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1 on, but it is not depolarized during opening/protraction.
2 rons fire at the beginning of radula opening/protraction.
3 whisking and resulted in sustained vibrissae protraction.
4 ts in reciprocal inhibition (suppression) of protraction.
5 ntral pattern generator for rhythmic whisker protraction.
6 sensorimotor rhythms, inhalation and whisker protraction.
7 ene/UNC-103 K(+) channels to control spicule protraction.
8 that specific slo-1 isoforms affect spicule protraction.
9 er retraction duration and modestly prolongs protraction.
10 ction phase, because LG inhibits MCN1 during protraction.
11 ) exhibit distinct time courses in LG during protraction.
12 s both LG and Int1, but selectively prolongs protraction.
13 alis, contracts to pull the pad and initiate protraction.
14 e features are preferentially encoded during protraction.
15 c-103(lf) males restores spontaneous spicule protraction.
16 se hyperpolarization of either cell shortens protraction.
17 interneuron B64 whose activation terminates protraction.
18 s phased such that it fires minimally during protraction.
19 ressed in muscles controlling retraction and protraction.
20 produce radula-closing movements only during protraction.
24 , cerebral-buccal interneuron-2 (CBI-2), the protraction and retraction movements are mediated by the
25 n by picrotoxin increases B8 activity during protraction and shortens protraction, without disrupting
26 s this through fast inhibition of B20 during protraction and slow inhibition of B4/5 during retractio
27 starts firing at the transition between the protraction and the retraction phases of all types of mo
28 y levels that regulate the timing of spicule protraction and the success of male mating behavior.
30 a protraction in which vM1 output results in protraction, and vS1 output results in reciprocal inhibi
34 st inhibition to minimize B8 activity during protraction, by either acting directly on B8 (B40) or in
37 0% smaller than those calculated by applying protraction-corrected radiobiological parameters derived
40 biting-like programs of either long or short protraction duration by acting specifically on two modul
44 on-retraction), whereas the other parameter (protraction duration) is different in the two programs.
45 ABAergic contribution to both B8 phasing and protraction duration, blockade of GABAergic inhibition b
46 ingestive programs are characterized by long protraction duration, which is promoted by B40 and B34 b
51 of the rising phase of the whisker movement protraction elicited by artificial (fictive) whisking in
53 ce, we characterize the amplitude of whisker protractions evoked by varying the intensity, duration,
54 the end of protraction phase and terminates protraction in CBI-2-elicited ingestive, but not in CBI-
56 vS1 leads us to propose a model of vibrissa protraction in which vM1 output results in protraction,
59 tivity, one consequence of the shortening of protraction is that it can weaken protraction movements.
62 TRP is present in peripheral varicosities of protraction motoneurons and enhances peripheral motoneur
64 iggered chewing, show that the lateral teeth protraction movements exhibit the same, distinct protrac
69 icroarray-based gene profiling confirmed the protraction of MyoD-dependent gene expression in C2C12 c
70 processes for generation, amplification, and protraction of oscillating signals-often for information
71 high likelihood, global scale, and extended protraction of Salmonella Enteritidis dissemination via
72 ntal and clinical human tumors decrease with protraction of the overall duration of radiation therapy
74 raction movements exhibit the same, distinct protraction patterns generated by LG in the isolated ner
75 ed that B64 begins to fire before the end of protraction phase and terminates protraction in CBI-2-el
77 deed, as we show here, B64 can terminate the protraction phase regardless of the type of motor progra
83 ther two different versions of the biphasic (protraction, retraction) gastric mill (chewing) rhythm,
84 , that involve two sets of radula movements, protraction-retraction and opening-closing movements.
86 lements (B63, B34, and B64) that mediate the protraction-retraction sequence are active in both progr
88 adula closure motoneurons relative to radula protraction-retraction), whereas the other parameter (pr
89 he radula closer motor neuron B8 relative to protraction-retraction, and (2) protraction duration.
91 tive peptide (CCAP), modulates the biphasic (protraction/retraction) gastric mill (chewing) rhythm dr
93 at do not display mating-independent spicule protraction show abnormal spicule insertion behavior dur
94 hat stimulation of B21 during radula opening/protraction significantly decreases the duration of this
95 ic transmission reduces drug-induced spicule protraction, suggesting that drug-stimulated neurons dir
96 e coding of stick-slip whisker events during protraction, suggesting that surface features are prefer
97 in acetylcholine suppresses unc-103-induced protraction, suggesting that UNC-103 keeps cholinergic n
98 at, in contrast to B64, the spike timing and protraction-terminating function of CBI-5/6 depends on t
101 However, B64 actually only functions as a protraction terminator in ingestive-like but not in eges
106 ing angles were more retracted than the post-protraction ThF angles, and the most retracted ThF walki
110 leg in the opposite direction (retraction or protraction) until it reached the most protracted or mos
111 n, whereas in ingestion, B40, also active in protraction, uses a functionally novel mechanism, fast i
113 musculature responsible for feeding (radula protraction) was investigated during the maturation of t
114 arations and show that during radula opening/protraction we observe B66 activity, SRT contractions, a
115 rotraction, drives closure motorneuron B8 in protraction, whereas in ingestion, B40, also active in p
116 c stimulation of wM1 evokes rhythmic whisker protraction (whisking), whereas optogenetic inactivation
118 B8 activity during protraction and shortens protraction, without disrupting the integrity of motor p
119 ed with a grimace, characterized by vibrissa protraction, wrinkling of the nose, and squinting of the