ライフサイエンスコーパス: posttranscriptional

1 cient cells and hypothesized that decreasing posttranscriptional 3' oligo-adenylation of TERC would c

2 3K27ac in anaphase/telophase is required for posttranscriptional activation and may play a role in th

3 miR-211 promoted proliferation through the posttranscriptional activation of extracellular signal-r

4 The three variants corresponded to posttranscriptional activity, including cut-like homeobo

5 an evolutionary gain-of-function to provide posttranscriptional alanine substitutions in eukaryotic

6 f CDK8 could overcome transcriptional and/or posttranscriptional alterations in the fcp1 mutant throu

7 Epitranscriptomics refers to posttranscriptional alterations on an mRNA sequence that

8 erized for their roles in small RNA-mediated posttranscriptional and also in transcriptional gene sil

9 egulation and regulates its proteome through posttranscriptional and posttranslational means.

10 e in targeted gene silencing by facilitating posttranscriptional and translational repression.

11 10 years ago, several other transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational regulatory me

12 We propose that STAT3 operates at the posttranscriptional as well as the transcriptional level

13 Here we show that posttranscriptional attenuation of fibroblast growth fac

14 Thus, the posttranscriptional attenuation of signaling systems is

15 ntially regulates protein expression through posttranscriptional, but not transcriptional, mechanisms

16 that TRAIL induces up-regulation of CAS in a posttranscriptional, caspase-8-dependent manner through

17 y mechanisms controlling transcriptional and posttranscriptional CD16 expression in NK cells is unkno

18 years has begun to shed light on the various posttranscriptional changes that occur in response to a

19 hypervirulent phenotype is a consequence of posttranscriptional changes.

20 sgR-CLK employs a novel posttranscriptional chemoenzymatic labeling platform whe

21 Inactivation of this posttranscriptional circuit results in a fate switch, in

22 ite (TSS) usage, chromatin organization, and posttranscriptional consequences in Saccharomyces cerevi

23 e have addressed the lack of knowledge about posttranscriptional contributions to noise by determinin

24 e timing of proliferation at beta-selection, posttranscriptional control by Zfp36l1/l2 limits DNA dam

25 Defects in AU-rich elements (ARE)-mediated posttranscriptional control can lead to several abnormal

26 ts that sinR mRNA stability is an additional posttranscriptional control mechanism governing the swit

27 Our findings suggest distinct posttranscriptional control mechanisms of nuclear gene e

28 le for PSPC1-dependent RNA maturation in the posttranscriptional control of adipose development and f

29 binding protein HuR (human antigen R) in the posttranscriptional control of autophagy-related genes (

30 In this perspective, we discuss posttranscriptional control of gene expression as a crit

31 th, the molecular mechanisms involved in the posttranscriptional control of gene expression in cardia

32 Posttranscriptional control of gene expression is import

33 Posttranscriptional control of gene expression is indisp

34 Our data suggest that posttranscriptional control of glycolytic gene expressio

35 es associated with macrophage phenotype, but posttranscriptional control of human macrophage differen

36 m6A modification as a critical mechanism of posttranscriptional control of mRNA fate in late meiotic

37 MicroRNAs may contribute to posttranscriptional control of mRNAs implicated in diffe

38 ir advantages in probing transcriptional and posttranscriptional control of Pol II genes.

39 egulation of cytokine production through the posttranscriptional control of sortilin expression by TL

40 dings underscore the importance of miRNAs in posttranscriptional control of the biosynthesis of speci

41 n together, these findings define an axis of posttranscriptional control, endocytosis, and signal tra

42 s for regulatory miRNAs with consequences on posttranscriptional control.

43 MPO messenger RNA (mRNA) levels supporting a posttranscriptional defect in MPO production.

44 bination with GeneChip analyses identified a posttranscriptional defect in the accumulation of plasti

45 lf1 depletion on cardiac transcriptional and posttranscriptional dynamics in neonates has not been ad

46 Herein, we show that Hsp90 controls posttranscriptional dynamics of key messenger RNA (mRNA)

47 ng that a combination of transcriptional and posttranscriptional effects underscored the increased mR

48 P78 mRNA levels were unchanged, suggesting a posttranscriptional event.

49 Alternatively, isolated transcriptional or posttranscriptional events at the gamma-globin genes mig

50 1147-1160) delve into posttranscriptional events that fine-tune ATXN1 expressi

51 k in eukaryotes controls transcriptional and posttranscriptional events, including regulation of the

52 lled through a number of transcriptional and posttranscriptional events.

53 duction is determined by transcriptional and posttranscriptional events.

54 e mature adipocytes, but the contribution of posttranscriptional factors to the adipocyte phenotype i

55 ar ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) regulates the posttranscriptional fate of RNA during development.

56 ther p53 target gene or as a still undefined posttranscriptional function of p53.

57 Here, we show that posttranscriptional Gcr1 regulation is nutrient dependen

58 dence on RNA-binding proteins for regulating posttranscriptional gene expression and translational co

59 However, these analyses cannot capture posttranscriptional gene expression control at the level

60 ld lead to functional consequences regarding posttranscriptional gene expression, potentially regulat

61 essential RNA-binding protein that controls posttranscriptional gene expression.

62 plet organelles that are thought to regulate posttranscriptional gene expression.

63 slated region (UTR) of ABCA1 and repress its posttranscriptional gene expression.

64 h RNA G-quadruplexes have been implicated in posttranscriptional gene regulation and diseases, direct

65 Our study demonstrates the significance of posttranscriptional gene regulation by miR-19 in prevent

66 Our study demonstrates that posttranscriptional gene regulation by TTP schedules the

67 A) research and appreciate the importance of posttranscriptional gene regulation in glycemic control.

68 fq (host factor for phage Q beta) is key for posttranscriptional gene regulation in many bacteria.

69 mRNA degradation are critical mechanisms of posttranscriptional gene regulation that help cells resp

70 atory potential of these kinases by enabling posttranscriptional gene regulation.

71 ver, no existing approach for studying these posttranscriptional gene regulators combines transcripto

72 is an RNA-binding protein that has multiple posttranscriptional gene regulatory functions essential

73 rgonaute (AGO) proteins to direct widespread posttranscriptional gene repression.

74 deficiency causes a significant increase in posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) activity.

75 s based on their atypical structure, whereas posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) eliminates bot

76 ore the relationship between the exosome and posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in regulating

77 Posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) of transgenes

78 ress transcription or by targeting mRNAs via posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS).

79 ies revealed that plants avert inappropriate posttranscriptional gene silencing of endogenous coding

80 Posttranscriptional gene silencing of TOR using RNA inte

81 L4 and RDR6 that are known to be involved in posttranscriptional gene silencing were required to gene

82 tional impact of their dysregulation through posttranscriptional gene silencing.

83 ed that ZFP36L1 is a negative regulator of a posttranscriptional hub involved in mRNA half-life regul

84 ng relative to RNAPII, suggesting functional posttranscriptional interactions.

85 V transcripts directly interact to provide a posttranscriptional layer of regulation.

86 stress increases the expression of TEs at a posttranscriptional level by affecting piRNA biogenesis

87 tes that NRT1.1 is strongly regulated at the posttranscriptional level by tissue-specific mechanisms.

88 P1) jointly regulate IGF2R expression at the posttranscriptional level in intestinal epithelial cells

89 ion, which represents a new mechanism at the posttranscriptional level in the control of viral replic

90 logic for regulating protein function at the posttranscriptional level is a challenge for synthetic b

91 wever, how p73 activity is controlled at the posttranscriptional level is not well understood.

92 c cytokine production is orchestrated at the posttranscriptional level through distinct glycolytic re

93 ABA-independent SnRK2s act at the posttranscriptional level via phosphorylation of VARICOS

94 ER stress regulates ERAP1 gene expression at posttranscriptional level via the IRE1alpha/miR-17-5p ax

95 ntially responded at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional level, and these responses depended

96 rity of the genes regulated by PRMT5, at the posttranscriptional level, express mRNA containing an in

97 nvolved in regulating gene expression at the posttranscriptional level, have been recognized as impor

98 s and is mediated at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional level, including via microRNAs.

99 sion in skin-both at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional level-via multiple mechanisms includ

100 maintains appropriate mRNA abundance at the posttranscriptional level.

101 P) that is involved in insulin action at the posttranscriptional level.

102 tein expression levels are controlled at the posttranscriptional level.

103 l division control protein 42 (Cdc42) at the posttranscriptional level.

104 ow that H19 regulates TET1 expression at the posttranscriptional level.

105 iminished, indicating that Slr1796 acts at a posttranscriptional level.

106 ing RNAs that repress gene expression at the posttranscriptional level.

107 RNA silencing at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels regulates endogenous gene exp

108 gene expression at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels to promote photomorphogenesis

109 sms at the chromosomal, transcriptional, and posttranscriptional levels together facilitates SETDB1 u

110 gulate gene expression at transcriptional or posttranscriptional levels(1-3).

111 onizes the type III IFN response at pre- and posttranscriptional levels.

112 sion is regulated at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels.

113 mechanisms operate at transcriptional and/or posttranscriptional levels.

114 sion at the epigenetic, transcriptional, and posttranscriptional levels.

115 its target genes at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels.

116 gulation occurred at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels.

117 nd polysome studies suggest IGF2BP1 mediates posttranscriptional loss of BCL11A.

118 specific ribonuclease (PARN) is required for posttranscriptional maturation of TERC.

119 key inducer of EMT and we have elucidated a posttranscriptional mechanism by which TGFbeta modulates

120 n mock- and VZV-infected cells, indicating a posttranscriptional mechanism for VZV-mediated downregul

121 of NRP1 on DDAH1 expression is mediated by a posttranscriptional mechanism involving miR-219-5p in HU

122 ction, indicating a new role of HDAC6 in the posttranscriptional mechanism of CD20 regulation.

123 ling and lipid metabolism and describe a new posttranscriptional mechanism of PCSK9 regulation.

124 tent reduction in Glut4 mRNA suggests that a posttranscriptional mechanism regulated insulin-independ

125 we show that FXR activation triggers a rapid posttranscriptional mechanism to degrade Cyp7a1 mRNA.

126 ession of Myc and the PGC1beta protein via a posttranscriptional mechanism, EPHB4 has a greater effec

127 n of the expression of Kv1.1 and Kv1.2 via a posttranscriptional mechanism, resulting in a reduction

128 We provide a critical review of key posttranscriptional mechanisms (i.e., microRNA) and tran

129 enes controlled by other transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms and showed that the trans

130 diomyopathy patients demonstrates that these posttranscriptional mechanisms are also active in the di

131 are well known to modulate spermatogenesis, posttranscriptional mechanisms are less well defined.

132 rough transcriptional activation rather than posttranscriptional mechanisms because knockout of NICI

133 ext investigated whether intrinsic leukocyte posttranscriptional mechanisms contribute to individual

134 Our results shed new light on the posttranscriptional mechanisms controlling the expressio

135 llations of the PER and TIM proteins but few posttranscriptional mechanisms have been described that

136 pathways and implicates transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms in this process.

137 genes in DRA-KO mouse colon, suggesting that posttranscriptional mechanisms play a key role in gut ba

138 level, which argues against a major role for posttranscriptional mechanisms that modulate the STAT6-d

139 Cells utilize transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms to alter gene expression

140 The global posttranscriptional mechanisms underlying fibroblast-to-

141 In parallel, we found that two major posttranscriptional mechanisms, alternative splicing (AS

142 rict L1 activity by both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms, L1 derepression occurs i

143 regulated progranulin by transcriptional or posttranscriptional mechanisms.

144 rotein turnover and may be involved in these posttranscriptional mechanisms.

145 UTR) negatively regulates its expression via posttranscriptional mechanisms.

146 mRNA stability and protein synthesis through posttranscriptional mechanisms.

147 Posttranscriptional methylation of RNA cytosine residues

148 Collectively, our study identifies posttranscriptional modification by RNA editing as a cri

149 modification, perhaps indicating a role for posttranscriptional modification in the sorting of some

150 Here, we investigated the influence of posttranscriptional modification of bacterial tRNAs (tRN

151 The posttranscriptional modification of messenger RNA (mRNA)

152 ) methylation is the most prevalent internal posttranscriptional modification on mammalian mRNA.

153 se miRNA-induced mRNA recognition, cleavage, posttranscriptional modification, and degradation.

154 eq) was used to assess a range of N-terminal posttranscriptional modifications (marks) to histone H3

155 gle gene resolution, but tRNA structures and posttranscriptional modifications impair these analyses.

156 nt work has identified and mapped a range of posttranscriptional modifications in mRNA, including met

157 Posttranscriptional modifications in transfer RNA (tRNA)

158 Posttranscriptional modifications of RNA bases are not o

159 Posttranscriptional modifications of transfer RNAs (tRNA

160 efined as the study of functionally relevant posttranscriptional modifications of viral RNA transcrip

161 nts at either the 5' or the 3' terminus, (b) posttranscriptional modifications, (c) ribosome density

162 transcripts for host genes involved in mRNA posttranscriptional modifications.

163 ion of the epigenomic information encoded in posttranscriptional modifications.

164 We hypothesize that posttranscriptional modulation of CCA1 expression upon a

165 n of protein synthesis plays a vital role in posttranscriptional modulation of gene expression.

166 s are small, noncoding RNAs that function as posttranscriptional modulators of gene expression by bin

167 (hnRNPs) are families of sequence-specific, posttranscriptional modulators of gene expression.

168 aracterized functions of piRNAs in humans is posttranscriptional mRNA silencing, their functions are

169 We further identified miR-218 as a posttranscriptional negative regulator of CD16a in NK ce

170 Our findings suggest a mechanism for posttranscriptional noise generation that will contribut

171 the major and minor spliceosomes by removing posttranscriptional oligo(A) tails, trimming 3' ends, an

172 Moreover, we observed widespread posttranscriptional oligoadenylation, uridylation, and g

173 Here we report a posttranscriptional pathway involving the RNA-binding pr

174 egulatory mechanisms at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional, post-translational, and extracellul

175 A-to-I editing of RNA is a widespread posttranscriptional process that has recently emerged as

176 MicroRNAs (MiRNAs) play important roles in posttranscriptional processes to regulate gene expressio

177 ia mutations that affect gene transcription, posttranscriptional processes, or copy number.

178 ctional RNA that undergoes multiple steps of posttranscriptional processing and is found in very diff

179 owever, relatively little is known about the posttranscriptional processing of miRNAs and a potential

180 lls, but it remains unknown if modulation of posttranscriptional processing of TERC could improve hem

181 at different levels including transcription, posttranscriptional processing, and protein stability.

182 on transcription/translation feedback loops, posttranscriptional regulation also plays an important r

183 nylation (APA) is a process that changes the posttranscriptional regulation and translation potential

184 ranscription of genes but also affects their posttranscriptional regulation by influencing alternativ

185 Subsequent analysis of the posttranscriptional regulation demonstrated that KSR1 pr

186 Our study highlights the broad role of posttranscriptional regulation during the EMT and the im

187 reas miR-218 provides an additional layer of posttranscriptional regulation during the maturation pro

188 Posttranscriptional regulation encompassed darkness- and

189 icate the RBP protein DDX3 as a mechanism of posttranscriptional regulation for AR in CRPC.

190 nscriptional mechanism mediated by hormones, posttranscriptional regulation has recently been shown t

191 genesis, underscoring the complexity of MDM2 posttranscriptional regulation in cancer.

192 ied transcriptional regulation, the roles of posttranscriptional regulation in cardiac cell fate deci

193 ox proteins control alternative splicing and posttranscriptional regulation in mammalian brain and ar

194 ly, we present preliminary data suggesting a posttranscriptional regulation mechanism, involving miR-

195 at kleptoplast-targeted HGTs have adapted to posttranscriptional regulation mechanisms of the host.

196 fragile-X mental retardation protein in the posttranscriptional regulation of a model centrosomal mR

197 d downregulates its activity, modulating HuR posttranscriptional regulation of a network of target mR

198 dvantage of the physiological iron-dependent posttranscriptional regulation of ALAS2, we evaluated wh

199 Here, we investigated DDX3-mediated posttranscriptional regulation of AR mRNA (messenger RNA

200 NA-induced silencing complex (RISC)-mediated posttranscriptional regulation of chromatin remodelers a

201 Currently, both posttranscriptional regulation of COL7A1 and the underly

202 Posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression by mRN

203 e cis-acting riboregulators that mediate the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression in res

204 Synthetic posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression is imp

205 Posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression plays

206 omplex process involving transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression.

207 As (miRNAs, miR) hold important roles in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression.

208 nsing was largely imparted by changes in the posttranscriptional regulation of inflammatory cytokines

209 al reorganization at new synapses, requiring posttranscriptional regulation of localized mRNA a long

210 mportant physiological effects through their posttranscriptional regulation of messenger RNA targets.

211 fusion assays documented a role of miR858 in posttranscriptional regulation of MYB83 in the Heteroder

212 However, little is known about posttranscriptional regulation of NOD1- and NOD2-depende

213 To investigate the posttranscriptional regulation of NR4A2, we used a 3' un

214 Posttranscriptional regulation of p21 expression by miR-

215 EN-4 to the spindle midzone by mediating the posttranscriptional regulation of PAR-5.

216 s in GrB transcription and microRNA-mediated posttranscriptional regulation of PRF expression.

217 The MS data also identified posttranscriptional regulation of protein abundance by G

218 Recognition of posttranscriptional regulation of protein levels by BpuR

219 In this study, we assessed posttranscriptional regulation of RORgammat and identifi

220 point to IRE1alpha as an important node for posttranscriptional regulation of the early Ras phenotyp

221 Posttranscriptional regulation plays a crucial role in s

222 t changes in the composition of mRNPs during posttranscriptional regulation remain largely unexplored

223 ve insights into how this essential layer of posttranscriptional regulation works in plants, and both

224 Posttranscriptional regulation, especially pre-mRNA proc

225 als of TCA cycle genes but escapes all known posttranscriptional regulation.

226 and proteins, which can be modulated through posttranscriptional regulation.

227 sus 2.8-fold, respectively), consistent with posttranscriptional regulation.

228 cytokine, however, is further controlled by posttranscriptional regulation.

229 ximately 22 nt) that play important roles in posttranscriptional regulation.

230 ng in NPCs related to the disruption of EGFR posttranscriptional regulation.

231 translated region in the transgene preserved posttranscriptional regulation.

232 monstrating that the circadian clock affects posttranscriptional regulation.

233 t RNA-binding protein with multiple roles in posttranscriptional regulation.

234 RNA level suggested a transcriptional and/or posttranscriptional regulation.

235 cently been shown to play important roles in posttranscriptional regulation; however, the contributio

236 The master posttranscriptional regulator HuR promotes muscle fiber

237 h transcripts are direct targets of this key posttranscriptional regulator is largely unknown.

238 The posttranscriptional regulator microRNA-155 (miR-155) is

239 as a player in the DNA damage response as a posttranscriptional regulator of MRE11 and identify cIAP

240 The results indicate that LARP4 is a posttranscriptional regulator of ribosomal protein produ

241 on from an intact BHLF1 ORF required the EBV posttranscriptional regulator protein SM, whose expressi

242 -T6SS regulatory elements and found that the posttranscriptional regulator RsmA imposes a concerted r

243 highlight the possible implication of these posttranscriptional regulators in a range of diseases un

244 MicroRNAs (miRs) are important posttranscriptional regulators of cell fate in both norm

245 MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression and mo

246 MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression in ani

247 ls of microRNAs, suggesting a role for these posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression in str

248 MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role as posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression.

249 gene expression, microRNAs (miRNAs) are key posttranscriptional regulators of the plant stress respo

250 inding proteins (RBPs) are recognized as key posttranscriptional regulators that not only modulate th

251 The binding of posttranscriptional regulators to nascent transcripts ma

252 PUM)1 and PUM2, members of the PUF family of posttranscriptional regulators, are essential for hemato

253 rendered constitutive, suggesting additional posttranscriptional regulatory circuits.

254 xport activity regulated by the hepadnaviral posttranscriptional regulatory element.

255 These results indicate that posttranscriptional regulatory factors, such as microRNA

256 Plasmodium parasites employ posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms as their life

257 Although it has been shown that posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms control PD-L1

258 rucial for investigating transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms of biological

259 sis and respiratory function are well known, posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms remain unclear

260 city was performed, and identified potential posttranscriptional regulatory modules, i.e. specific co

261 th dilated cardiomyopathy suggested the same posttranscriptional regulatory network was underlying ca

262 forming growth factor beta1 and define novel posttranscriptional regulatory networks that control the

263 nally, we discuss the competition effects in posttranscriptional regulatory networks that may arise o

264 ies reveal that multiple transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulatory pathways are triggered in

265 Our results demonstrate that manipulating posttranscriptional regulatory pathways may be a potenti

266 arly embryos lack appreciable transcription, posttranscriptional regulatory processes control their d

267 oded transcripts and thus presumably reflect posttranscriptional regulatory processes.

268 these transcripts behave unequally due to a posttranscriptional regulatory program governed by their

269 reveal that RNA structure governs a complex posttranscriptional regulatory program of alpha-1-antitr

270 APC restores the cell-cell adhesion gene and posttranscriptional regulatory programs leading to p120-

271 To identify posttranscriptional-regulatory events affected by APA in

272 se RBPs suppress an evolutionarily conserved posttranscriptional regulon consisting of messenger RNAs

273 Posttranscriptional reporter assays confirmed the functi

274 These findings demonstrate how posttranscriptional repression may alter the activity of

275 A-binding protein and an essential factor of posttranscriptional repression of cytokine biosynthesis

276 tarvation at three levels: (1) directly, via posttranscriptional repression of gene expression; (2) i

277 that modulate cellular processes through the posttranscriptional repression of multiple transcripts.

278 immune tolerance is critically dependent on posttranscriptional repression of the cAMP-hydrolyzing e

279 trate that GAPDH-TNF mRNA binding results in posttranscriptional repression of TNF and that the TNF m

280 In this study, we detail a mechanism of posttranscriptional repression of TNF mRNA by GAPDH bind

281 rolling diverse biological processes through posttranscriptional repression.

282 We identified miR-218 as a posttranscriptional repressor of DCC and detected coexpr

283 ptomes revealed an early transcriptional and posttranscriptional response signature that was conserve

284 This posttranscriptional RNA modification by adenosine deamin

285 osine methylation (m(6)A) is the most common posttranscriptional RNA modification in mammalian cells.

286 epeat (PPR) proteins are at the core of this posttranscriptional RNA modification.

287 Posttranscriptional RNA modifications occur in all domai

288 tion of nuclear architecture, transcription, posttranscriptional RNA processing, and RNA localization

289 tim mRNA but not tim pre-mRNA, supporting a posttranscriptional role.

290 reveal an indispensable role of ZFP36L1 as a posttranscriptional safeguard against aberrant hypoxic s

291 Zfp36l1/l2 therefore act as posttranscriptional safeguards against chromosomal insta

292 How these structures and other posttranscriptional signals affect RNA trafficking and t

293 ARGONAUTE1 (AGO1) mediates posttranscriptional silencing by microRNAs (miRNAs) and

294 , or incubation with trametinib, reduced the posttranscriptional stabilization of HIF1A and HIF2A, up

295 through numerous proteins that intervene at posttranscriptional steps.

296 We propose that posttranscriptional stochasticity can be linked to cycle

297 Nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) is a posttranscriptional surveillance mechanism in eukaryotes

298 ork are well studied, little is known of the posttranscriptional surveillance pathways that degrade d

299 unctional riboregulator sufficient to confer posttranscriptional temperature-dependent regulation, wi

300 many gene products through transcriptional, posttranscriptional, translational, and posttranslationa