ライフサイエンスコーパス: outcrossing

1 e Cross strains and maintained by randomized outcrossing.

2 terozygosity, much of which is likely due to outcrossing.

3 ong species selection, which favors obligate outcrossing.

4 iardia does undergo sexual reproduction with outcrossing.

5 , fitness increased with increasing rates of outcrossing.

6 metry and lead to an increase in the rate of outcrossing.

7 (SI), which prevents inbreeding and promotes outcrossing.

8 the wild-type proteins were reintroduced by outcrossing.

9 leles, and observed heterozygosity indicates outcrossing.

10 as an indirect consequence of low levels of outcrossing.

11 and 33% are intermediate between selfing and outcrossing.

12 oup toward reproductive systems that favored outcrossing.

13 ations undergo inbreeding while the rest are outcrossing.

14 lfing yielded significantly fewer seeds than outcrossing.

15 protandrous Silene once thought to be highly outcrossing.

16 ing benefits from enhanced fertilization and outcrossing.

17 with heterospory, such as increased rates of outcrossing.

18 ixed-mating system of self-fertilization and outcrossing.

19 ays increase fertility and opportunities for outcrossing.

20 ermination and seedling growth compared with outcrossing.

21 a practical fertility control that enforces outcrossing.

22 undergo dramatic changes upon inbreeding or outcrossing.

23 re was more inbreeding within pasture trees (outcrossing=0.828+/-0.015) compared with forest trees (0

24 h mutation rates from recombination to infer outcrossing, 8 population samples comprising 268 S. scle

25 ciated with allelic loss, allelic changes in outcrossing A. arenosa or repression of A. thaliana alle

26 y 45% higher recombination per kilobase than outcrossing A. lyrata.

27 e selection under the opposing force of high outcrossing, a characteristic of areas of intense malari

28 After their outcrossing ability is assessed, males are found to skir

29 asis and complexity of independently evolved outcrossing adaptations.

30 With no outcrossing, allelic variation is always maintained unde

31 rected by the probability of nondetection of outcrossing (alpha).

32 will be appropriate for different cases: (1) outcrossing Amaranthus spp. (that evolved resistances to

33 y), in controlling variation in the level of outcrossing among plants in a population of Gilia achill

34 s an apparent remnant of polymorphism in the outcrossing ancestor.

35 on-like behavior using a combined reciprocal outcrossing and cross-fostering design in Balb/cJ (cJ) a

36 entiation among them, indicating predominant outcrossing and few restrictions to gene flow.

37 ferent degrees of partial selfing or partial outcrossing and for nonequilibrium populations approachi

38 orted application of XP-GWAS for an obligate outcrossing and highly heterozygote plant genus suggests

39 Fungi reproduce via both heterothallic outcrossing and homothallic selfing modes, and transitio

40 Because this trait enforces outcrossing and is unlikely to re-evolve on short timesc

41 It shows high levels of outcrossing and limited population structure, even at th

42 ovides new insights into the roles that both outcrossing and mitotic recombination play in shaping th

43 ndividuals are estimated to be the result of outcrossing and not self-fertilization).

44 I used progeny-array analysis to estimate outcrossing and parthenogenetic rates for two tychoparth

45 ers is a hypothesized adaptation to increase outcrossing and pollen export by encouraging the upward

46 se groups are consistent with differences in outcrossing and recombination rate estimates.

47 opulation in a regime where the frequency of outcrossing and recombination, r, is small compared to t

48 This pattern is likely explained by strong outcrossing and regular long-distance pollen flow.

49 Both the cost of outcrossing and reproductive assurance lead to an over-r

50 in which reproduction occurs by a mixture of outcrossing and self-fertilization).

51 uantity and quality of offspring produced by outcrossing and self-fertilization.

52 ate the genetic basis of transitions between outcrossing and self-fertilizing mating systems in this

53 the early products of hybridization between outcrossing and selfing lineages will be F1s and first-g

54 olutionary dynamics of hybridization between outcrossing and selfing taxa.

55 asexual reproduction with varying levels of outcrossing and selfing, degrees of dominance and select

56 s, such as the production of few males after outcrossing and the obligatory development of dauers int

57 Because this strategy avoids outcrossing and therefore segregation of mutant alleles

58 ction of gene flow depending on variation in outcrossing and whether the mating systems of the specie

59 system characterized by partial selfing and outcrossing) and dioecy (characterized by obligatory out

60 three sexes are produced by both selfing and outcrossing, and females tend to appear early in a mothe

61 ck direct tests of reversals from selfing to outcrossing, and require data concerning the genetic bas

62 of heterosis (hybrid vigour) described when outcrossing animals and plants.

63 ngly high levels of population structure and outcrossing (approximately 22% of individuals are estima

64 standard explanations for the maintenance of outcrossing are correct, and it is likely that outcrossi

65 the ecological and evolutionary benefits of outcrossing are theoretically well-supported, support fo

66 hrough self-fertilization and through sexual outcrossing, are a predominant influence on the genetic

67 ectively clonal, as some argue, or undergoes outcrossing at a high rate, as many others believe, has

68 system (e.g., self-fertile versus obligately outcrossing) because self-fertility promotes the coloniz

69 cerevisiae are not recently derived and that outcrossing between strains in S. cerevisiae may be rela

70 pression) can limit geitonogamy and increase outcrossing but this depends on pollinator behavior with

71 is species is normally self-incompatible and outcrossing, but some populations have undergone a trans

72 with selfing and overdominant selection with outcrossing can help explain mixed breeding systems.

73 fore often be limited to situations in which outcrossing cannot be maintained and where selection fav

74 A. lyrata is an outcrossing close relative of the self-fertile A. thalia

75 oted the maintenance of one lineage over its outcrossing counterpart at high extinction rates, predom

76 ing pathogens facilitates the persistence of outcrossing despite these costs.

77 thogens possess the capacity for sex through outcrossing, despite being able to reproduce also asexua

78 Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) is an outcrossing, diploid (2n = 46) hardwood tree species, na

79 andiflorum (Liliaceae), exhibited an optimal outcrossing distance for fruit and seed production.

80 tum nor T. grandiflorum exhibited an optimal outcrossing distance for fruit or seed production, it wa

81 The lack of optimal outcrossing distances and the patterns of allozyme varia

82 , and the breeding scheme (intercrossing vs. outcrossing) drastically affected the transmission effic

83 bird's nest fungi, which would increase its outcrossing efficiency.

84 would result from conversion and subsequent outcrossing, even in Oenothera-like systems.

85 Most organisms reproduce through outcrossing, even though it comes with substantial costs

86 s since their last common ancestor, only 314 outcrossing events have occurred during this time (rough

87 tructed to maximize the chances of detecting outcrossing events.

88 In manual outcrossing experiments, application of Agrobacterium tu

89 Frequent outcrossing facilitates emergence and spread of new trai

90 f-fertile hermaphrodites from the obligately outcrossing females of their ancestors.

91 a recent hybrid swarm between predominantly outcrossing Geum rivale and predominantly selfing Geum u

92 itchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is a polyploid, outcrossing grass species native to North America and ha

93 parameters were estimated in the long-lived, outcrossing gymnosperm loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) fr

94 tion, once separated from the agrA defect by outcrossing, had no effect on agr expression or virulenc

95 Jointly our results show that outcrossing has direct epidemiological consequences as w

96 nt among some variant sites, indicating that outcrossing has occurred at a low rate in the history of

97 the lab (clonal replication, inbreeding, and outcrossing) have been important in molding genetic vari

98 egies of sexual reproduction (inbreeding vs. outcrossing) have divergent effects on population geneti

99 rmans, sexual reproduction occurs through an outcrossing/heterothallic a- sexual cycle or an inbreedi

100 strategy (self-fertilization/homothallism or outcrossing/heterothallism), is determined by the expres

101 iance of fitness upon selfing/outcrossing in outcrossing/highly selfing populations.

102 n higher flowers is an adaptation to enhance outcrossing in A. gymnandrum.

103 Outcrossing in conifers is promoted via an embryo-lethal

104 l profile of the genetic mechanism promoting outcrossing in conifers.

105 independent populations, the consequence of outcrossing in established breeds to recently developed

106 The occurrence and frequency of outcrossing in homothallic fungal species in nature is a

107 a marcescens) resulted in significantly more outcrossing in mixed mating experimental populations of

108 The potential for outcrossing in N. tetrasperma raises the question of how

109 xplanations for the widespread prevalence of outcrossing in nature despite this inherent disadvantage

110 and genetic variance of fitness upon selfing/outcrossing in outcrossing/highly selfing populations.

111 ental and progeny generations across selfing/outcrossing in outcrossing/selfing populations and the c

112 The genetic mechanism promoting outcrossing in P. taeda L. appears to have a balancing s

113 e of ecological and evolutionary benefits of outcrossing in pathogens.

114 Here we report detection of frequent outcrossing in the homothallic fungus Sclerotinia sclero

115 o meiotic recombination, suggesting frequent outcrossing in these populations, supporting the view th

116 olyploid, involving migration and occasional outcrossing in this predominantly inbreeding species.

117 ing) and dioecy (characterized by obligatory outcrossing) influence the experimental evolution of inb

118 known, but we speculate that--as in plants--outcrossing is a function of ecological, demographic and

119 In many angiosperms, outcrossing is enforced by genetic self-incompatibility

120 In other members of the mustard family, outcrossing is ensured by the complex self-incompatibili

121 Here we show that outcrossing is favoured in populations of Caenorhabditis

122 ion in providing reproductive assurance when outcrossing is impossible.

123 any plant and animal populations, selfing or outcrossing is often incomplete in that a proportion of

124 In Primula vulgaris outcrossing is promoted through reciprocal herkogamy wit

125 es, the primary obstacle to the evolution of outcrossing is the cost of production of males, individu

126 tcrossing are correct, and it is likely that outcrossing is the predominant mode of reproduction in m

127 ty, the ability of hermaphrodites to enforce outcrossing, is frequently lost in flowering plants, ena

128 t-generation backcrosses sired mainly by the outcrossing lineage, together with selfed F2s containing

129 evolution through hybridization with related outcrossing lineages.

130 is likely to be asymmetrical from selfing to outcrossing lineages.

131 lthough C. elegans descends from an obligate-outcrossing, male?female ancestor, it occurs primarily a

132 Plant biologists have long speculated that outcrossing mating systems are more common at low than h

133 ID indicates that herbivores could maintain outcrossing mating systems in nature.

134 ay a vital role in shaping LD in potato: the outcrossing mating type and the very limited number of m

135 Selfing predominates in the wild, but rare outcrossing may also play an important role.

136 Outcrossing MHCsTNF mice with mast cell-deficient (c-kit

137 between two species of yellow monkeyflowers, outcrossing Mimulus guttatus and selfing M. nasutus.

138 The switch from an outcrossing mode of mating enforced by self-incompatibil

139 and transitions between self-fertilizing and outcrossing modes of reproduction observed in both fungi

140 parent evolutionary dilemma: the benefits of outcrossing must be balanced against the fact that matin

141 Surprisingly, we find that while outcrossing mutagenized strains does reduce the total nu

142 ered by alfalfa's tetrasomic inheritance and outcrossing nature.

143 n this report, we show that both selfing and outcrossing occur in 10 additional populations of C. par

144 gical evidence indicate that insect-mediated outcrossing occurs with at least a low frequency in wild

145 In C. elegans, outcrossing of a line with high-level sir-2.1 overexpres

146 Outcrossing of a line with low-copy-number sir-2.1 overe

147 In the outcrossing of a new recessive mouse mutation causing ha

148 Following outcrossing of C57Bl/6J Eln(+/-), two backgrounds were i

149 However, progressive outcrossing of the DBP(-/-) mice to the C57BL/6J strain,

150 ption that populations are either completely outcrossing or completely selfing and that populations a

151 ' of hermaphroditic populations, inbreeding, outcrossing or intermediate.

152 y reproducing fungi are either predominantly outcrossing or predominantly selfing, there are some not

153 Progeny are produced by either outcrossing or self-fertilization with fixed probabiliti

154 portance of latitude and biome in predicting outcrossing or self-incompatibility.

155 hether due to large population size, ongoing outcrossing, or large within-breed phenotypic diversity.

156 a genetic architecture more similar to other outcrossing organisms than to self-pollinating crops and

157 east a twofold numerical advantage over most outcrossing organisms.

158 Most of these groups were primarily outcrossing perennials with reproductive modes that stab

159 rces shaping cis-regulatory variation in the outcrossing plant Capsella grandiflora We first identifi

160 In conjunction with this evidence, outcrossing plant species that are reliant on the declin

161 etics in natural populations of perennial or outcrossing plants can also differ substantially from mo

162 mitochondrial genes to their nuclei than do outcrossing plants contradicts predictions of major theo

163 e common in selfing or clonal plants than in outcrossing plants, a pattern opposite to prediction.

164 can create localized inbreeding even within outcrossing plants.

165 r local expression variation within a single outcrossing population are consistent with the effects o

166 Here, we study a facultatively outcrossing population in a regime where the frequency o

167 tics of inbreeding depression in a primarily outcrossing population of Mimulus guttatus.

168 at individual loci are common in a primarily outcrossing population of the plant Mimulus guttatus.

169 for characterizing DGM in partial selfing or outcrossing populations and for nonequilibrium populatio

170 y robust if the selfing rate (S) is <0.10 in outcrossing populations and if S > 0.8 in selfing popula

171 me finite population size, the estimation in outcrossing populations is better than in highly selfing

172 gene conversion events in mutant obligately outcrossing populations of C. elegans [fog-2(lf)] sponta

173 utcross progeny in selfing and predominantly outcrossing populations of the annual plant Arenaria uni

174 ple approaches for genotyping, we found that outcrossing populations on average harbour 5 to 9 S-locu

175 y selfing populations to extinction, whereas outcrossing populations persisted through reciprocal coe

176 sion generated by selfing and the ability of outcrossing populations to adapt more rapidly to environ

177 In self-compatible outcrossing populations with mutations of variable effec

178 including the clustering of individuals into outcrossing populations, hybrid generations, full-sib fa

179 r original estimation approach is limited in outcrossing populations, since selfing may not always be

180 With constant mutation effects, in outcrossing populations, the estimates U and h are unbia

181 enetic diversity relative to closely related outcrossing populations, we sequenced portions of the cy

182 the parameters of DGM in natural selfing and outcrossing populations.

183 isequilibrium analysis for genome mapping in outcrossing populations.

184 epistatic mutation effects in predominantly outcrossing populations.

185 e diversity at this locus in inbreeding than outcrossing populations.

186 tions, allowing functional transfer, whereas outcrossing prevents transfer by breaking up these combi

187 These findings document that outcrossing (probably between gonochoristic males and he

188 e demonstrated that 12 generations of strict outcrossing rapidly and drastically reduced linkage dise

189 Our population-level estimate of outcrossing rate (0.444) was somewhat lower than an esti

190 The high herkogamy group had a higher outcrossing rate (0.572) than the low herkogamy group (0

191 The population outcrossing rate (t) and adult inbreeding coefficient (F

192 implemented in the program BORICE (Bayesian Outcrossing Rate and Inbreeding Coefficient Estimation)

193 L genotypes, plus two population parameters, outcrossing rate and QTL-allelic frequency.

194 ests that the within-population variation in outcrossing rate could potentially cause the previously

195 Based on multilocus outcrossing rate estimates (t(m)), populations exhibited

196 Additionally, the effect of herkogamy on outcrossing rate in delayed selfers such as G. achilleif

197 ontrolled and optimum conditions; the actual outcrossing rate in natural conditions is expected to be

198 within-year and among-year variation in the outcrossing rate may have a strong influence on mating-s

199 We found a weak decline in outcrossing rate towards higher latitudes and among some

200 However, family outcrossing rate was not significantly correlated with f

201 detect a relationship between herkogamy and outcrossing rate, demonstrating that the functionality o

202 four polymorphic allozymes, we compared the outcrossing-rate estimates of two groups of individuals

203 Outcrossing rates (t(m)) were estimated as the proportio

204 Paternity analysis showed variation in outcrossing rates among pasture trees with high proporti

205 The underlying causes of variation in outcrossing rates among populations of C. parasitica are

206 ed with variation in stigmatic pollen loads, outcrossing rates and heterozygosity.

207 s of evolutionary research; however, natural outcrossing rates are difficult to measure because matin

208 Both scent and nectar increase outcrossing rates for three, separately tested, pollinat

209 , but polyploid angiosperms do not differ in outcrossing rates from their diploid parents.

210 ppropriate; the overdominance model predicts outcrossing rates in diploids and their tetraploid deriv

211 In the current study, outcrossing rates in populations of T. dubius and T. mir

212 between multilocus and average single-locus outcrossing rates indicated some biparental inbreeding i

213 opportunity to probe how quickly a shift in outcrossing rates might occur.

214 les to ask whether alleles affecting plants' outcrossing rates or sex morphs will spread in populatio

215 Family outcrossing rates ranged from 0 to 1.0, indicating mixed

216 Mean outcrossing rates ranged from 0.16 to 0.49 across four p

217 Outcrossing rates showed substantial heterogeneity among

218 tetraploid populations surveyed have higher outcrossing rates than the two diploid populations.

219 Outcrossing rates were found to be less than 0.075 in po

220 Variation in outcrossing rates within populations has the potential t

221 ic covariation among pollinator reliability, outcrossing rates, heterozygosity and relevant floral tr

222 ithin populations, inconsistent estimates of outcrossing rates, low levels of mating between tetrads

223 s and tetraploids of Arabidopsis arenosa, an outcrossing relative of A. thaliana.

224 The frequency of outcrossing relative to inbreeding is estimated at 1.1%

225 ing plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its close outcrossing relative, Arabidopsis lyrata.

226 parison to CMT1 of Cardaminopsis arenosa, an outcrossing relative, indicates conservation for DNA met

227 sae, with three phylogenetically informative outcrossing relatives, C. remanei, C. brenneri, and C. j

228 arisons between inbreeding species and their outcrossing relatives, where inferences may be confounde

229 visional genetic locations), consistent with outcrossing reproduction.

230 ium populations was examined in light of the outcrossing results.

231 In comparison to outcrossing, self-fertilization led to the production of

232 ny generations across selfing/outcrossing in outcrossing/selfing populations and the covariance betwe

233 meres that result in genome elimination upon outcrossing, show a binding pattern on A. thaliana centr

234 y selected in both mixed-mating and strictly outcrossing situations, though more strongly in the latt

235 The regular production of pods in this outcrossing species (tm = 0.979) indicates that sufficie

236 and DNA methylation genome-wide in the wild outcrossing species Arabidopsis lyrata.

237 We predict 32,670 genes in this outcrossing species compared to the 27,025 genes in the

238 The chocolate tree is an outcrossing species in the wild, due to self-incompatibi

239 ering lignin biosynthesis in this tetraploid outcrossing species is not straightforward.

240 ecies, their power has not been proven in an outcrossing species with extensive genetic diversity.

241 simplification, genes conserved in multiple outcrossing species with strong sex-biased expression ar

242 of plants to their local environment in the outcrossing species Zea mays (maize).

243 ighly desirable for studying the genetics of outcrossing species, and results from it can provide ins

244 cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), an outcrossing species, is a highly heterozygous autotetrap

245 ionary history of three defense genes in two outcrossing species, the autotetraploid Zea perennis and

246 ., at a rate similar to that observed in the outcrossing species, Zea mays (maize).

247 tly and strikingly smaller than those of the outcrossing species.

248 approximately 1.5, similar to estimates from outcrossing species.

249 the level of polymorphism observed for this outcrossing species.

250 ctiveness of genome mapping for recalcitrant outcrossing species.

251 ped to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for outcrossing species.

252 w much less within-species polymorphism than outcrossing species.

253 powerful tool for de novo genome analysis of outcrossing species.

254 e. values equivalent to autogamy, selfing or outcrossing) suggest that pollination levels also vary t

255 The occurrence of substantial outcrossing suggests that the extinction of local popula

256 ur-grandparent outbred mapping population in outcrossing switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), an emergi

257 Within the Brassicaceae, these outcrossing systems are the evolutionary default state,

258 es of founders, linkage mapping in nonmodel, outcrossing systems using molecular markers presents one

259 ure, ranging from self-fertility to obligate outcrossing systems with several thousand different sexe

260 In contrast to well-studied outcrossing systems, the molecular basis of homothallism

261 ARC1 plays in the evolution and retention of outcrossing systems.

262 artificial diploid population is more highly outcrossing (t=0.727; family-level estimates range from

263 irus (4n) exhibited slightly higher rates of outcrossing than did populations of one of its progenito

264 llinators would select for lower defences in outcrossing than self-pollinating species.

265 , floral and leaf nicotine concentrations in outcrossing than selfing species, with a 15-fold decreas

266 Sexual outcrossers suffer from a cost of outcrossing that arises because they do not contribute t

267 model of obesity-driven type II diabetes by outcrossing the obese, diabetes-prone, NZO (New Zealand

268 the disruptions of coevolved sets of loci by outcrossing, the efficient purging of deleterious recess

269 ted because very few F2 progeny derived from outcrossing this strain with NOD develop spontaneous aut

270 ntributes to population differentiation, and outcrossing through CH flowers increases genetic variati

271 In contrast to the obligatory outcrossing TKS, T. officinale presented evidence for po

272 n the closely related C57BL/6J background by outcrossing to C57BL/10J, and backcrossing or intercross

273 ry traits through multiple introductions and outcrossing to create genetically novel offspring.

274 nt polymorphisms) of the locus that enforces outcrossing to demonstrate that its loss is irreversible

275 Transitions from obligate outcrossing to partial or predominant self-fertilization

276 he transgene was efficiently resilenced upon outcrossing to reintroduce the wild-type protein.

277 In plants, transitions in mating system from outcrossing to self-fertilization are common; however, t

278 lution, with the most common transition from outcrossing to self-fertilizing.

279 In plants, the shift from outcrossing to self-pollination is common, providing the

280 Evolutionary shifts from outcrossing to selfing have been frequent in plants, but

281 Shifts from outcrossing to selfing have occurred thousands of times

282 tes two distinct claims: the transition from outcrossing to selfing is unidirectional; and the divers

283 rom ancestral self-incompatibility (obligate outcrossing) to self-compatibility (increased inbreeding

284 first wind-pollinated, perennial, and highly outcrossing transgenic crops being developed for commerc

285 there were no significant differences among outcrossing treatments for fruit or seed production.

286 9% fewer seeds, respectively, than all other outcrossing treatments.

287 ially supported the patterns revealed in the outcrossing treatments.

288 mating system from strict selfing to strict outcrossing using the ms1b nuclear male sterility gene.

289 We find that the opportunities for outcrossing vary spatially.

290 the recently estimated rate of Saccharomyces outcrossing, we calculate the strength of selection nece

291 tly, although all populations appear largely outcrossing, we find that the differences in the inferre

292 range expansion even though the benefits of outcrossing were transient.

293 The use of this new outcrossing wheat population, mixing numerous initial pa

294 good approximation for models with complete outcrossing, whereas, for models with self-fertilization

295 s to account for this variation predict that outcrossing, which allows escape from Muller's ratchet a

296 Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is an outcrossing, wind-pollinated species exhibiting a gameto

297 Hybrid diploids formed by outcrossing with the laboratory strain S288c also displa

298 nally inherited parasite mitochondrion, even outcrossing with wild-type strains cannot facilitate spr

299 icate that K. ocellatus reproduces mainly by outcrossing, with no current evidence of selfing, despit

300 e demonstrate that in scenarios analogous to outcrossing, wtf drivers generate a fitness landscape in