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1  the tarsal segments of the legs and not the proboscis.
2 ing by placing sucrose solution near the fly proboscis.
3 d olfactory neurons on the tip of the moth's proboscis.
4 ately 1 to 2.5 per second) from the mosquito proboscis.
5 tional OR genes are expressed throughout the proboscis.
6 ered mesenchymal environment in a dysmorphic proboscis.
7 give rise to a unique type of appendage, the proboscis.
8 rosophila labellum, a gustatory organ of the proboscis.
9  is expressed in bitter gustatory neurons of proboscises.
10 y is mediated by bitter taste neurons in the proboscis [9].
11 -like euarthropods, each bearing an anterior proboscis (a fused protocerebral appendage), from the Mi
12 phalan characteristics, for example a hooked proboscis, a bursa, as well as a jaw apparatus with disc
13 s as its bulbous base reaches the end of the proboscis, a distensible hydrostatic skeleton extended t
14 juries observed on the abdomen, wings, legs, proboscis and antennae of adult honey bees.
15  of all the primary motor neurons in the fly proboscis and characterize their contributions to its di
16 in Drosophila that involves extension of the proboscis and consumption of the sugar-containing soluti
17            Significant non-linear changes of proboscis and forewing lengths were found along elevatio
18 ersion is robust and likely mediated via the proboscis and independent of TRPA1 and IRs.
19   Insects detect tastants both through their proboscis and legs.
20  is required in the wings, antenna, haltere, proboscis and legs.
21 locus, which controls the development of the proboscis and maxillary palps, with that from Drosophila
22  constraints associated with coupling of the proboscis and sucking pump into a united functional orga
23 ensing inhibition affects taste cells on the proboscis and the legs.
24 ution drives the evolution of extremely long proboscises and flower tubes, and highlight the importan
25 e labor between a liquid-acquisition device (proboscis) and a sucking pump.
26 uding cyclopia, a primitive nasal structure (proboscis) and/or midfacial clefting.
27 alia, gill pouches, articulations within the proboscis, and multiple tooth rows adjacent to the mouth
28 h constitute the characteristic lepidopteran proboscis, and the tentacle suggest that the tentacle ev
29 bing movements of the hummingbird hawkmoth's proboscis as they search for a flower's nectary.
30 nalized structure and is consistent with the proboscis base as a major site for information processin
31                                    Combining proboscis choice tests with neurophysiological, anatomic
32 nscripts appear in the mesoderm of the adult proboscis, collar and the very posterior region of the t
33                         We conclude that the proboscis constitutes a genetically distinct type of app
34 gs from single long labellar sensilla of the proboscis demonstrated that mixing the analog 1728 at 1
35 the brain, central brain, optical lobes, and proboscis, depending on the length of the carbon chain a
36                                 The mosquito proboscis dispense tip can withstand internal pressures
37 ces that serves as the first evidence of the proboscis diversification.
38                    We find that the anterior proboscis ends in a buccal apparatus containing teeth, t
39 acer or colorimetric dye and observations of proboscis extension (PE).
40 chaea californica, food chemostimuli induced proboscis extension and biting at concentration threshol
41 ull complement of feeding behaviors, such as proboscis extension and food pumping.
42 ntrolling the five major sequential steps of proboscis extension and retraction.
43                       Here we use Drosophila proboscis extension as a model system for a reaching-lik
44 out trends in different grooming modalities, proboscis extension duration, and locomotion speed to wh
45 tivation of taste neurons on the legs causes proboscis extension or retraction, whereas activation of
46 al silencing of dopaminergic neurons reduces proboscis extension probability, and increased activatio
47 ence that habituation of the sucrose-induced proboscis extension reflex (PER) in Drosophila occurs th
48 ies exhibit no or a significantly diminished proboscis extension reflex (PER) response when stimulate
49  stimulate a reflexive feeding behavior, the proboscis extension reflex (PER), elicited when external
50  developed a modified version of the classic proboscis extension reflex assay to assess the combined
51                                              Proboscis Extension Reflex conditioning procedure was us
52  dramatically reduces the sensitivity of the proboscis extension reflex to sucrose.
53 llowing a Pavlovian model that relies on the proboscis extension reflex, we compared acquisition lear
54 rning or memory, at least as assessed by the proboscis extension reflex.
55 cal responses parallel behavioral rhythms in proboscis extension reflex.
56 responsiveness to sucrose, measured as their proboscis extension reflex.
57 novel stimulus causes override of gustatory (proboscis extension reflex; PER) habituation.
58 ort the identification of a locus, defective proboscis extension response (dpr), that is required for
59 her, IR56d+ GR64f+ neurons are necessary for proboscis extension response (PER) to medium-chain fatty
60 bees (Apis mellifera) was studied by using a proboscis extension response conditioning procedure.
61  Here we apply classical conditioning of the proboscis extension response in restrained bees in combi
62  disrupted flight orientation and an ablated proboscis extension response to the natural stimulus.
63 h sucrose in three different feeding assays (proboscis extension responses, capillary feeding, and tw
64 vidual motoneurons to generate task-specific proboscis extension sequences.
65 tivity-manipulations during naturally evoked proboscis extension show that orchestration of serial mo
66                                              Proboscis extension sleep is accompanied by highly eleva
67 crete deep sleep stage in Drosophila, termed proboscis extension sleep, that is defined by repeated s
68  dopamine modulates a simple taste behavior, proboscis extension to sucrose.
69 en the feeding threshold for active feeding (proboscis extension with biting) was exceeded, ongoing a
70 his pathway are necessary and sufficient for proboscis extension, a feeding initiation behavior, and
71  relay, the subesophageal ganglion, triggers proboscis extension, and its activity is altered by sati
72 tify stereotyped behaviors such as grooming, proboscis extension, and locomotion and use the resultin
73 ot during stimulus-approach turns or prebite proboscis extension.
74 ly reduced learning abilities in conditioned proboscis-extension assays compared with those fed omega
75                                              Proboscis-extension conditioning of honey bees was used
76 ation of Dh44 receptor-1 neurons resulted in proboscis extensions and frequent episodes of excretion.
77 eep, that is defined by repeated stereotyped proboscis extensions and retractions.
78 istinct sleep stage associated with rhythmic proboscis extensions and show that spectral features of
79 etabolic flux rates--perhaps because regular proboscis extensions assist in providing oxygen to the f
80                                   Preventing proboscis extensions increases injury-related mortality
81  and during subsequent rebound sleep, sleep, proboscis extensions, and waste clearance are increased.
82 le activation results in food acceptance via proboscis extensions.
83 hat depend on the length and diameter of the proboscis food canal, maximum expansion of the sucking p
84 ng on a skin lesion LSDV was retained on the proboscis for a similar length of time (around 9 days) f
85  and the main taste organ in Drosophila, the proboscis, harbors autonomous circadian oscillators.
86      Late Mesozoic scorpionflies with a long proboscis have been proposed as specialized pollinators
87 acial defects in HPE range from cyclopia and proboscis in severe cases to solitary median maxillary c
88             This study investigates mosquito proboscis-inspired (MPI) insertion applied to the clinic
89 boscipedia (pb) mutants, which transform the proboscis into leg or antenna, indicate a basic homology
90                                          The proboscis is an important head appendage in insects that
91                                          The proboscis is one of the most highly modified appendages
92               Detailed morphology of the bee proboscis is shown to be finely adjusted to the floral m
93    We generate a model of the action of each proboscis joint, and find that only a small number of mo
94 onstructed 87 gustatory projections from the proboscis labellum in the right hemisphere and 57 from t
95 ed by a hawkmoth with a correspondingly long proboscis, later identified as Xanthopan praedicta.
96 ilar neurons were identified in the mosquito proboscis, leading to the hypothesis that DEET repels on
97 la tube length was correlated with local fly proboscis length among the five sites.
98 ed at two sites via the relationship between proboscis length and nectar consumption (fly benefit) an
99 s of an alpine ginger (Roscoea purpurea) and proboscis length of a tabanid fly (Philoliche longirostr
100 ween floral nectar tube depth and pollinator proboscis length of interacting species, such size match
101 olution of corolla length of R. purpurea and proboscis length of P. longirostris.
102         Selection between corolla length and proboscis length was reciprocal at the two experimental
103 ts with floral tube lengths similar to their proboscis lengths (morphological match hypothesis) again
104 ome b gene of the particularly problematical proboscis monkey as an example.
105 s of the cytochrome b gene suggests that the proboscis monkey groups with the Asian langurs, rather t
106 hod produced an unambiguous sequence for the proboscis monkey mitochondrial cytochrome b gene; in con
107 ca replacement rescues most aspects of adult proboscis morphology; however, the shape and orientation
108  the motoneurons and muscles contributing to proboscis motion.
109 ircuit connects gustatory sensory neurons to proboscis motor neurons through three intermediate layer
110 ese circuits, we provide detailed anatomy of proboscis motor neurons, muscles, and joints.
111   Behavioral data indicate that tentacle and proboscis movements are controlled by a shared hydraulic
112                 We show that visually guided proboscis movements fine-tune the coarse control provide
113 uscular junctions to identify their specific proboscis muscle targets.
114 fly strains to individually manipulate every proboscis muscle through control of its motor neurons, t
115 d, most gustatory receptors are expressed in proboscis neurons.
116 positive relationship between the lengths of proboscis of hesperiid butterflies and tube of visited f
117 at can be observed in structures such as the proboscis of lepidoptera and snail shells or as vortices
118 resolution in larval sense organs and in the proboscis or leg of the adult fly.
119  energy is spent on moving fluid through the proboscis or through the pump.
120 airs causes naive Drosophila to extend their proboscis, persistent exposure reduces PER to subsequent
121 artly attributed to their unique mouthparts (proboscis [Pr]) that can span in length from less than 1
122 abrum may have reduced from an already-fused proboscis, rather than a pair of arthropodized appendage
123 umber of motor neurons are needed to produce proboscis reaching.
124 tory varies according to the position of the proboscis relative to the forebrain.
125 zed" the 20 member subfamily of defective-in-proboscis-response IgSF proteins, showing that they sele
126 racting adhesion protein families, Defective proboscis responses (Dprs) and Dpr interacting proteins
127 na and maxillary palp as well as a subset of proboscis sensilla.
128 mulation, but was readily consumed following proboscis stimulation.
129 tacular weapons, including antlers, forceps, proboscises, stingers, tusks and horns [1].
130 [Ma]) and Myanmar (100 Ma) reveal a detailed proboscis structure adapted to nectivory.
131 tension or retraction, whereas activation of proboscis taste neurons causes food ingestion or rejecti
132 uorescent, presumably actin-rich, polar cell proboscis that inserts itself into the forming micropyle
133 illa, located in well-defined regions of the proboscis, the legs, or both.
134 site Pomphorhynchus laevis, which swells its proboscis to attach to its host's intestinal wall, we ha
135 elow it, correlated with the movement of the proboscis to the dorsal part of the head.
136 tennal lobe (AL) and from the labella on the proboscis to the suboesophageal zone (SEZ), suggesting i
137 tuated animals, either brief exposure of the proboscis to yeast or direct thermogenetic activation of
138 ectopically expressed trunk Hox genes in the proboscis, to suppress leg identity in the trunk and to
139  isoform of OtopLA that we isolated from the proboscis was sufficient to restore behavioral sensitivi
140 es gambiae in the labellum at the tip of the proboscis was suggestive of a potential olfactory functi
141      By impairing the animals' view of their proboscis, we demonstrate that continuous visual feedbac
142        Two features inspired by the mosquito proboscis were adopted for MPI insertion in prostate bio
143 ossiphonia sp. swallows prey whole using its proboscis, whereas other leeches exhibit typical fluid-s
144  deforming two forelimbs and buckling of the proboscis, which also serves to distribute the impact fo
145 ributed on multiple body parts including the proboscis, wing margins, legs, and ovipositor.
146  ingest food by rhythmically extending their proboscis with a frequency that is not modulated by the
147 haracterized by the presence of an eversible proboscis with hooks, are a diverse endoparasitic group
148 it the fluid ingestion behavior and have the proboscis with the compartmentalized muscle layers.
149                                 The mosquito proboscis, with its unique geometry, structure, and mech

 
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