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1 ondria displayed an increased probability to pause.
2 s after the enzyme experiences a spontaneous pause.
3 Montreal Protocol, is the key driver of the pause.
4 to late intermediates where assembly can be paused.
5 ng shorter runs and more frequent and longer pauses.
6 nating between rapid movements and prolonged pauses.
7 onse regulator, CheY7, also showed transient pauses.
8 usage, tRNA level modifications, or ribosome pauses.
9 essary but not sufficient for NusG-dependent pausing.
10 ), is known to orchestrate promoter-proximal pausing.
11 s a collective response mediated by ribosome pausing.
12 ption is punctuated by RNA polymerase (RNAP) pausing.
13 city of 50 bp s-1 is found in the absence of pausing.
14 and identified an extensive role of NusG in pausing.
15 ons important for efficient replication fork pausing.
16 t induce substantial alterations in ribosome pausing.
17 ors to release Pol II from promoter-proximal pausing.
18 ), thus stabilizing Pol II promoter-proximal pausing.
19 of nascent Rpt1 and Rpt2 then lifts ribosome pausing.
20 ure research in the field of transcriptional pausing.
21 e +2 position, is critical for stable Pol II pausing.
22 nd polymerase release from promoter-proximal pausing.
23 ce signals associated with RNA polymerase II pausing.
24 ion in the same pathway to mitigate ribosome pausing.
25 nce of DNA damage increases the frequency of pausing.
26 n is mediated by prolonged promoter-proximal pausing.
27 imilar to those for transcription-elongation pausing.
28 equence element for transcription-elongation pausing.
29 occupancy, and with promoter-proximal RNAPII pausing.
30 nsive genes through the regulation of RNAPII pausing.
31 t4-Spt5 (DSIF) to regulate promoter-proximal pausing, a transcription-regulatory mechanism that conne
33 rovide a mechanistic basis for the elemental pause and a framework to understand how pausing is modul
34 ore, we manipulate the cell-free reaction to pause and re-start protein synthesis at specific points
35 e and heart rhythm abnormalities (i.e. sinus pause and sinus arrhythmias) when compared to control mi
40 ts large translocation rate fluctuations and pauses and slips; (ii) evidence suggests that the phage
41 confirming the catalytic origin of the short pauses and their link to temperature independent RdRp fi
42 pt1 is required to ensure efficient ribosome pausing and association of nascent Rpt1 protein complexe
43 of the yeast proteasome, involving ribosome pausing and co-translational assembly of Rpt1 and Rpt2.
44 ence motif associated with promoter-proximal pausing and demonstrated that cap methylation only begin
47 uence determinants for initial-transcription pausing and establish initial-transcription pausing is h
48 ases participate in Pol II promoter-proximal pausing and indicated that DSBs at pausing sites contrib
49 romoters in the context of promoter-proximal pausing and local chromatin organization, 5' and 3' ends
50 brain also leads to codon-specific ribosome pausing and neurodegeneration, suggesting that these non
54 polymerase II (RNA Pol II) cycle, including pausing and pause release, maintains transcriptional hom
55 nd fluctuations in packaging motor velocity, pausing and slipping are primarily stochastic temporal e
56 e-grained model system reproduced protracted pausing and stalling, which suggests that the origin of
57 substitutions also decrease transcriptional pausing and strongly affect the nucleotide addition cycl
58 lts establish a TFIID requirement for RNAPII pausing and suggest pause regulatory factors may functio
60 his scenario, rate is given by the odds of a pause, and hence, run times between pauses fit an expone
62 itiation (e.g., TFIID, TFIIH, and Mediator), pausing, and elongation (e.g., DSIF, NELF, PAF, and P-TE
64 F) contribute in the establishment of Pol II pausing, and positive transcription elongation factor b
65 ings collectively suggest that reversals and pauses are controlled through signaling by distinct CheY
72 RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II) is generally paused at promoter-proximal regions in most metazoans, a
74 ization of these sites shows that RNA Pol II pauses at GC-rich regions that are marked by a sequence
75 osome occupancy at exon 1 and codon-specific pauses at positions 171 (CCG) and 172 (CGT) in HD striat
77 at filtering cultures leads to translational pauses at serine and glycine codons through the reductio
78 II crossing dynamics are complex, displaying pauses at specific loci, backtracking, and nucleosome ho
79 o the posttranslocation register and induces pausing at 1,600 sites containing a consensus TTNTTT mot
80 loads onto RNAP engaged in promoter-proximal pausing at a Q binding element (QBE) and adjacent sigma-
81 esponse, RNA Pol II is rapidly released from pausing at heat shock-induced genes, while most genes ar
82 causal-association models showed that Pol II pausing at long genes is the main predictor and determin
85 The phenomenon of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) pausing at transcription start site (TSS) is one of the
87 ptionally engaged RNA polymerase II (Pol II) pauses before proceeding toward productive elongation.
90 Lower activator concentrations entail longer pauses between binding events; the activator-unbound gen
91 on is favored by slower unwinding, strategic pausing between but not before key folding elements, or
92 nstrate that AT-rich downstream DNA enhances pausing by Pol I and inhibits Pol I nucleolytic cleavage
95 mechanism, has been studied extensively, but pausing by RNAP during initial transcription, in which a
98 ut that the strongest contribution to Pol II pausing comes from the initiator sequence, in which a si
99 iption elongation factor b releases (P-TEFb) paused complex after phosphorylating DSIF that leads to
100 NELF-A, a component of the promoter-proximal pausing complex at this site, and enriched phosphorylate
103 d Q subsequently translocates with RNAP as a pausing-deficient, termination-deficient Q-loaded comple
104 iew, we recap the history of transcriptional pausing discovery, summarize advances in our understandi
105 cross the genome and possibly impacts Pol II pause duration, release and elongation rate in order to
106 e found differences in mean firing rates and pause durations among ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA ne
107 he flagellar motor has been known to briefly pause during rotation because of incomplete reversals or
109 owever, the functional implication of Pol II pausing during later developmental time windows remains
111 g element (QBE) and adjacent sigma-dependent pause element (SDPE) to yield a Q-loading complex, and Q
112 t transcriptional regulation of wg by Pol II pausing factor M1BP may be one of the important regulato
113 dds of a pause, and hence, run times between pauses fit an exponential distribution that slopes negat
114 and long-term memory, where the bacteria can pause for >11 h before initiating growth on lactose.
115 21, 2015, and Oct 10, 2017, with recruitment paused for 11 months by the funder, we recruited 1034 pa
117 verage mitochondrial speed by increasing the pause frequency of individual dendritic mitochondria.
118 educes mitochondrial speed through increased pause frequency, decreases mitochondrial size, and alter
119 iption start sites of highly transcribed and paused genes and that Pol II promoter-proximal pausing s
123 of atmospheric zonal wind, we show that the pause in circulation trends is forced by human activitie
124 ribosome profiling and found that ribosomes pause in the sequence coding for the N-terminus of the e
125 on and salinity(15-17), we anticipate that a pause in these trends will have wider impacts on the Ear
126 normal human cells and found that RNA Pol II pauses in a consistent manner across individuals and cel
128 ciding whether 'missed' years represent real pauses in breeding or failures to detect breeding can be
132 RNase digestion (RNET-seq), we analyzed RNAP pausing in Bacillus subtilis genome-wide and identified
133 tacles to elongation, and potential roles of pausing in defining the precision and dynamics of gene e
134 We apply this method to detect and quantify pausing in initial transcription at 4(11) (~4,000,000) p
136 despread promoter-proximal RNA polymerase II pausing in resting macrophages is marked by co-localizat
137 ally neither absolutely required to maintain pausing in the absence of CDK9 activity nor essential fo
140 elongation factors dramatically affect RNAP pausing in vitro, but the genome-wide role of such facto
141 reconstituted human RNAPII promoter-proximal pausing in vitro, entirely with purified factors (no ext
144 t pausing sites increases as the strength of pausing increases, regardless of whether the pausing sit
147 that the effect of RPLP1/2 at TMD associated pauses is mediated by improving the efficiency of co-tra
153 Overall, our study indicates NELF-mediated pausing is essential to coordinate endometrial responses
154 pausing and establish initial-transcription pausing is hard coded by sequence elements similar to th
156 ntal pause and a framework to understand how pausing is modulated by sequence, cellular conditions, a
159 0, the National Basketball Association (NBA) paused its season after ~ 64 games due to the Coronaviru
161 sequence element (PDE) following the typical pause location, strongly suggestive of a +1 nucleosome p
162 sulting DNA sequence- and geometry-dependent pausing may underlie a homology sensing mechanism that a
163 nce then, and describe new insights into the pausing mechanisms and pause modulation by transcription
164 new mechanism to regulate KIF1A motility via pauses mediated by K-loop/polyglutamylated C-terminal ta
165 new insights into the pausing mechanisms and pause modulation by transcription factors gained from st
166 gulatory barriers, such as promoter-proximal pausing, nucleosomes, RNA secondary structures and the u
168 e results further show initial-transcription pausing occurs at sequences that resemble the consensus
170 netics is stochastically interrupted by rare pauses of 1-1000 s duration, of which the short-lived on
171 al is constant, transitions between runs and pauses of gliding thin filaments will occur at constant
172 easuring time intervals for gliding runs and pauses of individual skeletal muscle thin filaments in c
173 in stabilizes intrinsic, sequence-dependent, pauses of the core helicase (lacking the HRDC) in a DNA
174 DNA replication checkpoint (DRC), the stable pausing of forks at protein fork blocks, the coupling of
176 ecisive steps in gene regulation involve the pausing of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) in early elongatio
177 active transcription, and promoter-proximal pausing of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is a critical step
178 easurements of translation kinetics revealed pausing of the ribosome and aborted protein synthesis on
179 cule imaging, we present evidence that KIF1A pauses on different microtubule lattice structures, link
187 erstanding of these risks, many centers have paused or reduced KT activity, yet data to inform such d
189 significant correlations in packaging rate, pausing or slipping versus sequence position were detect
191 hat these widely reported circulation trends paused, or slightly reversed, around the year 2000.
192 onship between R-loops and RNA polymerase II pausing/pause release, as well as linking augmented R-lo
195 of dNTP incorporation (+3), the first major pausing point during reverse transcription initiation.
197 in unperturbed growth conditions, release of paused Pol II at specific loci and chromatin territories
202 ons in the field concerning the stability of paused Pol II, nucleosomes as obstacles to elongation, a
208 ccumulated most heavily at promoter-proximal pause (PPP) sites located ~60 nucleotides downstream of
209 at integrator and NELF, an RNA polymerase II pausing protein, were associated with RNA in a manner th
211 rials, while for incorrect ones the activity paused, reflecting positive and negative error signals o
213 D requirement for RNAPII pausing and suggest pause regulatory factors may function directly or indire
215 comprising Cdk9 and either PP4 or PP1 govern pause release and the elongation-termination transition,
216 from this process to ensure efficient Pol II pause release and transition to productive elongation, a
217 BMAL1 leading to recruitment of BRD4 and the pause release factor P-TEFb, followed by productive elon
220 8 kinase activity promotes RNA polymerase II pause release in response to interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma
223 II (RNA Pol II) cycle, including pausing and pause release, maintains transcriptional homeostasis and
224 ce of stress-dependent stimulation of Pol II pause release, which enables a pro-survival transcriptio
229 intricate dynamic processes including Pol II pausing, release into elongation and premature terminati
230 ted transcriptome is regulated by polymerase pause-release and a transient genome-wide NELF dissociat
232 I elongation rates by functioning beyond the pause-release step as an "accelerator" over specific ear
236 regulation of pol II de novo recruitment and pause-release; the latter represents the majority (59%)
239 ghly processive helicase prone to stochastic pausing, resulting in average translocation rates of 30
240 extend these observations by revealing that paused ribosomes with empty A sites are enriched on thes
241 eported that the Integrator complex can bind paused RNA Pol II and drive premature transcription term
242 Efficient release of promoter-proximally paused RNA Pol II into productive elongation is essentia
244 in normal mammary cells form upon release of paused RNA polymerase II (Pol II) at promoters, 5' splic
246 d as a consequence lifetime, of an elemental paused RNAP is modulated by backtracking, nascent RNA st
247 factor for many inducible genes by releasing paused RNAPII near the transcription start site and prom
250 l heterogeneity within the HIV-1 RTIC during pausing serves as an additional means of regulating HIV-
252 resistant to ubiquitous and most regulatory pausing signals, decreasing the probability to go off-pa
253 ur understanding of the underlying causes of pausing since then, and describe new insights into the p
256 e grids, consistent with their anchors being pause sites impeding cohesin-dependent loop extrusion.
261 for 225 of the 342 strongest NusG-dependent pause sites, and some of these hairpins were shown to fu
262 by RNA cleavage also promotes escape from 5' pause sites, prevents premature termination of long tran
264 pausing increases, regardless of whether the pausing sites are near or far from annotated transcripti
265 eatment, respectively, increased DSBs at the pausing sites as the concentrations of drugs increased,
266 identifying the location of DSBs relative to pausing sites can provide mechanistic insights into tran
267 -proximal pausing and indicated that DSBs at pausing sites contribute to transcriptional activation.
269 increased DSBs with increasing drug doses at pausing sites indicated active recruitment of topoisomer
270 ore, the enrichment and locations of DSBs at pausing sites were shared among different cell types, su
271 lications such as identification of ribosome pausing sites, it is not enough to map a fragment to a g
274 1 CTD, post-initiation, at promoter-proximal pause-sites revealed that this domain, and by extension
275 assay in Drosophila cells, we show that the pausing stability is influenced by downstream promoter s
278 stalling, which suggests that the origin of pausing/stalling is to be found in the physics of the bu
280 cteria to mammals halts RNAP in an elemental paused state from which longer-lived pauses can arise.
281 t of Pol II and entry to a promoter-proximal paused state, and also to promote Pol II's transition to
282 etic model we find CMG may enter up to three paused states rather than unwinding, and should these be
283 People occasionally use filler phrases or pauses, such as "uh", "um", or "y'know," that interrupt
284 the PIC alone was sufficient to reconstitute pausing, suggesting RNAPII pausing is an inherent PIC fu
285 d of Elongin A show stronger promoter RNAPII pausing, suggesting that Elongin A may be involved in th
287 eas indirect pathway stimulation transiently paused timing, and proportionally delayed the next bout
289 ectroscopy, we show that only a complete ops-paused transcription elongation complex activates RfaH,
290 scription initiation, release of RNAPII from pausing, transcription elongation, cotranscriptional pre
291 motic stress, including temporary shrinking, paused turnover of the cytoskeletal structures, and hype
294 nts revealed widespread disruption of RNAPII pausing upon acute depletion (t = 60 min) of TFIID subun
300 ow that RPLP1/2 function to relieve ribosome pausing within the DENV envelope coding sequence, leadin