ライフサイエンスコーパス: paracrine signaling

1 deling of cell communication (juxtacrine and paracrine signaling).

2 le of cancer-derived mtDNA in a mechanism of paracrine signaling.

3 organized in a modular network implicated in paracrine signaling.

4 roles in further regulating MSC survival and paracrine signaling.

5 asis, and angiogenesis through autocrine and paracrine signaling.

6 iferation and invasiveness via autocrine and paracrine signaling.

7 ate stem cell fate outcomes to autocrine and paracrine signaling.

8 liberated during cellular necrosis to effect paracrine signaling.

9 TGF-beta1, which is capable of autocrine and paracrine signaling.

10 hat this factor plays in cardiac disease and paracrine signaling.

11 other components of the bone marrow through paracrine signaling.

12 primed state of DC maturation mediated by DC paracrine signaling.

13 DCs to a panoply of cytokines/chemokines via paracrine signaling.

14 ifferentiated state of mammary epithelia via paracrine signaling.

15 tivation of Smads through TGFbeta1 autocrine/paracrine signaling.

16 e for the increased autocrine endogenous and paracrine signaling.

17 s universally required for Wnt secretion and paracrine signaling.

18 ses secretion of S1P, allowing for autocrine/paracrine signaling.

19 lls, it may be engaged in both autocrine and paracrine signaling.

20 the mechanism of IOP lowering is most likely paracrine signaling.

21 otential contributor to beta-cell EV-related paracrine signaling.

22 lls and through ECM remodeling and endocrine/paracrine signaling.

23 g that synaptic ES can mediate autocrine and paracrine signaling.

24 lls provide trophic support to GBM cells via paracrine signaling.

25 stimulation and acted via both autocrine and paracrine signaling.

26 n the regulation of follicular processes via paracrine signaling.

27 teracted by combination therapies that block paracrine signaling.

28 eneous cell types that communicate via local paracrine signaling.

29 for stalling in survival, proliferation and paracrine signaling.

30 o-cell propagation mechanism more reliant on paracrine signaling.

31 roles in regulating cardiac development via paracrine signaling.

32 involvement of stem cell differentiation and paracrine signaling.

33 ing both hypertrophic and hypoxia-stimulated paracrine signaling.

34 implicated in metastatic progression through paracrine signaling.

35 lve both alpha-cell-intrinsic and intraislet paracrine signaling.

36 rstood as an ATP release channel involved in paracrine signaling.

37 al systems may be affected by such limits of paracrine signaling.

38 an promote growth via KITLG autocrine and/or paracrine signaling.

39 or appeared to play a key role in senescence-paracrine signaling.

40 RALF peptides mediate autocrine and paracrine signaling 689 IV.

41 n addition to spatial patterns of intratumor paracrine signaling, a possible cell-cycle-associated re

42 cells in an OOC device, through in vivo-like paracrine signaling across the ultrathin membrane.

43 This paracrine signaling acts to constrain ISC proliferation

44 Our work aims to investigate how this paracrine signaling affects neuronal function.

45 omote repair of the infarcted myocardium via paracrine signaling after transplantation.

46 may participate importantly in autocrine and paracrine signaling among leukocytes and vascular endoth

47 irects localized bone remodeling by means of paracrine signaling and cell-to-cell contact.

48 s animal models documented that simultaneous paracrine signaling and cell-to-cell surface contact reg

49 sms involve both neuronal-activity-regulated paracrine signaling and direct electrochemical communica

50 oma cells interact with neurons through both paracrine signaling and electrochemical synapses.

51 mechanisms underlying astrocytic-endothelial paracrine signaling and have found that integrin-mediate

52 creted TGF-beta1 is capable of autocrine and paracrine signaling and is dependent upon expression of

53 cells that are mediated by a combination of paracrine signaling and low-density gap junction couplin

54 rotein also efficiently blocks autocrine and paracrine signaling and reduces the proliferation of MCF

55 icroColonies') to quantitatively investigate paracrine signaling and the response to external stimuli

56 pancreatic beta cells play pivotal roles in paracrine signaling and their dysfunction is linked to d

57 IMECs induced T-cell activation through paracrine signaling and were colocalized with T cells in

58 ation through inhibition of cell activation, paracrine signaling, and dampened cellular proinflammato

59 issue formation by neonatal chondrocytes via paracrine signaling, and highlights the importance of co

60 ing environments, regulated by autocrine and paracrine signaling, and modulated by cell organization,

61 n-specific hydrogels regulate hMSC adhesion, paracrine signaling, and osteoblastic differentiation in

62 ude direct incorporation into blood vessels, paracrine signaling, and tunneling nanotube renewal of m

63 sues did not have similar effects, excluding paracrine signaling as a major mechanism.

64 The effect was partially due to paracrine signaling, as we observed that IAV infection o

65 CMC paracrine signaling assays revealed enhancement in innat

66 y recruited inflammatory cells, allowing for paracrine signaling at the site of an infection.

67 evealing a previously unrecognized endocrine-paracrine signaling axis in the thymus.

68 s reveal a novel TGF-beta, androgen, and Wnt paracrine signaling axis that enables prostatic regressi

69 hat alphavbeta8 integrin is a component of a paracrine signaling axis that links astrocytes to blood

70 Thus, HIFs mediate complex and bidirectional paracrine signaling between BCCs and MSCs that stimulate

71 idence, however, points to a direct role for paracrine signaling between blood vessel cells and surro

72 We demonstrate that HIFs mediate paracrine signaling between breast cancer cells (BCCs) a

73 ate the latter effect is caused by disturbed paracrine signaling between endothelial and surrounding

74 Paracrine signaling between hepatic stellate cells (HSCs

75 est the hypothesis that sorafenib influences paracrine signaling between HSCs and LECs and thereby re

76 Increased lymphangiogenic signaling suggests paracrine signaling between LECs and breast cancer cells

77 autoreceptor function, provide a pathway for paracrine signaling between NG neurons, and contribute t

78 Paracrine signaling between pancreatic islet beta-cells

79 Paracrine signaling between podocytes and glomerular end

80 lies upon coordination of both autocrine and paracrine signaling between the budding epithelium and a

81 ing on the nutrient type and likely involves paracrine signaling between the differentiated beta-cell

82 riction (IUGR) on pancreatic vascularity and paracrine signaling between the EC and beta-cell.

83 These changes occur via paracrine signaling between the uterine epithelium and s

84 During embryogenesis, paracrine signaling between tissues in close proximity c

85 Autocrine or paracrine signaling by beta interferon (IFN-beta) is ess

86 ase inhibition triggers CF-derived autocrine/paracrine signaling by eicosanoids, including 12(S)-hydr

87 Paracrine signaling by enterochromaffin cells (EC), whic

88 To test the hypothesis that paracrine signaling by exosomes are key regulators of pa

89 more slowly developing mechanisms involving paracrine signaling by extracellular peptides (C-type na

90 We conclude that HER-mediated autocrine and paracrine signaling by HB-EGF or other EGF family member

91 Survival and proliferation of hHpSCs require paracrine signaling by hepatic stellate cells and/or ang

92 s to a positive feedback loop involving auto/paracrine signaling by IL13 and the IL4/13 receptor.

93 rom of each other, a distance sufficient for paracrine signaling by leukotrienes to operate effective

94 The concept of local paracrine signaling by nitric oxide over subcellular dis

95 Enhancement of Hmga2-induced paracrine signaling by overexpression of androgen recept

96 ngs establish a critical functional role for paracrine signaling by tumor-derived osteopontin in repr

97 Blockade of autocrine/paracrine signaling can aid in dissecting the contributi

98 Paracrine signaling can be an important mediator of thes

99 of how quantitative control of autocrine and paracrine signaling can be integrated with spatial organ

100 While it is well established that paracrine signaling can similarly elicit diverse respons

101 Additionally, ER-stressed astrocytes, via paracrine signaling, can stimulate activation of microgl

102 ix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1), orchestrate a paracrine signaling cascade to modulate the bone microen

103 Paracrine signaling cascades regulated by hypoxia initia

104 onmental cues and have enhanced pro-myogenic paracrine signaling compared with traditional subcutaneo

105 le DE patterning is fairly well studied, the paracrine signaling controlling SM regionalization and h

106 strate a previously unidentified mesenchymal paracrine signaling coordinated by GHR that is capable o

107 expressing oncogenic mutants of Src, whereas paracrine signaling could stimulate EGFR and ERK signali

108 s but also engaged in distinct autocrine and paracrine signaling critical for interglial communicatio

109 tion, which effectively blocks all autocrine/paracrine signaling crucial to induction of downstream e

110 ivate valvular interstitial cells and latent paracrine signaling cytokines (eg, transforming growth f

111 duce hPGCLC specification from hPSCs through paracrine signaling downstream of ISL1.

112 ing an antiviral program, we could show that paracrine signaling driven by type III IFNs efficiently

113 lar arrangement, analogous to juxtacrine and paracrine signaling during animal development.

114 Our findings help elucidate the paracrine signaling events activated by a compromised mu

115 rain) can trigger a cascade of autocrine and paracrine signaling events between ECs and SMCs critical

116 These effects occur through autocrine and paracrine signaling events initiated by interactions bet

117 poptosis during cytotoxic treatment activate paracrine signaling events that promote the growth of su

118 as ATP and ADP) and subsequent autocrine and paracrine signaling events through nucleotide receptors.

119 effect on the epithelium through additional paracrine signaling events.

120 gest that suPAR may function as an important paracrine signaling factor in EGFRvIII-positive GBMs, in

121 h is a well-established potent autocrine and paracrine signaling factor modulating a variety of cellu

122 l breast cancer: TGFbeta is an autocrine and paracrine signaling factor that drives cell invasion and

123 ole for MDC-derived HOCl as a small-molecule paracrine signaling factor that trans-inhibits IKK in me

124 zation are coupled by localized secretion of paracrine signaling factors by the differentiating hMSCs

125 other nucleotides function as autocrine and paracrine signaling factors in many tissues.

126 the nerve growth factor (NGF) as protective paracrine signaling for beta cells through repressing ER

127 for kinins, including those in autocrine and paracrine signaling for skeletal and cardiac muscle ener

128 Mast cells use paracrine signaling for the transfer of chemical informa

129 omatic events may drive tumor growth through paracrine signaling fostering a tumor ecologic niche are

130 tagonists or diazoxide, compounds that limit paracrine signaling from beta/delta-cells.

131 ntrolled by a common mechanism and guided by paracrine signaling from EPDCs linking epicardial EMT to

132 results demonstrate a directionally specific paracrine signaling from epithelial FGF9 and stromal FGF

133 This likely resulted from paracrine signaling from hepatocytes in the peritoneal c

134 Paracrine signaling from infected DCs induced an antivir

135 Ligand-receptor analysis highlighted paracrine signaling from inflammatory PT cells mediating

136 hypothesize here that alpha3beta1-dependent paracrine signaling from keratinocytes regulates the dif

137 occurred in hepatocytes and was mediated by paracrine signaling from Kupffer cells.

138 Paracrine signaling from lung epithelium to the surround

139 Evidence suggests a model whereby paracrine signaling from melanoma cells increases levels

140 mplex regulation that includes autocrine and paracrine signaling from MSCs.

141 y and arteriogenesis, preserved vasculogenic paracrine signaling from myofibers, increased muscle mas

142 IgG-mediated changes may be a means by which paracrine signaling from neuronal activity influences mi

143 s then applied to HMECs to determine whether paracrine signaling from PELP1-cyto-activated macrophage

144 Paracrine signaling from SCF to KIT, between differentia

145 Overall, these findings show that paracrine signaling from SMCs to ECs via TNF elevates bl

146 CFB mechanical activation and found that 1) paracrine signaling from stretched cardiomyocytes induce

147 hout heart development, we hypothesized that paracrine signaling from the endocardium to the myocardi

148 Moreover, paracrine signaling from the epicardium and endocardium

149 In a reciprocal fashion, paracrine signaling from transforming growth factor-B-ac

150 form following RNase L activation or during paracrine signaling from virally infected cells that may

151 The expression of the paracrine signaling hormone pituitary adenylate cyclase-

152 Cilia are critical mediators of paracrine signaling; however, it is unknown whether prot

153 ular vesicles (EVs) are important vectors of paracrine signaling implicated in a range of (patho)phys

154 Paracrine signaling in a bacterial population ensures th

155 Here we present evidence for paracrine signaling in bacterial populations-some cells

156 a general tool for the quantitative study of paracrine signaling in both adherent and nonadherent cel

157 nemes are specialized filopodia that mediate paracrine signaling in Drosophila and other animals.

158 nd provide a quantitative assay for studying paracrine signaling in early development.

159 glioma tumor angiogenesis and growth through paracrine signaling in endothelial cells and identifies

160 ata suggest that inhibition of Ezh2 promotes paracrine signaling in osteoblasts and has bone-anabolic

161 growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) autocrine/paracrine signaling in patients with renal cell carcinom

162 ivity is required in Shh-producing cells for paracrine signaling in Shh target fields, we used a ShhG

163 tive oxygen species activate NRG-1beta/erbB4 paracrine signaling in the heart and suggest that this s

164 role of the cardiac myocyte as a mediator of paracrine signaling in the heart has remained unclear.

165 rs, and point to the potential importance of paracrine signaling in the pathogenesis of acute hepatit

166 eviously unknown role for PDGFB-to-PDGFRbeta paracrine signaling in the promotion of breast cancer br

167 ng the inflammatory and fibrotic response by paracrine signaling inducing the secretion of a variety

168 skeletal muscle hypertrophy alters autocrine/paracrine signaling, intracellular signaling, and transc

169 ge following injury to trigger autocrine and paracrine signaling involving IL-24-mediated receptor si

170 nterfering with homeostatic VEGFR2-dependent paracrine signaling involving interactions between hepat

171 ls in BCP-ALL cells, but we demonstrate that paracrine signaling involving prostaglandin E2-induced c

172 itive cells but rather in adjacent cells via paracrine signaling involving several local growth facto

173 These data indicate that paracrine signaling is an important mediator of bone mar

174 atical modeling suggests that a high rate of paracrine signaling is likely to occur among DCs located

175 Paracrine signaling is proposed as a link that emphasize

176 We demonstrate that paracrine signaling is sufficient to restore cellular sy

177 Autocrine and paracrine signaling leading to stimulation of tumor cell

178 A BDNF/TrkB autocrine/paracrine signaling loop has additionally been implicate

179 contributes to an active BDNF/TrkB autocrine/paracrine signaling loop in HTLV-1-infected T cells that

180 MCP-1 upregulation is driven by an autocrine/paracrine signaling loop in which interleukin (IL)-1alph

181 al functional CD47(lo) MuSC subset through a paracrine signaling loop, leading to impaired proliferat

182 s and perivascular fibroblasts, suggesting a paracrine signaling loop.

183 We previously cataloged putative autocrine/paracrine signaling loops in pancreatic islets, includin

184 ctivity not only disrupts IL-1 autocrine and paracrine signaling loops that can alert effector cells

185 blood mononuclear cells upon coculture in a paracrine signaling manner.

186 cinoma cells, suggesting that this autocrine-paracrine signaling may be a common response to Ras/Raf

187 ddition, these findings argue that US28-CCL5 paracrine signaling may contribute to glioma progression

188 t outcome, suggesting that HCMV pp71-induced paracrine signaling may contribute to the aggressive phe

189 ion during mechanotransduction and that VEGF paracrine signaling may provide potent cross-talk among

190 a dual circulation, and that VEGF autocrine/paracrine signaling may regulate these processes.

191 evels, indicating that a TNF-alpha autocrine/paracrine signaling mechanism alone is not sufficient to

192 many autoinflammatory diseases and defined a paracrine signaling mechanism underlying this activity.

193 We describe various paracrine signaling mechanism(s) by which the loss of st

194 ivated in sebocyte progenitors, suggesting a paracrine signaling mechanism.

195 tiviral protection from TSCs and TSC-TBs via paracrine signaling mechanisms even though they themselv

196 mmune systems, possibly through autocrine or paracrine signaling mechanisms.

197 s production of CyPGs, through autocrine and paracrine signaling mechanisms.

198 r growth and survival through autocrine- and paracrine-signaling mechanisms.

199 However, whether the paracrine signaling mediated by angiogenin secretion is

200 Paracrine signaling mediated by FGF-10 and the FGF-R2III

201 ocardial differentiation rely on endocardial paracrine signaling mediated in part by Bmp2.

202 enous NO in the microenvironment facilitates paracrine signaling, mediates immune responses, and trig

203 and identify fibroblast-derived miR-21* as a paracrine signaling mediator of cardiomyocyte hypertroph

204 ns; however, miRNAs have emerged recently as paracrine signaling mediators.

205 l of peptide growth factors in autocrine and paracrine signaling, mesenchymal-epithelial interactions

206 produce nitric oxide (NO), an autocrine and paracrine signaling metabolite, which promotes cysteine-

207 Given that CAF paracrine signaling modulated GIST biology, we directly

208 ignaling components, the logic of this auto-/paracrine signaling module in growth control remains poo

209 minobutyric acid, an important autocrine and paracrine signaling molecule and a survival factor in is

210 The agouti locus encodes a novel paracrine signaling molecule containing a signal sequenc

211 Retinoic acid (RA) is an autocrine and paracrine signaling molecule essential for the developme

212 ytryptamine (5-HT) is a neurotransmitter and paracrine signaling molecule in the gut.

213 Agouti protein, a paracrine signaling molecule normally limited to skin, i

214 (eNOS)-derived NO has long been considered a paracrine signaling molecule only capable of affecting n

215 The mouse agouti protein is a paracrine signaling molecule that causes yellow pigment

216 the Agouti coat color gene, which encodes a paracrine signaling molecule that induces a swithc in me

217 ta (LPAAT-beta), is a well-studied autocrine/paracrine signaling molecule that is secreted by ovarian

218 n ATP metabolite, which acts as an autocrine/paracrine signaling molecule through A2b adenosine recep

219 llular ATP represents an important autocrine/paracrine signaling molecule within the liver.

220 roto-oncogene Wnt3, which encodes a secreted paracrine signaling molecule, is expressed in developing

221 ties, such as converting a juxtacrine into a paracrine signaling molecule.

222 ression of agouti-signaling protein (ASP), a paracrine-signaling molecule that regulates pigment-type

223 tor parathyroid hormone-related protein is a paracrine-signaling molecule that regulates the developm

224 d that arachidonic acid (AA), a precursor of paracrine signaling molecules for regulation of inflamma

225 the family of prostaglandins (PG), autocrine/paracrine signaling molecules synthesized via the cycloo

226 AgRP) involved in energy balance, are novel, paracrine signaling molecules that act as inverse agonis

227 Ligands of the Hedgehog (HH) pathway are paracrine signaling molecules that coordinate tissue dev

228 This suggested that paracrine signaling molecules that induce PMN degranulat

229 e only member of the WNT family of autocrine/paracrine signaling molecules whose expression in the lu

230 etastatic growth in mice via upregulation of paracrine signaling molecules.

231 by reducing the availabilities of important paracrine signaling molecules.

232 rotein and Agouti-related protein (Agrp) are paracrine-signaling molecules that normally regulate pig

233 ncovers an intricate IBC-initiated autocrine-paracrine signaling network between IBC cells and monocy

234 Here, we have uncovered a paracrine signaling network between the adaptive and inn

235 Here, we identified a paracrine signaling network by which cancer-associated f

236 rapeutic approaches, namely the miR-mediated paracrine signaling network.

237 tal stress can therefore block autocrine and paracrine signaling of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway and

238 nomas and other cancers, while autocrine and paracrine signaling of this receptor/ligand pair has bee

239 sent study, we identified ATP-triggered PGE2 paracrine signaling originating from beta-ICs as a mecha

240 Prostaglandins mediate autacrine and paracrine signaling over short distances.

241 over, the evidence provided suggests a novel paracrine signaling pathway for epithelia, which previou

242 These findings imply an important paracrine signaling pathway in the heart.

243 Here we identified a paracrine signaling pathway in the kidney in which high

244 in this pathway, miR-145 seems to suppress a paracrine signaling pathway in the tumor microenvironmen

245 ound that HBZ promotes a BDNF/TrkB autocrine/paracrine signaling pathway that is known to enhance the

246 Collectively, these data identify a paracrine signaling pathway that links the neuroepitheli

247 Here we demonstrate this paracrine signaling pathway that mediates both primary t

248 the differential activation of an autocrine/paracrine signaling pathway.

249 ion of 5'-AMP to adenosine required for this paracrine signaling pathway.

250 at basal body proteasomal regulation governs paracrine signaling pathways and suggest that augmenting

251 Complex autocrine and paracrine signaling pathways control the multiple cycles

252 e data highlight the potential importance of paracrine signaling pathways in the inflammatory respons

253 rexpressed CD47 and LILR genes and increased paracrine signaling pathways promoting T cell infiltrati

254 hophysiological significance, the origin and paracrine signaling pathways that regulate epicardial ad

255 neuropeptides urocortins (Ucns) are ancient paracrine-signaling peptides secreted in both the centra

256 o prostate cancer disease recurrence through paracrine signaling processes.

257 SC-mediated heterocellular coupling (HC) and paracrine signaling (PS) on human cardiac contractility

258 sicle release blocks LTB4-mediated autocrine/paracrine signaling required for neutrophil arrest and e

259 fected DCs and uninfected DCs to investigate paracrine signaling responses.

260 hat Disp1 is not absolutely required for the paracrine signaling role of Ihh in the skeleton.

261 duction of an alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) paracrine signaling system.

262 Thus, CAMP is a promoter of islet paracrine signaling that enhances islet function and glu

263 The latter involves autocrine/paracrine signaling that enhances the viability and grow

264 tic colonization are most likely mediated by paracrine signaling that enhances tumor/stromal cell int

265 uggest a previously undescribed mechanism of paracrine signaling that in vivo may involve the reversi

266 entiation and behavior mediated by autocrine-paracrine signaling that instructs transcriptional proce

267 may influence PEL through VEGF autocrine and paracrine signaling that promotes PEL cell growth and ex

268 f the testis and the intricate endocrine and paracrine signaling that regulates spermatogenesis.

269 t aminoglycoside-induced hair cell death via paracrine signaling that requires extracellular heat sho

270 Paracrine signaling through receptor activator of NF-kap

271 suggest that strain may induce autocrine or paracrine signaling through TGFbeta superfamily ligands.

272 a cell-to-beta cell axis that is mediated by paracrine signaling through the glucagon receptor and gl

273 Secreted IFNs induce autocrine and paracrine signaling through the JAK-STAT pathway, leadin

274 uced progesterone resistance indicating that paracrine signaling through the stroma is essential for

275 ted therapy-induced stromal ELR(+) chemokine paracrine signaling, thus enhancing treatment response a

276 n interstitial fibrosis, and through altered paracrine signaling to cardiomyocytes, which become hype

277 Paracrine signaling to endogenous cells amplifies the ef

278 ricate balancing act involving autocrine and paracrine signaling to maintain pollen tube growth and i

279 reveals that cells utilize optimal levels of paracrine signaling to maximize the accuracy of gradient

280 c epithelial cells, suggesting autocrine and paracrine signaling to PDAC cells.

281 n and then communicate through autocrine and paracrine signaling to stimulate the expression of genes

282 hat ILC2(10)s can utilize both autocrine and paracrine signaling to suppress proinflammatory ILC2 eff

283 astrocytes contribute to the barrier through paracrine signaling to the endothelial cells and by form

284 ment that is disseminated (through endocrine-paracrine signaling) to the heart.

285 tral role for metallothioneins and autocrine/paracrine signaling via A(3)Rs.

286 active as shown by its ability to stimulate paracrine signaling via c-Met, the cell surface receptor

287 Paracrine signaling via gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) a

288 nstrated Akt1 mediated MEC migration through paracrine signaling via induction of expression and secr

289 factor-2 (CSF-2) in decidual cells triggers paracrine signaling via its receptor (CSF2R) in trophobl

290 These results suggest that autocrine and/or paracrine signaling via locally generated SPMs in the va

291 Paracrine signaling via platelet-derived growth factor B

292 on of ADAM17 by Src(E378G) leads to enhanced paracrine signaling via release of EGFR ligands into the

293 Activation of NRG/erbB paracrine signaling was also seen in the intact heart su

294 To determine role of paracrine signaling, we cultured pure mESC-CMs within mi

295 llus subtilis biofilm formation depends upon paracrine signaling where the signal-producing and targe

296 on of cancer by mediating stromal-epithelial paracrine signaling, which can aberrantly modulate cellu

297 Hence paracrine signaling will generally extend beyond the syn

298 man mammary tumor model is dependent on both paracrine signaling with host macrophages as well as aut

299 ions in initiating and maintaining autocrine/paracrine signaling with relevance to wound healing and

300 onceivable that TrkB also mediates autocrine/paracrine signaling within these structures or anterogra