ライフサイエンスコーパス: protocell

1 en a defining feature of the earliest cells (protocells).

2 of artificial cell-like entities (synthetic protocells).

3 tary forms of artificial cell-like entities (protocells).

4 ithout the loss of genetic material from the protocell.

5 an approach to de novo "bottom-up" synthetic protocells.

6 tease-resistant forms of the protein-polymer protocells.

7 hierarchically assembled complex coacervate protocells.

8 able for in vitro biochemical studies and as protocells.

9 drugs and biologicals and the development of protocells.

10 consider a world of nucleotide sequences and protocells.

11 echanisms might have driven the emergence of protocells.

12 inorganic ion composition of the habitats of protocells.

13 ransition prior to the advent of membraneous protocells.

14 onformations, and to bleb daughter cells off protocells.

15 positive or negative chemotaxis of liposomal protocells.

16 ulate reshuffled material in a new cohort of protocells.

17 ano-crosstalk between living cells and model protocells.

18 nt DNA droplets and two-component core-shell protocells.

19 g of single-stranded DNA between neighboring protocells.

20 compared with a homogeneous distribution of protocells.

21 e (ATP) synthesizing hybrid multicompartment protocells.

22 tion, resembling theoretical propositions on protocells.

23 ly, and for protein localization in cells or protocells.

24 to engineer functions of synthetic cells and protocells.

25 ons in living cells and add functionality to protocells.

26 nge of reaction products might occur between protocells.

27 ies that make peptide coacervates biomimetic protocells.

28 functionality and energization of synthetic protocells.

29 mented within the coacervate-in-proteinosome protocells.

30 towards the dynamic regulation of synthetic protocells.

31 al patterning in single populations of model protocells.

32 e a range of processes within the host/guest protocells.

33 cial organelles) in communities of synthetic protocells.

34 lization of inorganic catalysts in primitive protocells.

35 RNAs and promoted the emergence of the first protocells.

36 behaviour in mixed populations of synthetic protocells.

37 ng templated RNA synthesis within membranous protocells.

38 between discrete populations of neighboring protocells.

39 with vesicles during the formation of early protocells.

40 ith properties favorable to the emergence of protocells.

41 ulation of the hairpin ribozyme inside model protocells affects ribozyme kinetics, ribozyme folding i

42 The ability of signal processing inside protocells allows us to design the Boolean logic gates (

43 ssential step in the assembly of a synthetic protocell, an autonomously replicating spatially localiz

44 se phenomena, we introduce a crowded all-DNA protocell and encapsulate a temperature-switchable DNA-b

45 osomes, (ii) supported colloidal bilayers or protocells and (iii) reconstituted lipoproteins, which d

46 of small inorganic molecules and ions within protocells and in their environment would equilibrate.

47 ess landscapes, particularly with respect to protocells and machine representations of RNA.

48 ngle-stranded DNA (ssDNA) allows for forming protocells and microgels in multicomponent systems.

49 concomitant synthesis of biomorphic poly-HCN protocells and prebiotic molecules under plausible geoch

50 Building synthetic protocells and prototissues hinges on the formation of b

51 rom subunits that can support membrane-based protocells and prototissues.

52 issue modules from assemblages of artificial protocells and provide a step towards the organization o

53 sible applications in artificial organelles, protocells and soft robotics.

54 We assume that sequences replicate within protocells and that protocells undergo spontaneous divis

55 esented here impact the design of laboratory protocells and the development of a modular strategy for

56 ve signals that can be sensed by neighboring protocells and trigger the activation of internalized DN

57 steady-state dynamical metabolic model of a protocell, and find that different combinations of carbo

58 horylation reactions specifically within the protocell aqueous interior.

59 us to construct a semi-empirical model where protocells are able to reproduce and undergo an evolutio

60 The tiered protocells are also capable of enriching biomolecular re

61 Protocells are believed to have existed on early Earth p

62 ocess during which chemically active polymer protocells are chemically and autonomously generated in

63 Although several new types of protocells are currently available, the design of synthe

64 Early protocells are likely to have arisen from the self-assem

65 The hybrid protocells are prepared by the spontaneous self-assembly

66 Furthermore, these protocell arrays are compatible with human biofluids, ma

67 highlight the opportunities for constructing protocell arrays with graded structure and functionality

68 pase-coated lipid/PDMS droplets into a model protocell as energy-rich sub-compartments is demonstrate

69 crodroplets have long been proposed as model protocells as they can grow, divide, and concentrate RNA

70 the way for artificial simplified-autotroph protocells (ASAPs).

71 Herein we show that synthetic protocells, based on giant lipid vesicles embedding an o

72 Our methodology opens up a route to protocell-based chemical systems capable of utilizing me

73 the construction of full-fledged artificial protocells because it relies on easy-to-obtain and ready

74 and lipid synthesis probably evolved in the protocell before photophosphorylation.

75 experimental work in the field of synthetic protocell biology has shown that prebiotic vesicles are

76 as an internalized mechanism for activating protocell buoyancy.

77 life, synthetic biologists construct simple 'protocells', but previous models were not able to reprod

78 polymer imparts a selective advantage to its protocell by, for example, coding for a catalyst that ge

79 nt a protocol for constructing bacteriogenic protocells by employing prokaryotes as on-site repositor

80 A recent advance feeds the protocells by vesicle fusion, suggesting a practical pat

81 The protocells can be endogenously remodeled to acquire dive

82 tegrity, and fusion and growth of the hybrid protocells can be induced under conditions of high ionic

83 Furthermore, protocells can be loaded with combinations of therapeuti

84 fies the conditions, under which GE-carrying protocells can outcompete GE-less ones, taking into acco

85 We show that model protocells can proceed through multiple cycles of reprod

86 Here we show that protocells can select for replicases.

87 s could be the starting point for developing protocells capable of Darwinian evolution.

88 nd provide a step towards the development of protocells capable of distributed molecular information

89 gn and construction of synthetic therapeutic protocells capable of establishing cognate chemical comm

90 hen released as functionally modified killer protocells capable of rekilling.

91 Thus, protocells capable of such catalytic transformations wou

92 of alkaline phosphatase-containing inorganic protocells (colloidosomes) onto a crosslinked organic ne

93 ly distributed cell-like objects, microscale protocell colonies with spatially segregated populations

94 currently available, the design of synthetic protocell communities and investigation of their collect

95 mplementation of collective actions in model protocell communities is an on-going challenge in synthe

96 or the development of interacting artificial protocell communities, and provide a strategy for induci

97 distributed or encapsulated multi-catalytic protocell communities.

98 The dynamics of a model protocell community is exploited to modulate the functio

99 ur results highlight possible exploration of protocell-community signaling and render a flexible synt

100 RNA replication is undercut by the lack of a protocell-compatible chemical system capable of copying

101 in settings that vary from sensing, optics, protocells, computing, or adaptive matter.

102 er to the laboratory synthesis of a complete protocell consisting of a self-replicating genome and a

103 The design and assembly of artificial protocell consortia displaying dynamical behaviours and

104 response-retaliation behavior in artificial protocell consortia.

105 microcompartmentalized systems and synthetic protocell consortia.

106 crowded coacervate micro-droplets are useful protocell constructs but the absence of a physical membr

107 little progress has been made in generating protocell constructs with self-controlled membrane perme

108 Protocells containing enzyme-driven biomolecular circuit

109 use the former provides for the emergence of protocells containing only mutualists, preventing takeov

110 phase system (ATPS), producing membrane-less protocells containing transcription and translation mach

111 ision process results in significant loss of protocell contents during each division cycle.

112 y plausible membranes suggest that primitive protocells could have acquired complex nutrients from th

113 A major challenge in understanding how protocells could have arisen and withstood changes in th

114 implying that strand separation in primitive protocells could have been mediated by thermal fluctuati

115 Suggesting that, protocells could have survived on rock surfaces.

116 The resulting hierarchical protocell demonstrated striking integrity as a result of

117 Artificial model protocells derived from phospholipids and other amphiphi

118 assumptions regarding replicase activity and protocell division.

119 c hydrocarbons (PAHs) could have facilitated protocell division.

120 ss of the GE is coordinated with the rate of protocell division.

121 ity of enzyme-containing sender and receiver protocells due to increased proximity effects.

122 tion when the RNAs are encapsulated inside a protocell during in vitro selection.

123 ither with or without peptides functioned in protocells during the early stages of life on Earth, an

124 hese findings may help explain how the first protocells emerged geochemically and provide support for

125 apable of endogenous chemical processing and protocell-environment interactivity.

126 or future high-throughput experimentation in protocell environments.

127 and demembranization processes of coacervate protocells, establishing a platform for creating advance

128 o discuss simple aspects of the evolution of protocells, eukarya, multi-cellularity and animal societ

129 nary populations of the enzymatically active protocells exhibit self-initiated stimulus-responsive ch

130 ocapsules at one or both ends of the helical protocell filament to produce free-standing soft microac

131 he construction of novel and more functional protocells for synthetic biology.

132 We exploit the synthetic protocells for the implementation of multi-compartmental

133 The coacervate microdroplets act as killer protocells for the obliteration of the target proteinoso

134 line hydrothermal conditions not only permit protocell formation at the origin of life but actively f

135 lecular LLPS will contribute to questions of protocell formation under prebiotic conditions.

136 roscopic structures which may be relevant to protocell formation.

137 The protocells formed are compatible with functional ribozym

138 ing model for the autocatalytic formation of protocells from the coupling of two simple molecular com

139 Under continuous illumination, the protocells generate a gradient of 0.061 pH units per min

140 e formed at an early stage of evolution when protocell genomes might have consisted only of collectio

141 In an environment of gentle shear, protocell growth and division are thus coupled processes

142 nstant ribozyme specific activity throughout protocell growth.

143 life and the first compartmentalization into protocells have been considered two events apart in time

144 ion paves the way for the next generation of protocells imbued with programmable, lifelike behaviors.

145 eptide complexes can take place within model protocells in a process that parallels extant pathways.

146 GUVs are considered important candidates as protocells in bottom-up synthetic biology.

147 ave enjoyed a selective advantage over other protocells in high Mg(2+) environments.

148 hospholipid-enveloped polymer/DNA coacervate protocells in hydrogel modules to construct a tubular pr

149 that is able to generate and select droplet protocells in real time while changing the surroundings

150 haviour of mixed populations of bioinorganic protocells in response to a process of artificial phagoc

151 and dynamics is critical for building model protocells in the laboratory and may have been important

152 and could therefore form the basis for model protocells in the laboratory.

153 gocytosis in a binary community of synthetic protocells in which multiple silica colloidosomes are se

154 fforts to recreate a prebiotically plausible protocell, in which RNA replication occurs within a fatt

155 This synthetic protocell incorporated an important intrinsic property o

156 The bacteriogenic protocells inherit diverse biological components, exhibi

157 The bacteriogenic protocells inherit sufficient biological components from

158 ke part in efficient template copying in the protocell interior.

159 ending on the viscoelastic properties of the protocell interior.

160 templates, both in solution and within model protocells, into complementary 3'-NP-DNA strands.

161 ues from integrated assemblies of artificial protocells is an important challenge for synthetic biolo

162 behaviour in mixed populations of synthetic protocells is an unexplored area of bottom-up synthetic

163 nstrate that the assemblies' location inside protocells is controllable to enhance their mechanical,

164 ction of energetically autonomous artificial protocells is one of the most ambitious goals in bottom-

165 ary nature, it is widely accepted that these protocells lacked intracellular mechanisms to regulate t

166 induce phase transitions in fatty acid-based protocells, leading to vesicle fission.

167 thioesters to form diacyl lipids, generating protocell-like membrane vesicles.

168 mental conditions, we propose that primitive protocells likely reproduced by a process like the one w

169 provide a coarse-grain mathematical model of protocell lipid competition.

170 ignals and highlight their role in governing protocell-living cell mechano-crosstalk.

171 luid supported lipid bilayer enable a single protocell loaded with a drug cocktail to kill a drug-res

172 ated chemical communication and programmable protocell-matrix dynamics.

173 sults suggest a rationale for why even early protocells may have required and evolved simple mechanis

174 sence of glucose and hydroxyurea generates a protocell-mediated flux of nitric oxide that we exploit

175 Here we develop a step towards protocell-mediated nitric-oxide-induced vasodilation by

176 n of complex cellular machinery, spontaneous protocell membrane growth and division had to result fro

177 ibe a simple and efficient pathway for model protocell membrane growth and division.

178 singly low levels of phospholipids can drive protocell membrane growth during competition for single-

179 environmentally driven cell cycle, in which protocell membrane growth results from evaporative conce

180 iew considers the following major aspects of protocell membrane-mineral interactions: (i) the effect

181 attractive candidates for the components of protocell membranes because they are simple amphiphiles

182 generated by positively charged surfaces of protocell membranes due to accumulation of transition me

183 athways for the growth and division of model protocell membranes have been characterized, no self-rep

184 To model ion transport across protocell membranes in Hadean hydrothermal vents, we con

185 The first protocell membranes may have assembled from fatty acids

186 y help predict the formation and survival of protocell membranes on early Earth and other rocky plane

187 We also reveal protocell membranes played a crucial role in early prote

188 Protocell membranes that were initially leaky would even

189 n addition to providing a means to stabilize protocell membranes, our results address the challenge o

190 sm by which RNA could become associated with protocell membranes.

191 omposed of single chain amphiphiles as model protocell membranes.

192 such that structural reconfigurations in the protocell microstructure are coupled to the trafficking

193 ic compartmentalization and develop a hybrid protocell model based on the spontaneous self-assembly o

194 e that this is the first example of a simple protocell model displaying cell-like behavior through a

195 mpartments and genetic materials into a full protocell model have moved forward in unexpected ways.

196 ibe a dynamic alginate/silk coacervate-based protocell model in which membrane-less droplets are reve

197 Herein, we present a light-gated protocell model made of plasmonic colloidal capsules (CC

198 This hierarchical protocell model not only incorporates the favorable prop

199 odroplets can be considered as a new type of protocell model that could be used to develop novel bior

200 Herein, we present the development of a new protocell model through the spontaneous interfacial self

201 ed as a novel surfactant-based membrane-free protocell model.

202 Protocell models are based predominantly on the membrane

203 ative types of artificial chemical cells and protocell models based on spontaneous processes of inorg

204 tep towards the spontaneous orchestration of protocell models into artificial tissues and colonies wi

205 ded microenvironments into membrane-enclosed protocell models represents a step towards more realisti

206 ernalized structuration can be integrated in protocell models via simple chemical and physical proces

207 pen new perspectives in the design of hybrid protocell models with dynamical structural properties.

208 al energy to drive autonomous replication in protocell models, highlighting a plausible pathway for t

209 ructures (liposomes), have been suggested as protocell models.

210 imental design and construction of plausible protocell models.

211 aneous formation make coacervates attractive protocell models.

212 Protocells modified with a targeting peptide that binds

213 The protocells move autonomously by interacting with concent

214 Thus, protocells must have evolved in habitats with a high K(+

215 owth and division of simple primitive cells (protocells) must have been driven by environmental facto

216 a simple tit-for-tat mechanism in a ternary protocell network capable of antagonistic enzyme-mediate

217 towards the self-assembly of multicomponent protocell networks based on selective processes of coace

218 that spontaneously self-sort into chain-like protocell networks with an alternating sequence of struc

219 ay for the evolution of the first autonomous protocells on Earth.

220 The membranes of the first protocells on the early Earth were likely self-assembled

221 ine the effect of encapsulation inside model protocells on the self-aminoacylation activity of tens o

222 uirement for the realization of a functional protocell or prototissue.

223 entalization mechanisms, for applications as protocells, or as drug-delivery vehicles.

224 f modern ETCs can be replicated by minerals, protocells, or organic cofactors in the absence of biolo

225 The loaded "protocell" particles are taken up efficiently by Chinese

226 Non-viral drug and gene delivery protocell platforms offer potential flexibility because

227 undertake selective expulsion of a specific protocell population from the community.

228 g ATP biosynthesis in a coexistent synthetic protocell population.

229 e model for such a system involves competing protocell populations, each consisting of a replicating

230 ically programmed communication between both protocell populations.

231 Taken together, our model protocells provide a new platform to decouple cell-prese

232 Compared to some other nanoparticle systems, protocells provide a simple construct for cargo loading,

233 dy of non-equilibrium phenomena in synthetic protocells, provide a strategy for inducing complex beha

234 al of self-replicating RNA; encapsulation in protocells provides evolutionary and biophysical advanta

235 nd provide a step towards the development of protocell reaction networks.

236 dry cycling can alter the phase behavior and protocell-relevant functions of complex coacervates.

237 To understand protocell reproduction, we adopted a top-down approach o

238 of early Earth to understand their impact on protocell reproduction.

239 Protocell research offers diverse opportunities to under

240 Protocell research, fueled by advances in the biophysics

241 instability that limits their application in protocell research.

242 cholesterol (DOTAP:Chol) liposome-formulated protocells revealed stable in vitro cargo release kineti

243 polyoxometalate catalyst to produce synzyme protocells (Ru(4)PCVs) with catalase-like activity.

244 atalyzed protometabolic pathways, leading to protocell self-assembly.

245 In protocells, sequestration of a target mRNA largely limit

246 nucleotides added to the outside of a model protocell spontaneously cross the membrane and take part

247 Protocells stabilized with a semipermeable membrane allo

248 The protocell subcompartments can sense extracellular signal

249 ctive ribozymes and/or aptamers inside model protocells suggests possible routes to the synthesis of

250 The protocell superstructures exhibit macromolecular self-so

251 -replicating genetic polymer compatible with protocell template copying and suggest that N2'-->P5'-ph

252 We first establish a transcriptional protocell that can be activated by external DNA strands

253 This prompted the design of a minimal protocell that includes a growing shell, a cell-cycle en

254 ange of electric field strengths, we produce protocells that exhibit repetitive cycles of vacuolariza

255 tep toward the synthesis of self-replicating protocells that may mimic early forms of life.

256 s, into a proteinosome to build hierarchical protocells that may serve as a more realistic model of c

257 phase separation have been used as synthetic protocells that mimic the dynamical organization of memb

258 Amorphous mesoporous silica nanoparticles ('protocells') that support surface lipid bilayers recentl

259 orous nanoparticle-supported lipid bilayers (protocells) that synergistically combine properties of l

260 Besides their interest as coupled protocells, the droplets can be used as devices for ultr

261 Protocells, the first life-like entities, likely contain

262 Silica can catalyse the formation of protocells through a simple electrostatic mechanism.

263 molecules and the nontemplated selection of protocells through oxidation-dependent lipid degradation

264 tion of synthetic cells, ranging from simple protocells to artificial cells approaching the complexit

265 of key events on the evolutionary route from protocells to cells that involved the origin of genomes,

266 ficient mechanism for diverse populations of protocells to coordinate their motion in response to sig

267 the macrostructures can coat the outside of protocells to mimic exoskeletons and support the formati

268 the model shows that, for the GE-containing protocells to win the competition and to be fixed in evo

269 The protocells ultimately develop a nonspherical morphology

270 de in the sustained excitation of artificial protocells under non-equilibrium conditions.

271 re are relevant to the possible formation of protocells under prebiotic conditions.

272 Subsequently, we grew these proxy-protocells under the environmental conditions of early E

273 quences replicate within protocells and that protocells undergo spontaneous division.

274 ndogenously by programming the pH within the protocells using an antagonistic enzyme system such that

275 This study is the first demonstration that protocell vectors offer amenable and enduring in vivo bi

276 Here we show model protocell vesicles containing an encapsulated enzyme tha

277 ant ribozyme activity per unit volume during protocell volume changes.

278 One protocell was designed to be of minimal complexity; the

279 se functional biomolecules, thus defining a "protocell," was a seminal moment in the emergence of lif

280 e result of RNA synthesis within non-growing protocells, we co-encapsulated high concentrations of ri

281 between primordial "metabolic" reproducers (protocells) which evolved, on short time scales, via a p

282 observations suggest that, in a replicating protocell with an RNA genome, ribozyme-catalysed peptide

283 cup-shaped obcells, or hemicells, to make a protocell with double envelope, internal genome and ribo

284 ction of hierarchically structured synthetic protocells with chemically and spatially integrated prot

285 ingle strands of DNA generates membrane-free protocells with complex, dynamical behaviours.

286 eating advanced protein-containing synthetic protocells with dynamic and diverse (membrane(less)) arc

287 By decorating the protocells with glucose oxidase, horseradish peroxidase

288 tes, advancing the development of coacervate protocells with hierarchical and asymmetric membrane str

289 g of colloidal supraparticle-based synthetic protocells with higher-order functionalities.

290 Moreover, a second population of coacervate protocells with nanoscaffolds featuring a higher affinit

291 ica colloidosomes to produce hairy catalytic protocells with pH-switchable membrane surface charge.

292 tuations, enabled the generation of daughter protocells with reshuffled content.

293 oteinosomes is used to prepare nested hybrid protocells with spatially organized and chemically coupl

294 , potentially leading to a new generation of protocells with superior traits.

295 We report here that i.t. delivery of protocells, with modified chemistry supporting a surface

296 on assimilation, leading to the emergence of protocells within vent pores.

297 ple cycles of RNA replication within a model protocell would be a critical step toward demonstrating

298 The biophysical environment inside a protocell would differ fundamentally from bulk solution

299 Thus, protocells would not only provide a compartmentalization

300 al precursors to the first biological cells (protocells) would be dependent on the self-organization

301 played an important role in the emergence of protocells, yielding support for the evolution of living