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1 on, but it is not depolarized during opening/protraction.
2 rons fire at the beginning of radula opening/protraction.
3 whisking and resulted in sustained vibrissae protraction.
4 ts in reciprocal inhibition (suppression) of protraction.
5 ntral pattern generator for rhythmic whisker protraction.
6 sensorimotor rhythms, inhalation and whisker protraction.
7 ene/UNC-103 K(+) channels to control spicule protraction.
8  that specific slo-1 isoforms affect spicule protraction.
9 er retraction duration and modestly prolongs protraction.
10 ction phase, because LG inhibits MCN1 during protraction.
11 ) exhibit distinct time courses in LG during protraction.
12 s both LG and Int1, but selectively prolongs protraction.
13 alis, contracts to pull the pad and initiate protraction.
14 e features are preferentially encoded during protraction.
15 c-103(lf) males restores spontaneous spicule protraction.
16 se hyperpolarization of either cell shortens protraction.
17  interneuron B64 whose activation terminates protraction.
18 s phased such that it fires minimally during protraction.
19 ressed in muscles controlling retraction and protraction.
20 produce radula-closing movements only during protraction.
21                    CBI-3, active only during protraction, accomplishes this through fast inhibition o
22 e feedback inhibition is reduced, prolonging protraction and maintaining retraction duration.
23       In both ingestion and egestion, radula protraction and retraction alternate, whereas radula clo
24 , cerebral-buccal interneuron-2 (CBI-2), the protraction and retraction movements are mediated by the
25 n by picrotoxin increases B8 activity during protraction and shortens protraction, without disrupting
26 s this through fast inhibition of B20 during protraction and slow inhibition of B4/5 during retractio
27  starts firing at the transition between the protraction and the retraction phases of all types of mo
28 y levels that regulate the timing of spicule protraction and the success of male mating behavior.
29 bitory central pattern generator neurons LG (protraction) and Int1 (retraction), respectively.
30 a protraction in which vM1 output results in protraction, and vS1 output results in reciprocal inhibi
31 is morphological change was due to a loss of protraction at the trailing edge of the cell.
32 at the peak of closing/retraction as opening/protraction begins.
33                                         This protraction bias increases the coding of stick-slip whis
34 st inhibition to minimize B8 activity during protraction, by either acting directly on B8 (B40) or in
35                      unc-103-induced spicule protraction can be suppressed by killing the SPC motor n
36        Additionally, unc-103-induced spicule protraction can be suppressed by reducing a pharyngeal-s
37 0% smaller than those calculated by applying protraction-corrected radiobiological parameters derived
38                  In egestion, B20, active in protraction, drives closure motorneuron B8 in protractio
39          Hence, without CCAP, retraction and protraction duration are determined by the time course o
40 biting-like programs of either long or short protraction duration by acting specifically on two modul
41 or network of Aplysia mediates variations in protraction duration in biting-like programs.
42              Here we show that ATRP shortens protraction duration of CBI-2-elicited ingestive program
43 CBI-4-elicited motor programs have a shorter protraction duration than those elicited by CBI-2.
44 on-retraction), whereas the other parameter (protraction duration) is different in the two programs.
45 ABAergic contribution to both B8 phasing and protraction duration, blockade of GABAergic inhibition b
46 ingestive programs are characterized by long protraction duration, which is promoted by B40 and B34 b
47 produce biting programs with an intermediate protraction duration.
48 on two modules that have opposite effects on protraction duration.
49  relative to protraction-retraction, and (2) protraction duration.
50 UNC-103 also regulates the timing of spicule protraction during mating behavior.
51  of the rising phase of the whisker movement protraction elicited by artificial (fictive) whisking in
52                     We conclude that whisker protractions evoked by optogenetic activation of whisker
53 ce, we characterize the amplitude of whisker protractions evoked by varying the intensity, duration,
54  the end of protraction phase and terminates protraction in CBI-2-elicited ingestive, but not in CBI-
55 via sensory feedback that provides reflexive protraction in response to stimulation.
56  vS1 leads us to propose a model of vibrissa protraction in which vM1 output results in protraction,
57            In egestion, the radula closes in protraction; in ingestion, the radula closes in retracti
58 or as it provides strong inhibitory input to protraction interneurons and motoneurons.
59 tivity, one consequence of the shortening of protraction is that it can weaken protraction movements.
60                           This suggests that protraction is the main information-gathering phase for
61 re part of the buccal CPG and mediate radula protraction, monosynaptically excite C15/16/17.
62 TRP is present in peripheral varicosities of protraction motoneurons and enhances peripheral motoneur
63    Centrally, ATRP increases the activity of protraction motoneurons.
64 iggered chewing, show that the lateral teeth protraction movements exhibit the same, distinct protrac
65 rtening of protraction is that it can weaken protraction movements.
66  and enhances peripheral motoneuron-elicited protraction muscle contractions.
67 B66 is electrically coupled to other opening/protraction neurons.
68                            Such controllable protraction of delayed currents was the result of an unu
69 icroarray-based gene profiling confirmed the protraction of MyoD-dependent gene expression in C2C12 c
70 processes for generation, amplification, and protraction of oscillating signals-often for information
71  high likelihood, global scale, and extended protraction of Salmonella Enteritidis dissemination via
72 ntal and clinical human tumors decrease with protraction of the overall duration of radiation therapy
73 input to the facial motor neurons that drive protraction of the vibrissae.
74 raction movements exhibit the same, distinct protraction patterns generated by LG in the isolated ner
75 ed that B64 begins to fire before the end of protraction phase and terminates protraction in CBI-2-el
76                    Consequently, during each protraction phase of the gastric mill rhythm, presynapti
77 deed, as we show here, B64 can terminate the protraction phase regardless of the type of motor progra
78             However, during the gastric mill protraction phase, MCN1/CPN2 exhibit pyloric-timed activ
79 ls are selectively suppressed during the VCN protraction phase.
80 B64 can lead to premature termination of the protraction phase.
81 ells, preferred phase tiles phase space, but protraction phases are strongly over-represented.
82 s directly linked to increased lamellipodial protraction rate and protrusion distance in VSMC.
83 ther two different versions of the biphasic (protraction, retraction) gastric mill (chewing) rhythm,
84 , that involve two sets of radula movements, protraction-retraction and opening-closing movements.
85 the phase in which it occurs with respect to protraction-retraction in the two programs.
86 lements (B63, B34, and B64) that mediate the protraction-retraction sequence are active in both progr
87       Coordination of two sets of movements, protraction-retraction versus opening-closing, of the fe
88 adula closure motoneurons relative to radula protraction-retraction), whereas the other parameter (pr
89 he radula closer motor neuron B8 relative to protraction-retraction, and (2) protraction duration.
90  radula closure shifts its phase relative to protraction-retraction.
91 tive peptide (CCAP), modulates the biphasic (protraction/retraction) gastric mill (chewing) rhythm dr
92              Therefore, abduction/adduction, protraction/retraction, and long-axis rotation are model
93 at do not display mating-independent spicule protraction show abnormal spicule insertion behavior dur
94 hat stimulation of B21 during radula opening/protraction significantly decreases the duration of this
95 ic transmission reduces drug-induced spicule protraction, suggesting that drug-stimulated neurons dir
96 e coding of stick-slip whisker events during protraction, suggesting that surface features are prefer
97  in acetylcholine suppresses unc-103-induced protraction, suggesting that UNC-103 keeps cholinergic n
98 at, in contrast to B64, the spike timing and protraction-terminating function of CBI-5/6 depends on t
99       It was thought that B64 functions as a protraction terminator as it provides strong inhibitory
100              Here, we find that CBI-5/6 is a protraction terminator in egestive programs elicited by
101    However, B64 actually only functions as a protraction terminator in ingestive-like but not in eges
102 es the identity of the neuron that acts as a protraction terminator.
103  thereby substituting CBI-5/6 for B64 as the protraction terminator.
104                              Second, late in protraction, the intrinsic muscles pivot the vibrissae f
105          When a P-cell was suppressed during protraction, the tongue's trajectory became hypermetric,
106 ing angles were more retracted than the post-protraction ThF angles, and the most retracted ThF walki
107 hereas in egestion, the radula closes during protraction to push inedible objects out.
108            Fast-spiking units are nearly all protraction tuned.
109                             Correspondingly, protraction-tuned units encode rough-smooth texture bett
110 leg in the opposite direction (retraction or protraction) until it reached the most protracted or mos
111 n, whereas in ingestion, B40, also active in protraction, uses a functionally novel mechanism, fast i
112                  The hypothesis that S phase protraction was due to inefficient dNTP synthesis was in
113  musculature responsible for feeding (radula protraction) was investigated during the maturation of t
114 arations and show that during radula opening/protraction we observe B66 activity, SRT contractions, a
115 rotraction, drives closure motorneuron B8 in protraction, whereas in ingestion, B40, also active in p
116 c stimulation of wM1 evokes rhythmic whisker protraction (whisking), whereas optogenetic inactivation
117 se afferents coordinate the timing of tongue protraction with mouth opening during feeding.
118  B8 activity during protraction and shortens protraction, without disrupting the integrity of motor p
119 ed with a grimace, characterized by vibrissa protraction, wrinkling of the nose, and squinting of the

 
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