ability to percei

132 issive LB medium, reduced resistance to high osmolarity, enhanced resistance to low pH and hydrogen p

133 lysis when they transfer from a high- to low-osmolarity environment.

134 stimate of serum osmolality, but which serum osmolarity equations best predict serum osmolality in th

135 sured serum osmolality with calculated serum osmolarity equations in older people.

136 Finally, osmolarity experiments confirmed the model's prediction

137 ical utility of commonly used tests and tear osmolarity for assessing dry eye disease severity.

138 value of kappa(p)(i) = 0.87 +/- 0.07 for all osmolarities from 200 to 1000 mOsm.

139 fold to 10-fold with an increase in external osmolarity from 100 to 200 mmol/kg.

140 ns (2.5%, 5.0%, 10%, 20%, 40%, and 50%) with osmolarity from 142 to 2530 mOsm, with and without 0.5 m

141 ol, the partition coefficient increases with osmolarity from kappa(p)(i) = 0.48 +/- 0.19 at 200 mOsm

142 the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) and filamentous growth (FG) pa

143 ase kinase Ssk2p/MEKK4, a member of the high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) MAPK pathway of Saccharomyces

144 Both PKC and high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) MAPK pathways were shown previ

145 rane protein, plays a vital role in the high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) mitogen-activated protein kina

146 interactions with genes involved in the high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) osmoresponse pathway.

147 The yeast high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway activates Hog1 MAPK (m

148 itogen-activated protein kinases of the high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway in the fungal pathogen

149 I hybrid histidine kinase (HHK) and the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway.

150 The yeast high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) stress-activated protein kinas

151 e stress-activated protein kinase Hog1 (high-osmolarity glycerol 1), which regulates gene expression,

152 Finally, we establish that the high-osmolarity glycerol pathway and yapsins are required for

153 n a manner analogous to its role in the high osmolarity glycerol pathway, Nbp2p functions in the down

154 the pheromone signaling pathway and the high-osmolarity glycerol pathway, our method suggests interes

155 ion of Nbp2p is to recruit Ptc1p to the high osmolarity glycerol pathway, which results in down-regul

156 ch9 serves as a mediator of the TOR and high osmolarity glycerol pathways, and regulates vegetative d

157 channel 1) and Rgc2, and the MAPK Hog1 (high-osmolarity glycerol response 1).

158 but not other MAPK pathways (mating or high-osmolarity glycerol response [HOG]) that also require Cd

159 tion, FgHog1, the critical component of high osmolarity glycerol response pathway, was mis-localized

160 The C. neoformans HOG (High Osmolarity Glycerol response) pathway was essential for

161 hich is related to misregulation of the high-osmolarity glycerol response.

162 re alleviated by down-regulation of the high osmolarity glycerol stress response pathway, as well as

163 s during osmostress and cell death in a high osmolarity glycerol-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase

164 r kinases that function upstream of the high osmolarity glycerol/p38 MAPK pathway in fungi.

165 The networks can also be programmed by osmolarity gradients to fold into otherwise unattainable

166 tion and prevents invasive growth under high osmolarity growth conditions.

167 ve-stress regulons were up-regulated by high osmolarity, high temperature, or a combination of both s

168 ar divalent ions, although shifted to higher osmolarities (IC(50) = 510 mosmol l(-1)).

169 50 mosm/kg resulted in an increase in serum osmolarity in all hypertonic saline groups (p < .05 vs.

170 ated in response to increasing extracellular osmolarity in cultured human endothelial cells.

171 Indeed, decreasing the medium osmolarity in experiments prevents engulfment in line wi

172 that osmotic stress caused by decreasing the osmolarity in half reversibly changes the configuration

173 When faced with increased osmolarity in the environment, many bacterial cells accu

174 ilar volume, exhibits a strong dependence on osmolarity, indicating that passage time alone does not

175 We found that a decrease in extracellular osmolarity induced a K(+)-dependent conformational chang

176 rrier caused by an increase in extracellular osmolarity induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in vi

177 The low osmolarity-induced I(Kv1.5) increase also required an in

178 Both increases and decreases in the external osmolarity inevitably trigger water fluxes across the cy

179 le new diagnostic tests in DED are tear film osmolarity, inflammatory biomarkers, and meibomian gland

180 Additionally, extracellular osmolarity influences quantal size, causing quantal size

181 hat increasing membrane tension by adjusting osmolarity inhibited both the rapid (a few seconds) and

182 ow that hypoosmotic stress (20% reduction in osmolarity) initiates astrocytic Ca(2+) spikes and that

183 These findings suggest that physiologic osmolarity is an important signal for regulation of gene

184 lls should be induced as an abrupt change in osmolarity is applied.

185 ogenes in L. borgpetersenii, suggesting that osmolarity is relevant in studying the adaptation of L.

186 l challenges, such as continually increasing osmolarity, it results in a trade-off of fragility to no

187 measure of tear volume and tear composition (osmolarity, lacrimal factors, inflammatory mediators, gr

188 nel of equations for the prediction of serum osmolarity led to identification of one formula with a g

189 High temperature and osmolarity led to upregulation of pcsB expression.

190 and neonatal rat ventricular myocytes in low osmolarity (LO) medium and then recorded Kv1.5 current (

191 Patients with normal osmolarity (<312 mOsm/L) and hyperosmolarity values (>/=

192 Both the Schirmer's test and tear osmolarity may be more relevant to the clinician in the

193 Therefore, our study suggests that tear osmolarity measured with TearLab osmometer cannot be use

194 n this study we investigated utility of tear osmolarity measured with TearLab osmometer, along with o

195 perating characteristics curve analyses tear osmolarity measurement could not discriminate dry eye di

196 earLab Osmolarity System, with 3 consecutive osmolarity measurements taken at 1-minute intervals in a

197 Schirmer I test, corneal staining), and tear osmolarity measurements, together with an overall severi

198 betaine and [(14)C]choline-O-sulfate in high-osmolarity media in a strain lacking the ProP and ProU s

199 ems is stimulated by glycine betaine in high-osmolarity media, suggesting that this organism has an a

200 after cell division and for viability in low-osmolarity media.

201 Supplementation of the high-osmolarity medium with the osmoprotectant glycine betain

202 ssure from pressure-independent effects that osmolarity might have on cell growth, we monitored the e

203 te after several minutes, demonstrating that osmolarity modulates growth rate slowly, independently o

204 Osmolarity modulates transepithelial ion and water flux

205 By contrast, the mechanisms that relay the osmolarity of ingested fluids remain poorly understood.

206 ow the fluid homeostasis system monitors the osmolarity of ingested fluids to dynamically control dri

207 d P(i) pairs could influence the periplasmic osmolarity of marine bacteria.

208 t plays a crucial role in the maintenance of osmolarity of the cell without affecting the physiologic

209 ess responsive promoter and playing with the osmolarity of the cells environment, we show that long-t

210 Increasing the osmolarity of the culture medium to 800 mOsm extended CL

211 ial cultures was observed to decrease as the osmolarity of the growth medium was increased.

212 Here, we report that both the acidic pH and osmolarity of the lumen's contents display simple harmon

213 Micro-incision 25G + PPV does not affect the osmolarity of the tear film.

214 richia coli cells while rapidly changing the osmolarity of their media.

215 We report the effect of external osmolarity on giant lipid vesicles containing an aqueous

216 ac myocytes induced by varying extracellular osmolarity or by action potential generation were succes

217 altered either by variations in the external osmolarity or by disturbances in the transmembrane ion g

218 ix porin, expressed under conditions of high osmolarity or ionic strength.

219 eye disease, including Schirmer's test, tear osmolarity, OSDI, and TBUT.

220 tal stresses such as changes to temperature, osmolarity, oxidative status, nutrient limitation, or ge

221 utrient availability, ionic composition, pH, osmolarity, oxidative stress, contact with host cells an

222 erexpressing it is still sensitive to medium osmolarity, pH and procaine, all of which modulate EnvZ/

223 No differences were found related to osmolarity, pH, and density between fresh and lyophilize

224 al gene expression in response to changes in osmolarity, pH, and temperature.

225 vo is modulated by physico-chemical factors (osmolarity, pH, temperature) and interaction partners.

226 re performed before and after exposure: tear osmolarity, phenol red thread test, conjunctival hyperem

227 erformed before and after the exposure: tear osmolarity, phenol red thread test, conjunctival hyperem

228 I(OMMKi) is regulated by osmolarity, potentiated by cAMP, and activated at physio

229 ytes were analyzed and entered into 38 serum osmolarity-prediction equations.

230 halmologists should consider evaluating tear osmolarity preoperatively, especially in highly demandin

231 Increased extracellular osmolarity prevented caspase-1 activation by different k

232 The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for tear osmolarity (ranging from 0.71 to 0.86) showed, for all t

233 The high variability of TearLab osmolarity readings in all groups makes the clinical int

234 e observed for all the tests apart from tear osmolarity, regardless of cut-off value (>308 mOsm/L, >3

235 tionality, including the bacterial EnvZ/OmpR osmolarity regulator and the mammalian 6-phosphofructo-2

236 ein kinase A, AMP-activated kinase, the high-osmolarity response mitogen-activated protein kinase pat

237 are found in systems as diverse as the high osmolarity response of yeast, gradient sensing in Dictyo

238 High extracellular osmolarity results in a switch from an adaptive to an in

239 moving always toward the central plane; iso-osmolarity returned OHCs to their original shape and mic

240 In response to osmolarity, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S. Typhi

241 film break-up time (TFBUT), ocular staining, osmolarity, Schirmer I, blink interval timing and the Oc

242 y, tear film break-up time, ocular staining, osmolarity, Schirmer I, blink interval timing, and Ocula

243 ase Index (OSDI) symptom questionnaire, tear osmolarity, Schirmer test, tear breakup time, conjunctiv

244 Dry eye signs were assessed by tear osmolarity, Schirmer test, tear breakup time, corneal an

245 e obtained from the eyes with the worst tear osmolarity score.

246 sperception results from the capacity of the osmolarity-sensing mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP

247 Furthermore, tear osmolarity showed a direct correlation with corneal stai

248 lemented with sodium chloride to physiologic osmolarity significantly altered the transcript levels o

249 e cues on water abundance (matric stress) or osmolarity (solute stress) into lifestyle strategies.

250 KEY POINTS: Changes in extracellular osmolarity stimulate thirst and vasopressin secretion th

251 o extracellular osmotic conditions, with low osmolarity stimulating ndvA expression.

252 the Na/K ATPase, which adjusted surface cell osmolarity such that pressure was maintained at zero.

253 Small volume solutions of exceedingly high osmolarity, such as 23.4% saline, have been used for the

254 ients with DED from whom we had data on tear osmolarity, symptoms, and corneal fluorescein staining f

255 ariability of measurements using the TearLab Osmolarity System is necessary when evaluating the clini

256 ipants) who were evaluated using the TearLab Osmolarity System, with 3 consecutive osmolarity measure

257 Tear osmolarity, TBUT, Schirmer's I, and central corneal sens

258 ng tests: best corrected visual acuity, tear osmolarity, tear film break-up time (BUT), corneal fluor

259 Tear osmolarity, tear instability (tear break-up time [TBUT])

260 of the changes between the 2 visits for tear osmolarity (TearLab system), symptoms (Ocular Surface Di

261 Osmolarity testing, Schirmer test without anesthesia, te

262 was supported by the findings that, at high osmolarity, the DeltagbcAB mutant accumulated high betai

263 Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), tear osmolarity, the Schirmer I test, tear film breakup time

264 Depending on the medium osmolarity, this was followed by lack of volume recovery

265 forced-choice experiment was used to obtain osmolarity thresholds.

266 Here we show that increasing cytoplasmic osmolarity through a genetic lesion known to produce ele

267 the degree of sedation, and increasing blood osmolarity through pharmacologic means.

268 suggest that Leptospira utilizes changes in osmolarity to regulate virulence characteristics.

269 dhesins is strongly induced by an upshift in osmolarity to the level found in mammalian host tissues.

270 The molecular mechanism coupling osmolarity to TRPV4 activation remains elusive.

271 Assessments of DE included tear osmolarity (Tosm), the 5-item dry eye questionnaire (DEQ

272 RPV4 responds to isosmolar cell swelling and osmolarity translated via different aquaporins.

273 haromyces cerevisiae, variations in external osmolarity trigger the activation of the stress-activate

274 There was a significant decrease in tear osmolarity values (338.1 +/- 27.1 to 314.25 +/- 38.8 mOs

275 Patients with tear osmolarity values of 312 mOsm/L or higher are more likel

276 The mean tear osmolarity values were, respectively, 305.63 +/- 15.07,

277 shrinkage induced by increased extracellular osmolarity via programmed changes in gene transcription

278 Mean tear osmolarity was 307 mOsm/L, 304 mOsm/L, and 301 mOsm/L in

279 rum albumin (BSA), indicating that increased osmolarity was causing or contributing to fluid accumula

280 Tear osmolarity was consistently affected in both eyes of her

281 No statistically significant change in osmolarity was found in the operated eyes (p > 0.05).

282 Tear film osmolarity was found to be the single best marker of dis

283 Osmolarity was found to have the highest correlation coe

284 ear secretion reflex were decreased and tear osmolarity was increased in the unaffected eyes of the H

285 Tear film osmolarity was measured in both eyes in every patient be

286 Tear osmolarity was measured in the right eye with a tear osm

287 emolysis following decrease of extracellular osmolarity was more pronounced in msk(-/-) erythrocytes.

288 VDR-null mice had polyuria, but the urine osmolarity was normal as a result of high salt excretion

289 At day 90, tear osmolarity was reduced from baseline with both krill oil

290 Tear osmolarity was the most sensitive indicator, and tear br

291 The increased plasma Na(+) and osmolarity were associated with increased ET-1 mRNA in v

292 In control mice (C57BL/6J), plasma Na(+) and osmolarity were significantly elevated in animals on hig

293 f carrier ampholytes at physiological pH and osmolarity, where they are focused then chemically mobil

294 may, in addition, affect the colonic pH and osmolarity, which are known to affect colonocyte biology

295 expectations for all indicators except tear osmolarity, which had larger residuals than expected, an

296 e concentrations are used to calculate serum osmolarity, which is an indirect estimate of serum osmol

297 ted with Hb concentration but independent of osmolarity, which suggests variation in the Hb to 2,3-di

298 40% higher urine volume and 18% lower urine osmolarity with relatively normal electrolyte and acid-b

299 mpatible solutes, to equilibrate cytoplasmic osmolarity with the extracellular environment.

300 t Drosophila melanogaster maintain hemolymph osmolarity within a narrow range.