ライフサイエンスコーパス: pachytene

1 chromosomes from leptotene through to early pachytene.

2 o sites of crossover complexes at the end of pachytene.

3 r Holliday junction resolution and exit from pachytene.

4 c partner Cdk2, which occurs much earlier in pachytene.

5 ssential steps before chromosome synapsis at pachytene.

6 ytologically visible unpaired chromosomes at pachytene.

7 brightly for Me(K4)H3 after germ nuclei exit pachytene.

8 l mice also contained germ cells arrested at pachytene.

9 SCI) are eliminated via apoptosis during mid-pachytene.

10 ved until the formation of full-length SC at pachytene.

11 mal to telomeres rises from early meiosis to pachytene.

12 assembly of the euchromatic SC at the end of pachytene.

13 found only for matings that sampled treated pachytene (28-fold, P < 0.0001) and preleptotene spermat

14 At late zygotene/early pachytene a proportion of AtMSH5 foci co-localize with A

15 into two morphologically distinct substages: pachytene A, when SCs are perinuclear, and pachytene B,

16 ation of spermatocytes, respectively, at the pachytene and anaphase I stages.

17 were arrested between leptotene/zygotene and pachytene and died through apoptosis.

18 restricted to the germ line, specifically to pachytene and diplotene spermatocytes and early spermati

19 RNF17 granules are prominent in late pachytene and diplotene spermatocytes, and in elongating

20 wn as UBC9) were localized to the XY body in pachytene and diplotene spermatocytes, while only SUMO2/

21 ces cerevisiae because it triggers exit from pachytene and entry into meiosis.

22 ctor, Ndt80, which is required for exit from pachytene and entry into the meiotic divisions in buddin

23 Based on the formation of the XY body at pachytene and expression studies of a few X-linked genes

24 cyte influences meiotic progression prior to pachytene and may interact with pathways that control DN

25 cycle progression in tam was delayed in both pachytene and meiosis II.

26 containing mRNA translation is stimulated at pachytene and metaphase I.

27 ial artificial chromosomes, was estimated on pachytene and mitotic chromosomes to be approximately 50

28 ypes are accompanied by a delayed entry into pachytene and premature desynapsis of the X chromosome.

29 nd found Jmjd1a was specifically produced in pachytene and secondary spermatocytes.

30 asynaptic regions of the XY bivalents during pachytene, and that there is a time lag between the appe

31 ist even when the XY body disappears in late pachytene, and the X and Y chromosomes segregate from on

32 eas the numbers of AtMLH1 and AtMLH3 foci at pachytene are significantly reduced.

33 Pachytene arrest and apoptosis is observed in mouse muta

34 like synapsis/recombination mutants, display pachytene arrest and that this can be circumvented by pr

35 s in XY males is sufficient to phenocopy the pachytene arrest phenotype; insertion of Zfy 1/2 on the

36 The pachytene arrest was accompanied by an inefficient exit

37 nfertility, associated with not only meiotic pachytene arrest with accompanying apoptosis, but also a

38 ble-strand breaks, undetectable sex-body and pachytene arrest.

39 c basis of F1 hybrid sterility manifested by pachytene arrest.

40 nce that MSCI failure is sufficient to cause pachytene arrest.

41 Most of the oocytes with pachytene asynapsis were eliminated before birth.

42 : pachytene A, when SCs are perinuclear, and pachytene B, when SCs are uniformly distributed througho

43 Both proteins persisted on chromatin until pachytene before abruptly disappearing, indicating that

44 C-FISH to spreads of mitotic chromosomes and pachytene bivalents were associated with the largest sor

45 that the fusion protein was most abundant at pachytene, but was undetectable from late prophase I unt

46 ation, is required for stabilizing the SC in pachytene by switching the central region of the SC from

47 rrangements during meiotic prophase and that pachytene can be divided into two morphologically distin

48 ivalent formation, increased aneuploidy, and pachytene cell death, which are likely due to defects in

49 potential to differentiate into oocytes, the pachytene cells appear to function transiently as nurse

50 disclosed IR-induced dsDNA breaks (DSBs) in pachytene cells at a linear dose relationship of one IR-

51 Etoposide treatment of pachytene cells induced aneuploidy in both spermatocytes

52 anization and morphogenesis: organization of pachytene cells on the surface of the gonadal tube, oocy

53 Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of pachytene cells showed that the three BACs tightly clust

54 rentially expressed along the chromosomes in pachytene cells, which undergo meiotic recombination.

55 on movements of GFP-tagged bivalents in live pachytene cells.

56 In budding yeast the pachytene checkpoint 2 (Pch2) protein regulates meiotic

57 at least some of the genes that execute the pachytene checkpoint are different among organisms.

58 in the other branch of the pathway or in the pachytene checkpoint are unable to suppress the meiotic

59 C. elegans homolog of PCH2, a budding yeast pachytene checkpoint gene, which suggests that this surv

60 We show that Ddc1 is required for the pachytene checkpoint in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

61 dly reveals a triple role for Zfy at the mid-pachytene checkpoint in which Zfy genes first promote MS

62 Other components of the pachytene checkpoint include the nucleolar protein Pch2

63 The pachytene checkpoint is a meiotic surveillance system th

64 ral species suggest that the strength of the pachytene checkpoint is sexually dimorphic, observations

65 We suggest that activation of the pachytene checkpoint may be an important mechanism contr

66 Second, the pachytene checkpoint may be an important mechanism that

67 First, the pachytene checkpoint may form the mechanistic basis of s

68 Although the pachytene checkpoint occurs in many animals and in fungi

69 The pachytene checkpoint prevents meiotic cell cycle progres

70 This pachytene checkpoint requires two meiotic chromosomal pr

71 -dependent histone ubiquitination triggers a pachytene checkpoint system, providing a new insight int

72 vents and MI progression is governed by the "pachytene checkpoint", which in budding yeast requires R

73 o deficient in the apoptotic response of the pachytene checkpoint, and both scc-2 and scc-3 mutants f

74 finding suggests that the penetrance of the pachytene checkpoint, and even its presence or absence c

75 in a recombination mutant defective for the pachytene checkpoint, indicating that Mec1-dependent Rfa

76 In addition, plants seem to lack the pachytene checkpoint, which correlates with increased pr

77 n wild type but not in cells arrested at the pachytene checkpoint.

78 bination and as such may activate a putative pachytene checkpoint.

79 or microdissection and that when applied to pachytene chromatin, such cocktails provide an especiall

80 ysical locations of 17 mapped loci on tomato pachytene chromosome 1.

81 al artificial chromosome (BAC) clones on the pachytene chromosome 6 of potato.

82 ISH mapping of several potato BACs on tomato pachytene chromosome 6 revealed an overall colinearity b

83 ed on DNA density values and the fraction of pachytene chromosome length that is euchromatic, we esti

84 ock Translator permits prediction of meiotic pachytene chromosome map positions from recombination-ba

85 cultures with >40 Gy (4-krad) X-rays stalls pachytene chromosome movements.

86 The pachytene chromosome-based FISH mapping shows a superior

87 Meiotic pachytene chromosome-based fluorescence in situ hybridiz

88 We showed that pachytene chromosome-based fluorescence in situ hybridiz

89 roximately 28% of the physical length of the pachytene chromosome.

90 onfiguration in which, immediately preceding pachytene, chromosome ends colocalize dynamically in a r

91 The pachytene chromosomes 6 of potato and tomato (S. lycoper

92 plete double-strand break repair on synapsed pachytene chromosomes and a lack of crossing over.

93 C(2)M is continuously incorporated into pachytene chromosomes even though SC assembly is complet

94 aracterize COs in the same sample of meiotic pachytene chromosomes from wild-type tomato.

95 indicate that the nanoscale structure of the pachytene chromosomes is constrained by periodic pattern

96 and the fine cytological resolution of maize pachytene chromosomes made it possible to compare the di

97 Painting of pachytene chromosomes of Calepina, Conringia, and Sisymb

98 essed sequence tag (EST) markers onto the 10 pachytene chromosomes of maize by using a newly develope

99 a simple technique that allows stretching of pachytene chromosomes of maize to up to at least 20 time

100 rice karyotype was constructed using meiotic pachytene chromosomes of O. sativa spp. japonica rice va

101 We demonstrate that super-stretched pachytene chromosomes provide unprecedented resolution f

102 tion of 5-methyl cytosine on super-stretched pachytene chromosomes provides a powerful tool to reveal

103 e annotated and localized via FISH to tomato pachytene chromosomes providing the first global insight

104 analysis of this BAC and three subclones on pachytene chromosomes revealed relatively strict partiti

105 provided clear images of optically isolated pachytene chromosomes through a chromosome spread and pa

106 uorescence in situ hybridization analysis of pachytene chromosomes to investigate genetic differentia

107 py markers that were independently mapped on pachytene chromosomes using in situ hybridization.

108 les (RNs) along synaptonemal complexes (SCs, pachytene chromosomes) and allows genetic cM distances t

109 For pachytene chromosomes, EST density is about fourfold hig

110 of synaptonemal complexes (SCs) in extended pachytene chromosomes, RNs provide the highest-resolutio

111 and proved to be key for super-stretching of pachytene chromosomes.

112 ion of single-copy genes on maize (Zea mays) pachytene chromosomes.

113 r unambiguous identification of the 10 maize pachytene chromosomes.

114 lution fluorescence in situ hybridization on pachytene chromosomes.

115 Prem-2/Ji, Grande, and Tekay/Prem-1 on maize pachytene chromosomes.

116 no-2-phenylindole staining of the Nipponbare pachytene chromosomes.

117 rtificial chromosome (BAC) clones on meiotic pachytene chromosomes.

118 separated by 40 kb can be resolved on early pachytene chromosomes.

119 able for two events that accompany exit from pachytene: crossover formation and synaptonemal complex

120 he mutant, providing molecular evidence that pachytene differentiation was defective.

121 tene) but lower percentages at later stages (pachytene, diplotene and metaphase I) providing evidence

122 dissociates from the chromosome arms in late-pachytene-diplotene cells.

123 spermatogenesis was arrested around the late pachytene-diplotene stages of prophase I; surprisingly,

124 s was accompanied by increased cell death in pachytene/diplotene cells with markedly elevated levels

125 in males suggested a role for SPO11alpha in pachytene/diplotene spermatocytes.

126 1C localized to mouse meiotic chromosomes at pachytene/diplotene.

127 for both group I and group II, repair during pachytene (disjunction pathway) is associated with inter

128 hk-2 mutants are defective in triggering the pachytene DNA damage checkpoint in response to an interm

129 igger an apoptotic response of the conserved pachytene DNA damage checkpoint.

130 ut mice, meiotic progression is disrupted at pachytene due to inhibited translation of synaptonemal c

131 We discuss how regulation of pachytene exit by Mek1 or similar kinases could influenc

132 eling of meiotic chromosome structures after pachytene exit in Caenorhabditis elegans.

133 encodes a transcription factor required for pachytene exit, did not inhibit DNA rereplication.

134 cell cycle kinases previously implicated in pachytene exit.

135 Pachytene expression of individual Y genes inserted as t

136 The mapping combined with results from pachytene FISH experiments demonstrated that the top of

137 us studies suggested that most or all of the pachytene germ cells have the potential to differentiate

138 We show that the pachytene germline X chromosomes in both sexes lack Me(K

139 etween intimately paired, lengthwise-aligned pachytene homologs, and its kinetics of localization wit

140 hat XXY pairings are dissolved at the end of pachytene in oocytes that do undergo X chromosomal cross

141 ents HTP-1 and HTP-2 are removed during late pachytene, in a crossover-dependent manner, from the reg

142 Inactivation of MAP kinase at late pachytene is critical for timely disassembly of the SC p

143 p2(-/-) spermatocytes arrest at the stage of pachytene-like chromosome condensation.

144 prophase I, which provokes an arrest at the pachytene-like stage and results in infertility.

145 blot analysis revealed reduced expression of pachytene markers in the mutant, providing molecular evi

146 Boule mutations lead to a pachytene meiotic arrest before metaphase in Drosophila

147 the induction of genes involved in exit from pachytene, meiotic progression, and spore formation.

148 By late pachytene, no interlocks remain, suggesting that interlo

149 Here we document that BTBD18 is a pachytene nuclear protein in mouse testes that occupies

150 meiotic nuclei but is undetectable in early pachytene nuclei.

151 that any chromosome region unsynapsed during pachytene of male and female mouse meiosis is subject to

152 kinase) to control chromosome morphology in pachytene of meiosis I, as does lin-35.

153 ntral element of the synaptonemal complex in pachytene of meiosis, and earlier, is essential for cent

154 c day 16.5 (E16.5), when most oocytes are in pachytene of prophase I.

155 developmental switches: progression through pachytene, oocyte meiotic maturation/ovulation, male ger

156 LSH knockout pachytene oocytes exhibit reduced HDAC2 and DNMT-1.

157 ia-anchored TDRKH controls multiple steps of pachytene piRNA biogenesis in mice.

158 ly restricted to primary piRNAs derived from pachytene piRNA clusters.

159 We speculate that pachytene piRNA diversity may provide a hitherto unrecog

160 gs suggest that, during mammalian evolution, pachytene piRNA genes are under few selective constraint

161 In fact, pachytene piRNA loci are rapidly diverging even among mo

162 males lacking piRNAs from a conserved mouse pachytene piRNA locus on chromosome 6 (pi6) produce sper

163 Mutants defective for pachytene piRNA pathway proteins fail to produce mature

164 A-MYB drives transcription of both pachytene piRNA precursor RNAs and the mRNAs for core pi

165 se, human A-MYB drives transcription of both pachytene piRNA precursor transcripts and messenger RNAs

166 strate that BTBD18 facilitates expression of pachytene piRNA precursors by promoting transcription el

167 ain proteins and processing intermediates of pachytene piRNA primary transcripts.

168 NA precursor transcripts nor the trigger for pachytene piRNA production is known.

169 hat the transcription factor A-MYB initiates pachytene piRNA production.

170 uch de novo targets revealed a signature for pachytene piRNA target recognition.

171 in in mouse testes that occupies a subset of pachytene piRNA-producing loci.

172 and they may arise from an imbalance between pachytene piRNAs and MIWI.

173 Pachytene piRNAs are a class of Piwi-interacting small R

174 accumulate early in spermatogenesis, whereas pachytene piRNAs are produced later during postnatal spe

175 I proteins, MIWI and MILI, receive processed pachytene piRNAs at intermitochodrial cement (IMC).

176 rs including MIWI, the protein through which pachytene piRNAs function.

177 Although pilRNAs are similar to pachytene piRNAs in both size and genomic origins, they

178 Our data establish a direct role for pachytene piRNAs in spermiogenesis and embryo viability.

179 sposons but, after birth, most post-pubertal pachytene piRNAs map to the genome uniquely and are thou

180 We identify pre-pachytene piRNAs with features of secondary amplificatio

181 (MAEL) are enriched in MIWI (Piwi partner of pachytene piRNAs), Tudor-domain proteins and processing

182 loop that ensures the robust accumulation of pachytene piRNAs.

183 Pachytene PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), which comprise

184 The gene is transcriptionally active in pachytene primary spermatocytes and is repressed in all

185 ic linker histone H1t is synthesized only in pachytene primary spermatocytes during spermatogenesis.

186 become unpaired while remaining synapsed as pachytene progresses, we directly demonstrate the occurr

187 checkpoint is activated by these events and pachytene progression is delayed until the DSB repair co

188 s demonstrate a role for Ovol1 in regulating pachytene progression of male germ cells, and identify I

189 ir localization is severely disrupted during pachytene progression, and normal tripartite SC is not v

190 An early pachytene response to asynapsis is meiotic silencing of

191 However, spermatogenic arrest at the pachytene spermatocyte stage that occurs in this situati

192 ed DNase I-sensitive region is formed at the pachytene spermatocyte stage with the recruitment to the

193 is showed that VHY was readily detectable in pachytene spermatocytes (midstage of meiotic division I)

194 gs derived from type A spermatogonia (Spga), pachytene spermatocytes (Spcy) and round spermatids (Spt

195 iptome of mouse type A spermatogonia (Spga), pachytene spermatocytes (Spcy), and round spermatids (Sp

196 ptomes of mouse type A spermatogonia (Spga), pachytene spermatocytes (Spcy), and round spermatids (Sp

197 2), a testis-enriched chaperone expressed in pachytene spermatocytes and also essential for male fert

198 ntly increased H3K9me1 and H3K9me2 levels in pachytene spermatocytes and early elongating spermatids

199 both proteins localize in nuclei in meiotic pachytene spermatocytes and in the cytoplasm of subseque

200 AgRP in the testis was localized to pachytene spermatocytes and in the tongue to epithelial

201 ogenesis, was upregulated in Ovol1-deficient pachytene spermatocytes and repressed by Ovol1 in report

202 o MIWI-associated piRNAs mainly expressed in pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids in the test

203 miR-469 silencing of TP2 and Prm2 mRNA in pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids is essentia

204 epair activity was only modestly elevated in pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids relative to

205 d protein in Leydig cells and in germ cells (pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids) of the rat

206 The expression of Ggn was confined to late pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids, a time win

207 nd stage-dependently expressed in late-stage pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids.

208 in the cytoplasm as well as in organelles of pachytene spermatocytes and spermatids.

209 There was weak expression in late pachytene spermatocytes and strong expression in spermat

210 tpartum, when leptotene, zygotene, and early pachytene spermatocytes are the most common meiotic prop

211 t stages of development detected sAC in late pachytene spermatocytes as well as round and elongating

212 induction of spermatogenesis to the level of pachytene spermatocytes at point of busulfan treatment a

213 ecipitously 1 day later, when middle to late pachytene spermatocytes become the dominant subtype.

214 increased ratio of TRAX to TB-RBP in meiotic pachytene spermatocytes compared with the post-meiotic r

215 -1 increases in the sex body of early-to-mid-pachytene spermatocytes correlated with timing of additi

216 mice, Cdc20 accumulates in the cytoplasm of pachytene spermatocytes during meiosis I, is distributed

217 Interestingly, the pachytene spermatocytes exhibit persistent double strand

218 In fact, chromosomes of pachytene spermatocytes from Mlh1(-/-) mice were compete

219 They find that pachytene spermatocytes have a unique chromosome organiz

220 recently, we reported the cloning from mouse pachytene spermatocytes of mouse tauCstF-64 (gene symbol

221 t with the detection of Ovol1 transcripts in pachytene spermatocytes of the meiotic prophase, Ovol1-d

222 c differences between Drosha- and Dicer-null pachytene spermatocytes or round spermatids.

223 Once germ cells enter meiosis, pachytene spermatocytes produce RA to coordinate the two

224 Indeed, chemical and genetic depletion of pachytene spermatocytes revealed that RA from pachytene

225 DAD2 expressed predominantly in mid- to late-pachytene spermatocytes suggesting a role for both in me

226 ed the Acsl3 promoter to drive expression in pachytene spermatocytes to compensate for inactivation o

227 birth during the synchronized progression of pachytene spermatocytes to haploid spermatids.

228 Rs became increasingly enriched in RNPs from pachytene spermatocytes to round spermatids, and the enr

229 achytene spermatocytes revealed that RA from pachytene spermatocytes was required for the two postmei

230 P2 forms a DNase I-sensitive conformation in pachytene spermatocytes, a requisite event prior to the

231 lls, spermatogonia plus early spermatocytes, pachytene spermatocytes, and round spermatids were purif

232 In testis, SCALD expression is restricted to pachytene spermatocytes, as revealed by visualization of

233 ygotene spermatocytes, prepubertal and adult pachytene spermatocytes, as well as round spermatids.

234 cally in Sertoli's cells, spermatogonia, and pachytene spermatocytes, but not in postmeiotic round sp

235 y-state levels of certain X-linked miRNAs in pachytene spermatocytes, suggesting that either synthesi

236 to MSCI remain located within the XY body in pachytene spermatocytes, suggesting that the mechanism o

237 ase reporter assays were done in transfected pachytene spermatocytes, the cells that exhibit the high

238 1) is expressed at moderately high levels in pachytene spermatocytes, the developmental stage at whic

239 We found that pachytene spermatocytes, which express an RA-synthesizin

240 ssion from gonocytes/type A spermatogonia to pachytene spermatocytes.

241 st, such defects were not detected in mutant pachytene spermatocytes.

242 nked miRNAs are transcribed and processed in pachytene spermatocytes.

243 both the X and Y chromosomes in mid-to-late pachytene spermatocytes.

244 noted H1t, which is particularly abundant in pachytene spermatocytes.

245 species, whereas no changes were observed in pachytene spermatocytes.

246 Spermatogenesis is arrested at pachytene spermatocytes.

247 n at the ALF promoter precedes expression in pachytene spermatocytes.

248 the double stranded breaks generated in pre-pachytene spermatocytes.

249 9.2, or sCBM9.8; and used as a FISH probe on pachytene spreads from OMAd9.2.

250 Cleavage of genic targets began at the pachytene stage and resulted in progressive repression t

251 the mutant mice synapsed and advanced to the pachytene stage but failed to progress to the diplotene

252 However, cells that survive the pachytene stage display chromosome nondisjunction at the

253 etic landscape of meiotic chromosomes at the pachytene stage in mouse oocytes.

254 thout significant delay, in Atmsh5-1 but the pachytene stage is extended by several hours, indicative

255 ocalized to P granules beginning at the late pachytene stage of male gametogenesis.

256 In budding yeast, exit from the pachytene stage of meiosis requires the mid-meiosis tran

257 in somatic root tip metaphase cells, in the pachytene stage of meiosis, and in interphase nuclei.

258 cell proliferation, progression through the pachytene stage of meiosis, and the formation of bivalen

259 eflects the compaction of chromosomes at the pachytene stage of meiosis.

260 their histone modifications beginning at the pachytene stage of meiosis.

261 expression corresponds with the onset of the pachytene stage of meiosis.

262 t spermatogenesis is arrested at mid to late pachytene stage of meiotic prophase with defective synap

263 ue to checkpoint-induced arrest/delay at the pachytene stage of meiotic prophase.

264 heckpoint that causes cells to arrest at the pachytene stage of meiotic prophase.

265 turbation could be traced as far back as the pachytene stage of spermatogenesis.

266 s to permit meiotic progression from the mid-pachytene stage onward.

267 ditory nerve) maintained normal function but pachytene stage spermatocytes underwent apoptosis.

268 ely in germ cells of the testis from the mid-pachytene stage until the elongating spermatid stage.

269 mature termination of spermatogenesis at the pachytene stage was accompanied by increased apoptosis b

270 ologous chromosomes are fully aligned at the pachytene stage, and germ cells survive to complete meio

271 s to the sex chromosomes at the onset of the pachytene stage, and the subsequent formation of an isol

272 d meiotic progression of germ cells into the pachytene stage, as spermatogonial and Sertoli cells wer

273 e findings reveal a process in which, at the pachytene stage, individual telomere/nuclear envelope (N

274 tly normal late recombination nodules at the pachytene stage, suggesting that the mutant's defects in

275 ages, but not genes that are markers for the pachytene stage, was observed.

276 es without PIWI proteins are arrested at the pachytene stage, when the sex chromosomes undergo transc

277 asynapsed autosomes undergo apoptosis at the pachytene stage, while those with only asynapsed sex chr

278 on in fully synapsed chromosomes at the late pachytene stage.

279 ls were defective in progressing through the pachytene stage.

280 d Rad51 foci and absence of Mlh1 foci in the pachytene stage.

281 contained oocytes that were arrested at the pachytene stage.

282 house mice via spermatogenic failure at the pachytene stage.

283 nlarging oocytes, originating primarily from pachytene-stage germ cells.

284 spermatogenesis is disrupted at mid- or late pachytene stages of meiosis or early spermiogenesis.

285 ed solely in germ cells during the leptotene-pachytene stages of spermatogenesis.

286 Further, we find that the duration of the pachytene sub-stage is modulated by the presence of sper

287 kpoint, which arrests meiotic progression at pachytene, suppressed DNA rereplication resulting from S

288 ensitive failure of meiosis in late Zygotene/Pachytene that is associated with defective formation of

289 At early pachytene, the full-length SCs were more likely to be lo

290 At pachytene, the stage of maximum homologous chromosome pa

291 The transition from pachytene to Meiosis I is a key regulatory point in yeas

292 stages of spermatogenesis, ranging from the pachytene to the round spermatid stage.

293 At the late zygotene/early pachytene transition, about one-third of the nuclei reta

294 at wrongful expression of either gene during pachytene triggers germ cell death.

295 lly paired homologs together from the end of pachytene until metaphase I.

296 In early pachytene Vilya localizes along the central region of th

297 ich MSCI is used to silence a chosen gene in pachytene, we show that ATR depletion does not disrupt t

298 To assess the function of CPEB after pachytene, we used the zona pellucida 3 (Zp3) promoter t

299 olog associations are released at the end of pachytene, while heterochromatic pairings persist until

300 Spermatocytes arrest prior to pachytene with little or no synapsis and undergo apoptos