ライフサイエンスコーパス: phased

1 hromatin status spanning multiple genes were phased.

2 tified an extended gyrase binding motif with phased 10-bp G/C content variation, indicating that bend

3 orest had the highest accuracy and correctly phased 86% of the deletions with allele-specific read ev

4 % of the known genome (NG50) up to 25 Mb and phased ~99.5% of heterozygous sites at 98-99% accuracy,

5 ed for DNA molecules containing two pairs of phased A-tracts that are out of phase with each other, s

6 progressively with the increasing number of phased A-tracts, as expected for DNA molecules with incr

7 to T cell priming if provided appropriately phased activatory stimuli, an observation that could be

8 tion in the mutant is due to inappropriately phased activity of the CK1epsilon isoform.

9 regional cell groups exhibit differentially phased activity, creating stereotypical spatiotemporal c

10 ducation, infrastructure implementation, and phased AI introduction.

11 ern Admixed Populations) for inferring local phased ancestry.

12 ac target genes overlap, only 13% of morning-phased and 22% of evening-phased genes had both H3K4me3

13 We phased and assembled 3 ape genomes (chimpanzee, gorilla,

14 ance with the increasing number of personal, phased and cancer genomes that are being generated.

15 he EE motif, a significant subset is morning phased and enriched for previously unrecognized motifs a

16 Here we reported a small-RNA species of phased and half-phased miRNA-like RNAs different from ca

17 The target genes of those phased and half-phased miRNA-like RNAs function in proce

18 ars-with strong and weak monsoons opposingly phased and triggered by solar variations.

19 on of r(2) to all levels of LD, and for both phased and unphased data.

20 The shared-aperture phased antenna array developed in the field of radar app

21 e electronic monitoring was implemented by a phased approach between December 2005 and July 2007.

22 s to support this principle: (1) implement a phased approach to a 'new normal'; (2) balance individua

23 nd within hospitals, ranging from preplanned/phased approaches to the checklist simply "appearing" in

24 ater emulsion system which simulated a multi-phased aqueous food system containing oil and beta-gluca

25 f a large-scale two-dimensional nanophotonic phased array (NPA), in which 64 x 64 (4,096) optical nan

26 imize the phases used to drive an ultrasonic phased array and show that acoustic levitation can be em

27 eam scanning angle and broad bandwidth, over phased array antennas and reflector antennas.

28 radient metasurface structures consisting of phased array antennas are able to circumvent the phase-m

29 Signal combination for phased array coils provides potential pathways to enhanc

30 The space-time acoustic phased array enables unprecedented control over sound wa

31 ynamic phase modulation, the proposed linear phased array is no longer bound by the acoustic reciproc

32 the Advanced Land Observation System (ALOS) Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) mo

33 The new phased array selectively alters the directional and freq

34 experimentally at a depth of 60 mm, using a phased array transducer with a center frequency of 3 MHz

35 presents a controllable space-time acoustic phased array which breaks time-reversal symmetry, and en

36 ects are broadly similar to those found in a phased array-an engineering design widely found in human

37 d by numerical modeling and produced using a phased array.

38 more information than images obtained with a phased-array body coil in PFI.

39 A phased-array body coil was used in all patients as in ro

40 a 1.5 T body scanner using an eight-channel phased-array body coil.

41 ast material-enhanced imaging, with a pelvic phased-array coil before radical prostatectomy were incl

42 phased-array head coil and a twelve-channel phased-array coil for the whole body, consisting of an e

43 eighty-five patients with PC underwent 3.0-T phased-array coil prostate magnetic resonance (MR) imagi

44 nd diffusion-weighted imaging (1.5 T, pelvic phased-array coil).

45 tudy we showed that multichannel superficial phased-array coils improved imaging quality in PFI.

46 rconducting magnets, digital RF systems, and phased-array coils.

47 equipped with three coils: an eight-channel, phased-array head coil and a twelve-channel phased-array

48 6-mm isotropic voxels, achieved by implanted phased-array receive coils) consistently show three sect

49 Here we propose a new concept for phased-array sources at infrared frequencies based on me

50 example, we demonstrate two second harmonic phased-array sources that perform two optical functions

51 independently, thereby creating passive self-phased arrays allowing for tunable redirection and wave

52 ltrasonic demodulation, multiunit coherence, phased arrays and acoustic lenses, can be used to manipu

53 HAT system implemented using two 256-emitter phased arrays and manipulate individually up to 25 milli

54 sibilities for half-wavelength-pitch optical-phased arrays and ultra-dense space-division multiplexin

55 Acoustic phased arrays are capable of steering and focusing a bea

56 Electromagnetic phased arrays at radio frequencies are well known and ha

57 and therefore extends the functionalities of phased arrays beyond conventional beam focusing and stee

58 y the principle of reciprocity, conventional phased arrays exhibit identical transmission and recepti

59 rbitrary radiation patterns with large-scale phased arrays has long been pursued.

60 -scale radiofrequency phased arrays, optical phased arrays have a unique advantage in that the much s

61 As a consequence, although optical phased arrays have been studied with various platforms a

62 ctively, providing the opportunity to create phased arrays made of nanoantennas represented by the ho

63 ctric on-chip polarization rotators based on phased arrays of Mie resonators with negligible insertio

64 radient metasurface structures consisting of phased arrays of plasmonic or dielectric nanoantennas ca

65 d nonlinear heterostructure will enable such phased arrays to span most of the infrared spectrum.

66 This phenomenon constitutes the basis of phased arrays, commonly used at microwave and radio freq

67 bersome to deploy large-scale radiofrequency phased arrays, optical phased arrays have a unique advan

68 ent approaches use fixed lenses or expensive phased arrays.

69 using complex integrated systems and optical phased arrays.

70 Many SVs were phased, assembled, and experimentally validated.

71 monstrate the importance of chromosome-scale phased assemblies for the discovery of structural varian

72 anopore Technologies and Pacific Biosciences phased assemblies identified 154 regions that are prefer

73 dual in a trio to generate chromosomal-scale phased assemblies.

74 can detect and phase variants from generated phased assemblies.

75 However, current algorithms for phased assembly either do not generate chromosome-scale

76 e Cabernet Sauvignon genome sequence and the phased assembly of nine wild and cultivated grape genome

77 e individuals to generate a chromosome-scale phased assembly within 1 day.

78 at nucleosomes remain strongly organized and phased at many facultative distal regulatory elements, e

79 on rules of a femtosecond infrared helically phased beam into its high-order harmonics, showing that

80 s a good model for protein-free rotationally phased bent DNA of the same curvature as in a nucleosome

81 suggesting that highly conserved temporally phased biotic interactions are ubiquitous among plankton

82 ese linked-reads also generate megabase-long phased blocks and provide a cost-effective tool for dete

83 le real-time reads assigned to haplotypes on phased blocks covered 89% of genes.

84 ds from 31,719 BAC clones, thereby achieving phased blocks with an N50 size of 11.6 Mb.

85 Illumina short-read data with long reads, we phased both single-nucleotide variants and SVs, generati

86 rtly inbred, 58% of the genome was haplotype-phased by FALCON-Unzip.

87 Also, eight of eight top ranked deletions phased by only HiC were validated using long range polym

88 epithelium, undergoes periodical adaptations phased by the female reproductive hormone cycle.

89 d in England for adults aged 70 years with a phased catch-up programme for those aged 71-79 years.

90 ion as a risk-mitigation strategy before the phased cessation of OPV (starting with Sabin type 2) and

91 onstrate that pre-iPSCs have a more open and phased chromatin architecture than that of MEFs and iPSC

92 chimeric Chd1-Ume6 or endogenous Isw2 shifts phased chromatin arrays in cooperation with endogenous c

93 ial sequencer, thereby reconciling haplotype-phased chromosome substructure with sequence.

94 t phenotypes and connections between evening-phased circadian clock components and CBF3 transcription

95 s a delay and reduction in levels of evening-phased clock gene transcripts and significant lengthenin

96 atory mechanism is the repression of evening-phased clock genes via the binding of morning-phased Myb

97 A mixed-phased Co-based catalyst composed of Co phosphide and Co

98 d reads now enable us to construct accurate, phased de novo assemblies.

99 ying this strategy, we produced a completely phased de novo genome assembly for each haplotype of an

100 mics genome mapping to yield a high-quality, phased, de novo assembled human genome.

101 The data further suggest that this phased degradation of resistance-related genes is initia

102 and a single-wavelength anomalous dispersion phased density map made from these sites aligned with th

103 The phased diploid assembly enabled the study of haplotype s

104 of Assembly 22, the first chromosome-level, phased diploid assembly of the C. albicans genome, coupl

105 o highly accurate, contiguous, and correctly phased diploid genomes.

106 Future use of the hydrofluorocarbons will be phased down and, thus replacement fluids must be found.

107 A(3) were analyzed using an experimental MAD-phased electron density map that was calibrated to an ab

108 otential to advance our understanding of the phased epigenome.

109 sion in the NCI-H2228 cancer cell line using phased exome sequencing.

110 ng precursors in a tandem and phased or half-phased fashion.

111 rved mechanisms that can produce distant but phased features on transcript and proteome isoforms.

112 The national vaccination campaign was phased from September 2010 to November 2011.

113 differential allelic isoforms (DAI) from the phased full-length isoform reads.

114 nly 13% of morning-phased and 22% of evening-phased genes had both H3K4me3 and H3K9ac peaks, suggesti

115 otifs enriched in the promoters of similarly phased genes, some potentially associated with transcrip

116 increased the availability of genomic data, phased genome assembly and structural variant (SV) analy

117 Haplotype-resolved or phased genome assembly provides a complete picture of ge

118 healthy PRDM9-knockout mother and performed phased genome sequencing on her, her child, and control

119 se diverse data types with each individuals' phased genome, we identified widespread tissue-specific

120 dentity-by-descent estimates from accurately phased genome-wide data.

121 18 121 autosomal genes in 1092 statistically phased genomes from the 1000 Genomes Project and 184 exp

122 1000 Genomes Project and 184 experimentally phased genomes from the Personal Genome Project.

123 nctional genomic data obtained from multiple phased genomes in a graphical interface with access to m

124 of diploid hybrids with fully assembled and phased genomes, termed Phased Outbred Lines (POLs).

125 olution in the recent past, and they require phased genomes, which contain switch errors that can cat

126 ACE ('Assessing Changes to Exons') converts phased genotype calls to a collection of explicit haplot

127 stances of cis-acting co-regulation by using phased genotype data and discovered 233 SNPs as the most

128 In addition, HiC-Pro can use phased genotype data to build allele-specific contact ma

129 In addition, ChIA-PET2 can use phased genotype data to call allele-specific chromatin i

130 Our method is applicable to accurately phased genotype data, such as parent-offspring trio data

131 g identical-by-descent haplotype segments in phased genotype data.

132 genotype likelihoods to produce high-quality phased genotypes/haplotypes.

133 between Old and New World polities based on phased growth in scale and information processing.

134 cident cobinding to the promoters of predawn-phased, growth-related genes under SD conditions.

135 pdate, and (ii) it is much faster to match a phased GWAS haplotype to one reference haplotype than to

136 ficantly improves the switch accuracy within phased haplotype blocks as compared to existing haplotyp

137 me sequencing, the basic goal of producing a phased (haplotype-resolved) genome sequence with end-to-

138 loidy), regions with loss of heterozygosity, phased haplotypes extending to entire chromosome arms, r

139 Leveraging phased haplotypes from the 1000 Genomes Project, we repo

140 first whole-genome catalogue of variants and phased haplotypes in people of Amish and Mennonite ances

141 ons), loss of heterozygosity, megabase-scale phased haplotypes often spanning entire chromosome arms,

142 input data from real or previously simulated phased haplotypes, allowing it to mimic very closely the

143 s (such as genotype imputation) that rely on phased haplotypes.

144 , for detecting IBD segments in a panel with phased haplotypes.

145 osomes of pairs of individuals, using either phased (haplotypic) or unphased (genotypic) data.

146 These data provide an extensively phased, high-quality reference genome for past and futur

147 haplotypes, allowing us to generate a fully phased human epigenome, consisting of chromosome-level a

148 It can also be applied to other phased human genomes, as well as genomes from other spec

149 based on the analysis of SNPs and indels in phased human genomes, we observe that replication asynch

150 We have developed this principle into a two-phased immunogen evaluation pipeline to rank-order vacci

151 The phased implementation model was initially developed by t

152 sis of participants in a cluster-randomized, phased-implementation trial of isoniazid preventive ther

153 pes sampled from 32 sire/dam/offspring trios phased in a previous study) led to an overall increase i

154 igh-resolution haplotypes (78.6% of variants phased in a single block) with high pairwise phasing acc

155 hich, according to segregation analyses, are phased in a single copy of each of the affected chromoso

156 Even with maximally feasible reductions phased in from 2015 to 2035, global mean temperatures in

157 t of high-risk and moderate-risk tests being phased in over 9 years.

158 s of both the permittivity and permeability, phased in space and time in the form of traveling waves,

159 algorithm to take advantage of the partially phased information contained in long genomic fragments a

160 Nearly all (99.64%) variants can be phased into haplotypes, further improving variant detect

161 re developments occur while RAD-AID delivers phased introduction, testing, and scaling of AI via glob

162 ften expose inadequacies in the conventional phased investigational therapeutic development paradigm.

163 Phased ipilimumab plus paclitaxel and carboplatin improv

164 Further analysis revealed that the morning phased LNK1 and LNK2 genes control circadian rhythms, ph

165 ectrical stimulation of mouse colon produced phased-locked calcium signals in myenteric neurons and p

166 ication in an allele-specific, chromosomally phased manner, we determined for the first time the repl

167 Half-phased miR171d.3 was confirmed to have cleavage activiti

168 orted a small-RNA species of phased and half-phased miRNA-like RNAs different from canonical miRNAs f

169 The target genes of those phased and half-phased miRNA-like RNAs function in process of cell growt

170 significant diel periodicity consistent with phased modulations of division observed in culture.

171 hased clock genes via the binding of morning-phased Myb-like repressors to evening element (EE) promo

172 binding site and locally organizes large and phased nucleosomal arrays, not only in interphase steady

173 odifications and the presence of either well-phased nucleosomes or nucleosome-depleted regions, respe

174 hypersensitivity and are flanked by strongly phased nucleosomes, consistent with known TF binding sit

175 tion highly methylated cytosines relative to phased nucleosomes.

176 al cost because (i) the GWAS samples must be phased only once, whereas standard methods would implici

177 t-read DNA sequencing data and statistically phased onto haplotype blocks in 26 human populations.

178 As arranged along precursors in a tandem and phased or half-phased fashion.

179 sed 1.5% or less space to flexibly represent phased or unphased genotypes with multiple alleles and a

180 oliferation, the use of HEU targets is being phased out and alternative strategies for production of

181 g-chain PFAAs, as these substances are being phased out and replaced by a wide variety of PFASs with

182 w that if carbon-intensive infrastructure is phased out at the end of its design lifetime from the en

183 ing compound, methyl bromide (MeBr) is being phased out despite being considered to be the most effec

184 nducted a field study after chlorpyrifos was phased out for indoor use in the United States in 2001 t

185 the late 1990s, some PBDE formulations were phased out from production in the early 2000s.

186 lling plant pests, methyl bromide (MeBr) was phased out in 2005 in the USA, because it can deplete th

187 red during the years in which MTBE was being phased out of gasoline.

188 ich therefore over time, should be naturally phased out of the breeding populations.

189 umeric performance standards, and BWE may be phased out of use.

190 ) have been proposed as alternatives for the phased out PBDE formulations.

191 lame retardant mixtures such as the recently phased out SAYTEX 120.

192 d hydrochlorofluorocarbons have already been phased out under the Montreal Protocol due to concerns a

193 carbons that cause ozone depletion have been phased out under the Montreal Protocol.

194 including non-selective fumigants have been phased out, particularly due to ecotoxicological concern

195 ently required by several countries, will be phased out.

196 asons to monitor mortality when OPV is being phased out.

197 ments, as the longer-chained PFAAs are being phased-out by industry.

198 s for HFC-134a, a refrigerant substitute for phased-out CFCs.

199 DE and OctaBDE were banned in California and phased-out of US production; resulting impacts on human

200 and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were phased-out of use due to concerns raised by their persis

201 rounding population density, suggesting that phased-out PBDEs continued to be emitted from population

202 s) are becoming popular replacements for the phased-out polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixtures

203 remaster((R)) 550 (FM 550), and the recently phased-out polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), all o

204 res because key emission sources are already phased-out through CO2 mitigation.

205 h fully assembled and phased genomes, termed Phased Outbred Lines (POLs).

206 times of day through the control of specific phased outputs.

207 iatric to adult care is most successful when phased over many years.

208 the number of germline variants that can be phased over standard read-backed methods in paired tumor

209 onal origin of those haplotypes by employing phased parental genotypes and deciphering WGA-distorted

210 rosophila, footprints mapping to codons in a phased pattern, the hallmark of productive translation.

211 Complimentary, we demonstrated two-phased perinatal programming after IUGR.

212 he abundance of pre-existing piRNAs, and the phased piRNA pathway, which generates strings of tail-to

213 tochondria, links the ping-pong cycle to the phased piRNA pathway.

214 Armi ATPase mutants cannot support phased piRNA production and inappropriately bind mRNA in

215 Mutations that block phased piRNA production deplete Armi from nuage.

216 e ping-pong cycle localize to nuage, whereas phased piRNA production requires Zucchini, an endonuclea

217 3 slicing is required to efficiently trigger phased piRNA production, an alternative, slicing-indepen

218 nd a pre-piRNA intermediate that is used for phased piRNA production.

219 plotype transmission information to create a phased "Platinum" variant catalog of 4.7 million single-

220 s, otherwise called diplotypes, which denote phased polymorphisms and structural variations (SVs) tha

221 , ProbHap also provides confidence scores at phased positions.

222 e abundance of piRNAs, whereas production of phased primary piRNAs from cleaved transposon RNAs adds

223 quent ~26 nt become the first in a series of phased primary piRNAs that bind Piwi, allowing piRNAs to

224 found that membrane expression of correctly phased R16/17 was sufficient to recruit nNOS to the sarc

225 ized clinical trial comparing multielectrode-phased radiofrequency ablation (MEA) to standard focal i

226 diofrequency system (Biosense-Webster) and a phased radiofrequency multielectrode system (pulmonary v

227 ncluded a lockdown and a following period of phased re-opening.

228 This phased recovery scenario reconciles competing hypotheses

229 APMIX at inferring ancestry when preexisting phased reference data are unavailable and genomes are se

230 hods require high-coverage genotype data and phased reference panels, and are therefore inappropriate

231 and an array of regularly spaced nucleosomes phased relative to the transcription start site.

232 and an array of regularly spaced nucleosomes phased relative to the transcription start site.

233 tion and Endgame Strategic plan outlines the phased removal of oral polio vaccines (OPVs), starting w

234 -endothelial molecular pathway governing the phased response of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis fo

235 n African samples, which was based on a trio-phased scaffold, increases downstream imputation accurac

236 trate HiC can phase structural variants into phased scaffolds of SNVs.

237 response factor; (2) reduced accumulation of phased secondary small interfering RNAs from two genomic

238 nd induction of the trans-acting function of phased secondary small interfering RNAs.

239 ne such family specific to plants is that of phased, secondary siRNAs (phasiRNAs); these require RDR6

240 g in many monocots to generate diverse 24-nt phased, secondary small interfering RNAs (phasiRNAs), wh

241 these pathways converge in the production of phased, secondary, small interfering RNAs (phasiRNAs), o

242 A large number of SVs were phased, sequence assembled and experimentally validated.

243 We applied the method to 498 trio-phased sequenced Dutch individuals and inferred a point

244 ut also increase the probability of covering phased single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which all

245 switch error rates (0.17%), providing fully phased single-nucleotide variants, indels and structural

246 for other small RNAs (sRNAs), such as 21-nt phased siRNAs (phasiRNAs) and natural antisense siRNAs (

247 One subclass, phased siRNAs (phasiRNAs) require a trigger microRNA for

248 n also resulted in increased accumulation of phased siRNAs (phasiRNAs) that are predominantly generat

249 fying over 500 loci generating 21-nucleotide phased siRNAs (phasiRNAs; from PHAS loci), of which 483

250 nthers plus mature pollen we find that 21-nt phased siRNAs from 463 loci appear abruptly after germin

251 haplotype, align them to the reference, call phased small and structural variants, and define a small

252 evolved similar tasiRNA pathways to initiate phased small interfering RNA (phasiRNA) production from

253 -localization of miR2275 and a 24-nucleotide phased small interfering RNA in maize anther tapetal and

254 ca and shed light on the evolution of miRNAs/phased small interfering RNA networks that regulate larg

255 e new cluster is 22 nucleotides and triggers phased small interfering RNA production from six FBX gen

256 ic (21-nucleotides [nt]) and meiotic (24-nt) phased small interfering RNAs (phasiRNAs) and their patt

257 Plant phased small interfering RNAs (phasiRNAs) contribute to

258 MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and phased small interfering RNAs (phasiRNAs) play vital reg

259 viewer and a query page for the analysis of phased small RNAs; these are particularly useful for und

260 ics and lncRNAs that produce trans-acting or phased small-interfering RNA (tasiRNA/phasiRNAs).

261 uctive floral organs, express two classes of phased small-interfering RNAs (phasiRNAs).

262 In grasses, two types of phased, small interfering RNAs (phasiRNAs) are expressed

263 Based on 109,273 phased SNPs, recombination events in RILs were identifie

264 ant signal processing method, referred to as phased spectrum deconvolution method (PhiSDM), designed

265 need further investigation, and we propose a phased stepwise research framework to ensure proper eval

266 e) and convert assemblies into high-quality, phased SV predictions.

267 on and PCR stage enables the construction of phased synthetic reads from each of the nearly 10,000 'v

268 that nucleosomes in pre-iPSCs are much more phased than those in MEFs and iPSCs.

269 To reconstruct their polyploid origin, we phased the genomes of two ale strains and found ale hapl

270 ythmic translation of most noncyclic RNAs is phased to a single time of day.

271 First the SNP array data are phased to build a backbone (or 'scaffold') of haplotypes

272 sume that the microarray genotypes have been phased to construct a haplotype scaffold.

273 otyped genomes also enable transcripts to be phased to detect allele-specific expression.

274 pression must be circadian and appropriately phased to support rhythms, and AVP receptor signaling is

275 "staggered sweep." It is named for its three-phased trajectory: (i) Initially, the two linked mutatio

276 guided slicing is required for biogenesis of phased, trans-acting siRNAs (tasiRNAs), whose cleaved pr

277 resident and recruited immune cells, and the phased transition from destructive to reparative inflamm

278 s from a single individual can be accurately phased using a combination of shotgun and proximity liga

279 Informative maternal heterozygous SNPs are phased using a haploid PB2 or oocyte as a reference.

280 of structures solved at X-ray FELs have been phased using external information via molecular replacem

281 uman populations, 26 of which are physically phased using linked-read sequencing.

282 ype data, such as parent-offspring trio data phased using Mendelian rules of inheritance.

283 considerations for universal, risk-based, or phased vaccination strategies in different settings.

284 ions and loss of heterozygosity regions, and phased variants across full chromosome arms.

285 nce panels of haplotypes, collections of pre-phased variants and long sequencing reads.

286 otypes together, thus extending the range of phased variants.

287 tegrated binding data with transcriptome and phased WGS data to investigate allelic DAP interactions

288 These results suggest that phased WGS using barcoded DNA could be used in the futur

289 cenH3 nucleosomes are translationally phased with 155-bp periodicity on CentO repeats, but not

290 ord, the delta(18)O residue is strongly anti-phased with Antarctic temperature variability on sub-orb

291 This is anti-phased with northern-hemispheric cooling at the YD onset

292 her Southern Hemisphere records but are anti-phased with respect to the East Asian Monsoon.

293 osome in which the DNA has been rotationally phased with respect to the histone octamer by TG motifs.

294 e state, the circuit shows rhythmic activity phased with the body bends of locomotion.

295 t, randomised trial to examine the effect of phased withdrawal of heart failure medications in patien

296 dgame Strategic Plan 2013-2018 calls for the phased withdrawal of OPV, beginning with the globally sy

297 The phased withdrawal of oral polio vaccine (OPV) associated

298 dgame of polio eradication which calls for a phased withdrawal of oral polio vaccine beginning with t

299 This is critical for the phased withdrawal of oral poliovirus vaccine, beginning

300 London, UK), and randomly assigned (1:1) to phased withdrawal or continuation of treatment.

301 el ptychographic experiment using a randomly phased X-ray probe to considerably reduce the dynamic ra