ライフサイエンスコーパス: price

1 re most sensitive to discount rates and MMRV price.

2 logy assessment to determine the appropriate price.

3 echnology to remove arsenic at an affordable price.

4 ectiveness thresholds at the current US list price.

5 ring creates some pressure to lower the list price.

6 ost per year of functional life and not unit price.

7 ocketing, in part as a result of rising drug prices.

8 ts that are not properly reflected in market prices.

9 raphical differences in fuel and electricity prices.

10 omic model of electricity supply, demand and prices.

11 se a variety of approaches to determine drug prices.

12 ion ratios used for transformation and lease prices.

13 ate reaching 70% by 2100, at constant energy prices.

14 requency Questionnaire linked to retail food prices.

15 r capita GDP at retail market pharmaceutical prices.

16 ent-seeking, costs of patient care, and drug prices.

17 test increases in list (439%) and net (157%) prices.

18 eting associated with higher intraclass list prices.

19 y between new drug entry and intraclass drug prices.

20 ective compared with an US scenario using US prices.

21 ired to produce ethylene at cost-competitive prices.

22 dditions, new renewable capacity, and carbon prices.

23 er income, nutritional assistance, and lower prices.

24 nsidered to be of good value at current drug prices.

25 ed [Formula: see text] emissions despite low prices.

26 ded to infer their effectiveness from market prices.

27 ce increases, leading to 35% increase in net prices.

28 a network is not an important determinant of pricing.

29 rly if it is made available at public-sector pricing.

30 unlikely to be cost-effective under current pricing.

31 BECCS conversion viable, even with emission pricing.

32 ios for generic imatinib in the USA (average price $35 000 per year; lowest price $4400 per year), Eu

33 -875 Mha relative to the baseline by 2055 at prices $35-$100/tCO(2), with intensive plantations compr

34 cond-generation TKIs versus imatinib (annual price $4400 per year) with the potential benefit in favo

35 USA (average price $35 000 per year; lowest price $4400 per year), Europe ($4000 per year), and deve

36 in the absence of markets (i.e., the "shadow price"), a global spatially explicit assessment of the v

37 scenarios include uncertainty in future fuel prices, a hypothetical CO(2) cap, and an extended renewa

38 .05, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.10; p=0.096) or their price (abeta 0.48, 95% CI -1.12 to 0.72; p=0.500).

39 Any prices above this rate yield a positive net present valu

40 s, will likely not result in lower drug list prices absent additional structural reforms.

41 ge space to determine threshold vaccine dose prices achieving cost-effectiveness under differing pair

42 ) and average commercial residential housing price (ACRHP) adjusted by annual inflation rate or not f

43 nsitivity and uncertainty analyses for water price across the reported CDI design space.

44 as an electrification scenario under carbon pricing, allowing electrification of waterborne shipping

45 o heat-related yield losses, and lower wheat prices amplify the sensitivity of HAR to warming and yie

46 We used food price and household income data to estimate affordabilit

47 We hypothesized that price and inconvenience are important barriers to ORS us

48 mpatible choices among assets that varied in price and quality.

49 taking into account the combined effects on price and reserve of technological improvements and chan

50 smartphones with cameras has driven down the price and size of CMOS imagers over the past decade.

51 Due to the high price and the limited amount of buffalo milk, MBC is pot

52 Sensitivity analysis indicates that the price and usage of DEF have the largest impacts on TCA r

53 ssociated with significantly higher beverage prices and a significant and substantial decline in volu

54 om plant sources with a wide range of market prices and applications, including <$10/kg (limonene, la

55 Outcomes included list and net prices and discounts in Medicaid and other payers.

56 the Unified Market Platform (UMP)-on market prices and farmers' profitability.

57 Currently, low gasoline prices and high initial expense means that, without subs

58 aims were driven in the early years by lower prices and in the later years by lower utilization of se

59 cost assessment and forecast market-clearing prices and quantities for ecological infrastructure inve

60 d are close to equilibrium predictions about prices and quantities from economic theory.

61 Bioproduct market prices and recovery costs determine the accumulation thr

62 Change in taxed beverage prices and volume sales.

63 etwork topology remains a key determinant of pricing and efficiency.

64 plicitly considering proven added benefit in pricing and payment decisions.

65 This work evaluates the emission pricing and technology costs required to convert an exis

66 patients often pay a percentage of the list price, and cost sharing creates some pressure to lower t

67 population growth rate, fish mobility, fish price, and fishing cost) as well as an important aspect

68 CO(2), depending on the assumed fuel selling price, and is the lowest-cost option if both RIN and Cal

69 ities to model effects on production, trade, prices, and consumption under moderate and high greenhou

70 servation, coincidence with high electricity prices, and evaporation rates.

71 OPAT with high-priced antibiotics requires significant care coordinatio

72 h lower profitability due to declining wheat prices appears to explain the HAR trend, fluctuating whe

73 en more when the seed cost and grain selling price are accounted for, i.e. economic OPD (EOPD).

74 he model variables and a long-term reference price are estimated from historical data, taking into ac

75 Increasing cancer drug prices are a challenge for patients and health systems i

76 Thus, low prices are compatible with successful carbon markets.

77 Our first experimental finding is that prices are larger and that trade is significantly less e

78 firms might cut emissions even though market prices are low.

79 coa market (Theobroma cacao L.), quality and prices are often determined by geographical origin, maki

80 s to containing branded drug prices, because prices are substantially higher in the United States.

81 ical companies are allowed to set their list price as high as they prefer in the United States owing

82 mic results show the minimum protein selling price, assuming fusel alcohol products are valued at $0.

83 One-year costs were sensitive to drug pricing assumptions, and risk-tailored treatment with ei

84 tment versus clopidogrel under multiple drug pricing assumptions.

85 bility can be achieved at a nutrient selling price at or below fertilizer market value in Uganda.

86 of different age groups and to estimate the price at which DAAs become cost-saving in Japan.

87 s, including hypothetical policy tweaks, oil price, battery cost and charging infrastructure for the

88 tries' approaches to containing branded drug prices, because prices are substantially higher in the U

89 36%-84%), or 4.5% per year, with stable net prices between 2015 and 2018.

90 porters was passed on to consumers as higher prices but not always on targeted drinks.

91 insulins (n = 7) increased by 262%, and net prices by 51%.

92 inhibitors (n = 3) increased by 166% and net prices by 73%.

93 ng agents (n = 11) increased by 278% and net prices by 95%.

94 gers negotiate with drug companies for lower prices by offering the drug company favorable formulary

95 In fact, low prices can be a signal that the demand for carbon permit

96 explore the global environmental effects of pricing carbon, beyond its effect on carbon emissions.

97 model can serve as a basis for assessing the price ceiling of myriad gene therapy approaches.

98 ng as a result of decreasing coinsurance and price changes between 2010 and 2019.

99 ing order, and autocorrelation of successive price changes, which test different theories of price dy

100 ectric, and plug-in-hybrid) must become more price competitive with internal combustion vehicles.

101 ontrolled growth conditions, which limit the price competitiveness and versatility of the process.

102 ed States owing to the absence of government price control mechanisms that exist in other countries.

103 Food prices could increase and, on average across models, alm

104 Hurricane Katrina in August 2005 and the Oil Price Crisis in July 2008.

105 re providers can collaborate to contain drug prices, curbing expenditures overall while expanding hea

106 , and the lack of physical activity and food price data.

107 rospective descriptive study using 2007-2018 pricing data from the investment firm SSR Health for bra

108 nt tool for informing treatment coverage and pricing decisions, yet no consensus exists about what th

109 c agents (n = 10) increased by 165%, and net prices decreased by 1%.

110 on current commercial WES and targeted panel prices, demonstrated savings ranging from $300 to $950 w

111 t market analysis, robust supply chains, and price discounts are critical for ICS diffusion.

112 efficiency, in-market concentration, and the price discovery process differ between commodities with

113 nd that spring frost events induce farm gate price drops and thus revenue reductions of up to 2.05% p

114 An examination of the price dynamics suggests that traders on cheapest-and hen

115 ce changes, which test different theories of price dynamics.

116 n asymmetry problems and in doing so improve price efficiency in futures markets.

117 The price elasticity for dental checkup visits appears to be

118 Our analysis used the modified Price equation to demonstrate that plant diversity, rath

119 through a novel application of the modified Price equation to evaluate responses of bees to diverse

120 en the current level of technology, purchase prices, equipment lifespans, and operational flying rang

121 If mid-range emission pricing estimates are implemented ($25-$105 per metric t

122 To estimate drug treatment costs, ex-factory prices (euro , 2019) were considered for aflibercept, ra

123 to estimate because water markets and market prices exist only in few regions of the world.

124 -value care, $12.8 billion to $28.6 billion; pricing failure, $81.4 billion to $91.2 billion; and fra

125 ordination, overtreatment or low-value care, pricing failure, fraud and abuse, and administrative com

126 egulatory measures (including a minimum unit price for alcohol, the alcohol duty escalator, and an ex

127 ay up to $100 000 per QALY, the maximum fair price for F/TAF was $8670 per year.

128 on per QALY and the maximum permissible fair price for F/TAF was $8970 per year.

129 If an orchard gets a lower price for its specific apple variety compared to previou

130 -network charges less the typical in-network price for the same service.

131 The relative cash prices for brand-name drugs were 0.97 (CI, 0.96 to 0.97)

132 own that hospital mergers have led to higher prices for commercially insured patients, but research a

133 lies primarily on market forces to determine prices for drugs, whereas most other industrialized coun

134 uction incentives, projected minimum selling prices for fungible blendstocks produced via CADO are co

135 Prices for newer analogue insulin products have increase

136 This study describes point-of-sale prices for orally administered anticancer drugs offered

137 Cash prices for prescription drugs vary widely in the United

138 here were approved, but guarantees of higher prices for producers selling energy derived from BECCS w

139 es of ecosystem service provided and reveals prices for the ecosystems service: a market-clearing equ

140 Using a model in which prices for wind turbines and solar PV systems are assume

141 nd relevant information on prescription drug pricing for physicians and patients.

142 This paper conducts price formation experiments with human subjects located

143 ggests large costs associated with delays in pricing [Formula: see text] emissions.

144 We obtained retail prices from 2011 for 744 foods in 159 countries, collect

145 cient market hypothesis, the idea that stock prices fully reflect all available information is always

146 Using US prices generated costs of $177,496 for cabozantinib and

147 We find that the case for carbon pricing globally becomes even stronger in a multi-bounda

148 ptation to improve rehabilitation but with a price >$400,000/y.

149 read due to uneven market demand and assured price guarantees for rice.

150 Because its price has been increasing, adulterations with papaya see

151 us vaccines have entered the market, vaccine prices have decreased, and cost-effectiveness thresholds

152 In recent years, rising gold prices have exacerbated the global proliferation of arti

153 Most studies that have examined drug prices have focused on list prices, without accounting f

154 5% CI $1.3-$1.7), assuming that each net was priced identically at US$3.

155 Here, we investigate the electricity price impacts of cooling water shortages on Britain's po

156 belief is that a carbon market needs a high price in order to reduce emissions.

157 cost-effective at the currently anticipated price in South Africa and Malawi.

158 action from seawater is close to the uranium price in the spot uranium market, suggesting that AO-HNT

159 and services, including those which are not priced in existing markets, changes in consumer surplus

160 nformation embedded in forward-looking asset prices in conjunction with asset pricing models.

161 and government purchasers who negotiate drug prices in health plans and thus play a crucial role in d

162 tor to mine and forecast the average housing prices in the inland capital cities of China.

163 economically competitive with current market prices in the near future, it could play an essential ro

164 ed the cost-effectiveness of the polypill at prices in the public sector and on the retail market.

165 ugs based on these frameworks and their drug prices in the USA and four European countries (England,

166 use of second-generation TKIs at the current prices in the USA or at the price of $30 000-40 000 per

167 Following introduction of minimum unit pricing in Scotland, alcohol sales fell by 3%, with the

168 Higher prices incentivize larger mitigation proportions via rot

169 n commodities with and without a significant price increase due to UMP.

170 Meanwhile, biofuel selling prices increase by 15-45% due to CDR costs.

171 From 2007 to 2018, list prices increased by 159% (95% CI, 137%-181%), or 9.1% pe

172 CI, 137%-181%), or 9.1% per year, while net prices increased by 60% (95% CI, 36%-84%), or 4.5% per y

173 ives and/or a CO(2) tax credit) can mitigate price increases caused by CDR technologies.

174 However, numerous reports exist of price increases following the introduction of brand-name

175 List price increases were lowest (59%) for antineoplastic age

176 gh discounts offset an estimated 62% of list price increases with substantial variation across classe

177 = 44), but discounts only offset 41% of list price increases, leading to 35% increase in net prices.

178 Increases in discounts offset 62% of list price increases.

179 adjusted based on the medical care consumer price index.

180 tes dollars using the gross domestic product price index.

181 es, the projected minimum blendstock selling price is competitive with oil at $60 per barrel.

182 ard acceptance of this management, pork meat price is expected to drop, while the total annual social

183 When carbon pricing is allied with a biofuel policy, however, it can

184 emissions are omitted) but also that carbon pricing is the predominant driver of reducing emissions

185 At 2018 prices, it is possible that both CAR-T therapies meet a

186 sing power parity conversion factors at 2016 price-levels.

187 anticipated global implementation of carbon pricing make this method of mineral carbonation worth fu

188 achieve a comparable minimum ethanol selling price (MESP) and reduced GHG footprint ($1.38/liter gaso

189 The Price model, the directed version of the Barabasi-Albert

190 EZ-Climate, a simple recursive dynamic asset pricing model that allows for a calibration of the carbo

191 oking asset prices in conjunction with asset pricing models.

192 its inferior quality accounting for overall price movements (other orchards growing same variety tha

193 each at least 60%, and renewable electricity prices need to fall below 4 cents per kilowatt-hour.

194 in clinical benefit might be prioritised for price negotiations.

195 P) per capita per DALY averted, at a vaccine price of $1.50 per dose (but excluding Gavi's contributi

196 s at the current prices in the USA or at the price of $30 000-40 000 per year elsewhere.

197 achievement of enteral autonomy, but with a price of >$400,000 per y.

198 ge in PFS, ORR, and R0 resection rate at the price of a moderate increase in toxicity.

199 The price of alirocumab would have to decrease from its orig

200 ous TCR for longevity of the response at the price of alloreactivity.

201 on color, flavor, aroma and consequently the price of cachaca, favoring fraudulent activities.

202 However, if the price of DAAs is reduced by 55-85% (USD 6,730 to 17,720)

203 from the whole brain, but this comes at the price of either limited spatiotemporal resolution or lim

204 ame conditions in developing nations, with a price of generic imatinib of $2100 per year and a willin

205 ent choices and increased sensitivity to the price of giving.

206 While the price of HCV treatment decreased recently in most countr

207 The price of intervention drinks in the high levy category h

208 he animal to react to sudden changes, at the price of large fluctuations (variance) in the estimates

209 ex health systems and reducing the wholesale price of medicines might not always or immediately trans

210 With the reduction in price of next-generation sequencing technologies, gene e

211 neration TKIs (base case US$152 814 [ie, the price of nilotinib in the USA], range 0-240 000) on the

212 ive for using CO(2) for EOR depending on the price of oil.

213 Primary outcomes were availability and price of portfolio medicines at health facilities, irres

214 gness to pay of $50 000 per QALY, the annual price of second-generation TKIs should not exceed $10 00

215 e of the manufactured UDCA and standard UDCA price of the hospital.

216 The comparison of costs was based on price of the manufactured UDCA and standard UDCA price o

217 At the current 5FC price of US $1.30 per 500 mg tablet, the ICER of 5FC+FLU

218 nd chlamydia testing at the standard patient price of yen 150 (about US$21.50).

219 gy costs, carbon dioxide equivalent emission prices of $142 and $215 per metric ton are required to a

220 rganic corn using production data and market prices of 2017.

221 tatistically significant impact on the modal prices of cotton, green gram, or tur.

222 We used 2018 best available prices of diagnostics and generic medicines.

223 ted that brand-brand competition lowers list prices of existing drugs within a class.

224 List prices of insulins (n = 7) increased by 262%, and net pr

225 01) per litre-a 31% pass through rate-whilst prices of intervention drinks in the low levy category a

226 List prices of lipid-lowering agents (n = 11) increased by 27

227 ed literature searches and average wholesale prices of medications; all costs were discounted 3% per

228 List prices of noninsulin antidiabetic agents (n = 10) increa

229 e 5.1%, 3.6%, and 3.5% increase in the modal prices of paddy, groundnut, and maize.

230 The high prices of precious metals and the unavoidable leaching o

231 Recent discussions about the increasing prices of prescription drugs have focused on pharmacy be

232 pective, we collected data on quantities and prices of resources used at 3 of the hospitals, to estim

233 rovider, we collected data on quantities and prices of resources used by the 2 hospitals to estimate

234 dical economic costs based on quantities and prices of resources used to diagnose and treat enteric f

235 y of low-income households and actual market prices of toilets and emptying services and (ii) the amo

236 List prices of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (n = 3) incre

237 anufacturers face few barriers to exorbitant pricing of drugs with exclusivity-as in the cases of Sov

238 By putting a price on carbon, carbon markets reshape incentives faced

239 lovers from an increase in the global carbon price onto other critical Earth system processes has rec

240 barriers and PA delays associated with high-priced OPAT antibiotics.

241 Depending on fuel, electricity, and battery prices, our findings suggest that FCEVs could compete wi

242 of the carbon dioxide ([Formula: see text]) price path based on probabilistic assumptions around cli

243 elized cost of energy storage is the minimum price per kWh that a potential investor requires in orde

244 difference in the batching capabilities, the price per sample for WGS was higher on the iSeq100.

245 The entire unit can be built at a price point below US$400, which will be drastically redu

246 ve transportation systems and emission-based pricing policies.

247 orne shipping both with and without a carbon pricing policy.

248 ion batteries on the ever-fluctuating cobalt prices poses serious environmental and sustainability is

249 We measured the impact of the SDIL on price, product size, number of soft drinks on the market

250 Annualized cumulative costs on electricity prices range from pound 29-66m.yr(-1) GBP2018, whilst in

251 l cup, and availability in 99 countries with prices ranging US$0.72-46.72 (median $23.3, 145 brands).

252 dent on the attainable yield but on the cost:price ratio, with high ratios favoring reductions in EOP

253 t economic scenarios, i.e. seed cost to corn price ratios.

254 United States relies on competition to keep prices reasonable.

255 A 92.6% price reduction from $225 000 to $16 563 would be necess

256 ies employ various forms of rate setting and price regulation, such as external reference pricing, th

257 ion Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), whose price remained low (compared to the social cost of carbo

258 List prices represent manufacturers' price to wholesalers or

259 Net prices represent revenue per unit of the product after a

260 However, carbon prices required to fulfill the 2016 Paris climate agreem

261 arch on the effects of these taxes on retail prices, sales, cross-border shopping, consumption, and p

262 We used different price scenarios for generic imatinib in the USA (average

263 ment activities across 16 regions for carbon price scenarios of $5-$100/tCO(2).

264 lth system readiness will require innovative pricing schemes, regulatory policies, education and orga

265 quality measure is the orchard-year specific price shock.

266 Payments were price standardized and risk adjusted using clinical and

267 erative mortality) and 90-day risk-adjusted, price-standardized episode payments were used to categor

268 We calculated price-standardized Medicare payments for the surgical ep

269 We calculated price-standardized payments for the entire surgical epis

270 Solar insolation and electricity pricing structures were key in determining the configura

271 Besides, other factors influencing housing prices, such as the time-series lags of government polic

272 land acquisition costs and high electricity prices, suggesting multiple benefits of FPV technologies

273 y-adjusted life-year gained and current drug price, tafamidis was cost-effective in 0% of 10 000 prob

274 At current drug prices, targeted testing and liver fibrosis-based treatm

275 At its current price, teduglutide does not provide a cost-effective add

276 The prices that U.S. medical providers charge incorporate a

277 which means that markets cannot efficiently price the associated risk premium.

278 were chosen based on the sales network, the price, the marketing quality and the presence of filters

279 g adoption driven by ever decreasing printer prices, the barrier to entry for 3D printing in research

280 Assuming public-sector pharmaceutical prices, the ICER of the polypill compared with current c

281 price regulation, such as external reference pricing, therapeutic valuation, and health technology as

282 List prices represent manufacturers' price to wholesalers or direct purchasers but do not acc

283 costs globally, would require higher carbon prices to justify investment in restoration.

284 lopment must occur in parallel with emission pricing to make BECCS viable.

285 Given technical and fuel price uncertainty, FCEV costs ranged from $0.38 to $0.45

286 cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of DAAs at a price USD 41,046 per treatment was USD 9,080 per quality

287 to reach a target $2.50/gal biofuel selling price, using cellulosic ethanol production as a test cas

288 demonstrate that the impact of UMP on modal prices varies substantially across commodities.

289 r of road traffic accidents or average house prices, vary as a function of city population size, with

290 nd renders plastic markets vulnerable to oil price volatility.

291 Net prices were estimated by compiling company-reported sale

292 2007 to 2018, mean increases in list and net prices were substantial, although discounts offset an es

293 National Health Service (NHS) indicative prices were used for cost estimates.

294 apan could examine ways to procure DAAs at a price where they would be cost-saving.

295 ers on cheapest-and hence active-paths raise prices while those off these paths lower them.

296 Our analysis suggests the following: (1) Co price will remain relatively stable in the short term, g

297 imit global warming to 1.5 degrees C, carbon prices will need to reach $281/tCO(2) in 2055.

298 pean countries often directly negotiate drug prices with manufacturers.

299 stablish a voluntary moratorium on insurance pricing with the aim of protecting research participants

300 ve examined drug prices have focused on list prices, without accounting for manufacturer rebates and