ライフサイエンスコーパス: reticulospinal

1 reticular nucleus was sufficient to decrease reticulospinal activity and PT-evoked swimming.

2 atistical modeling to comprehensively survey reticulospinal activity and relate single-cell activity

3 We describe how the phasic modulation of reticulospinal activity from the spinal CPG ensures reli

4 preparation, stimulation of the PT elicited reticulospinal activity together with locomotor movement

5 ng the role of this phasic modulation of the reticulospinal activity, because the brainstem-spinal co

6 brainstem locomotor networks and concurrent reticulospinal activity.

7 ted to be sensitive to subcortical, possibly reticulospinal, activity.

8 rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL) contains reticulospinal adrenergic (C1) neurons that are thought

9 confirm the segmental territories defined by reticulospinal anatomy.

10 We find that the axons of reticulospinal and commissural primary ascending (CoPA)

11 remarkable bilateral symmetry in myelinated reticulospinal and lateral line afferent axons.

12 ns called dCINs, are recruited by descending reticulospinal and segmental sensory signals independent

13 study uncovers a circuit mechanism that the reticulospinal and segmental sensory systems may avail t

14 CINs represents a circuit mechanism that the reticulospinal and segmental sensory systems may avail t

15 no spatial facilitation between inputs from reticulospinal and sensory afferents with DRPs or PADs,

16 AD2+ dCINs are both extensively recruited by reticulospinal and sensory input alone but that VGluT2+

17 ecruitment depends on the combined action of reticulospinal and sensory inputs (subthreshold inputs),

18 the amplitude of responses were similar for reticulospinal and sensory inputs, increasing during fic

19 t of dCINs depends on the combined action of reticulospinal and sensory inputs, only excitatory dCINs

20 ependent presynaptic inhibitory pathways for reticulospinal and sensory inputs.

21 ude that electrical coupling among pre motor reticulospinal and spinal dINs, the excitatory interneur

22 Because both the reticulospinal and the motoneuronal segmental patterns p

23 s and that the critical period for growth of reticulospinal and vestibulospinal axons through the les

24 axon regeneration in injured optic nerve and reticulospinal axon elongation into permissive environme

25 xonal diffusion characteristics of the giant reticulospinal axons (20-40 microm in diameter).

26 Regenerating neurites of giant reticulospinal axons (GRAs) have diameters only 5-10% of

27 Substantial regenerative fiber sprouting of reticulospinal axons above the injury site was demonstra

28 By recording directly from presynaptic reticulospinal axons and postsynaptic motoneurons of the

29 Paired recordings were made between reticulospinal axons and the neurons that make axo-axoni

30 ostsynaptic currents (EPSCs) between lamprey reticulospinal axons and their postsynaptic targets by a

31 By the use of paired-cell recordings between reticulospinal axons and their postsynaptic targets, NMD

32 ewired as well as compensatory plasticity of reticulospinal axons functionally contribute to the obse

33 thoracolumbar levels of the spinal cord via reticulospinal axons in the ventrolateral funiculus (VLF

34 onclude that NMDA receptor-mediated input to reticulospinal axons increases basal Ca2+ within the axo

35 pheral nerve injury and promoted regrowth of reticulospinal axons into the distal transected spinal c

36 Reticulospinal axons of the lamprey spinal cord receive

37 retracting ones, fluorescently labeled large reticulospinal axons were imaged in the living, transect

38 ) depresses transmitter release from lamprey reticulospinal axons were investigated.

39 ic currents (EPSCs) evoked by stimulation of reticulospinal axons were recorded in ventral horn neuro

40 DA evoked an increase in presynaptic Ca2+ in reticulospinal axons.

41 synaptic potentials with short latencies in reticulospinal axons.

42 ntaneous plasticity of axotomized and spared reticulospinal axons.

43 on of DA agonists in the medOB decreased the reticulospinal cell responses whereas the D2 receptor an

44 individually identified, serially homologous reticulospinal cells (the Mauthner cell, MID2cm, and MID

45 stimulation produces a growing activation of reticulospinal cells and a progressive increase in the s

46 The brainstem reticulospinal cells are segmentally organized into 14 c

47 found extensive convergent inputs to primate reticulospinal cells from primary and supplementary moto

48 ity were also positioned near the outputs of reticulospinal cells in spinal cord.

49 In primates, both corticospinal and reticulospinal cells provide input to motoneurons.

50 In addition, reticulospinal cells responded to glutamate microinjecti

51 n preparation elicited synaptic responses in reticulospinal cells that were modulated by DA.

52 el inputs from the MLR and projected back to reticulospinal cells to amplify and extend the duration

53 ere was a high degree of convergence: 56% of reticulospinal cells with input from M1 received project

54 1 and SMA (regardless of hemisphere); 83% of reticulospinal cells with input from M1 received project

55 Other medullary reticulospinal cells, as well as cells of the nucleus of

56 lamped MLR cells, accompanied by activity in reticulospinal cells.

57 in the MLR, together with the activation of reticulospinal cells.

58 ular formation neurons, including identified reticulospinal cells.

59 nt with spike timing-dependent plasticity in reticulospinal circuits, specific to the stimulated musc

60 with neural adaptations in intracortical and reticulospinal circuits, whereas corticospinal and moton

61 inhibit evoked neurotransmitter release from reticulospinal command neurons, their activation does no

62 and in addition to multiple sites within the reticulospinal complex.

63 Reticulospinal connections are known to strengthen follo

64 eciprocal inhibition can contribute to early reticulospinal dIN firing during swimming and show rebou

65 These recordings showed that reticulospinal dINs in the caudal hindbrain (rhombomeres

66 However, the earliest-firing reticulospinal dINs spike too soon to be driven by under

67 hese relay summating excitation to hindbrain reticulospinal dINs; dIN firing then initiates activity

68 the midbrain central gray did not reduce the reticulospinal-evoked axial muscle response, consistent

69 oreticulospinal excitation, decreased direct reticulospinal excitation, and reduced direct propriospi

70 nctional relevance of two different modes of reticulospinal fiber growth after cervical hemisection,

71 Regrowing reticulospinal fibers exhibited excitatory, vGLUT2-posit

72 Reticulospinal fibers formed close appositions onto desc

73 Our results suggest that severed reticulospinal fibers, which are part of the phylogeneti

74 nd maximal voluntary contractions and larger reticulospinal gain compared with participants with no o

75 ects of two identified groups of commissural reticulospinal hindbrain neurons.

76 evidence for lesser corticospinal and larger reticulospinal influences to spastic muscles in humans w

77 the medulla are key elements of a brainstem-reticulospinal inhibitory system that participates in ra

78 rity of submidbrain circuits of serotonergic reticulospinal innervation at lumbar levels, the proprio

79 CI results, at least in part, from increased reticulospinal inputs and that the lack of these extra i

80 de for the first time evidence for increased reticulospinal inputs to biceps but not triceps brachii

81 to controls in triceps, suggesting enhanced reticulospinal inputs to elbow flexors.

82 locomotion, DRP and PAD amplitudes evoked by reticulospinal inputs were increased during the flexion

83 g, we fired a single action potential in the reticulospinal Mauthner (M) cell, which initiates the es

84 The reticulospinal Mauthner cells (M-cells) of the startle c

85 lations on each side can compete to initiate reticulospinal neuron firing and start swimming.

86 e action potential in a single, identifiable reticulospinal neuron make this an attractive model syst

87 f glutamatergic antagonists markedly reduced reticulospinal neuron responses, indicating that the MLR

88 NVIII) EPSP recorded in vivo in the goldfish reticulospinal neuron, the Mauthner cell, can be evoked

89 re recorded in vitro in the axons of lamprey reticulospinal neurones.

90 axonal connections from retrogradely traced reticulospinal neurons (127% increase) compared with nor

91 n tau (htau) protein into identified lamprey reticulospinal neurons (anterior bulbar cells, or ABCs)

92 naptic, glutamatergic EPSPs in the hindbrain reticulospinal neurons (descending interneurons, dINs) t

93 I and II afferents (monosynaptically) and by reticulospinal neurons (mono- or disynaptically) and to

94 MLR neurons recruit downstream vsx2(+) (V2a) reticulospinal neurons (RSNs) is poorly understood.

95 s of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, and reticulospinal neurons (Rsps) in the brainstem medial re

96 Recently, reticulospinal neurons (stop cells) were found to play a

97 present study, we report that Chx10-lineage reticulospinal neurons act to control the direction of l

98 eneration for each of 18 identified pairs of reticulospinal neurons and 12 cytoarchitectonic groups o

99 Plasticin is expressed also in reticulospinal neurons and in caudal primary motoneurons

100 profoundly reduced MLR-induced excitation of reticulospinal neurons and markedly slowed MLR-evoked lo

101 uron pathway from head skin afferents to the reticulospinal neurons and motoneurons that drive locomo

102 These include duplicated reticulospinal neurons and posterior expansions of rhomb

103 udy confirms that CRNs project directly onto reticulospinal neurons and presents other anatomical fea

104 e results suggest that DomA initially alters reticulospinal neurons and the loss of axons causes aber

105 Following stronger stimuli, reticulospinal neurons are excited through a trigeminal

106 he sensorimotor cortex, some rubrospinal and reticulospinal neurons are labeled with YFP, and some YF

107 dopamine in the four reticular nuclei where reticulospinal neurons are located.

108 f, at this early stage of development, these reticulospinal neurons are themselves the primary source

109 We discuss the origin of these reticulospinal neurons as specialised members of a longi

110 FL and NF132 was downregulated in identified reticulospinal neurons by 5 weeks after spinal cord tran

111 input, it seems likely that medial medullary reticulospinal neurons could adjust the activity of resp

112 Ablating different sets of reticulospinal neurons did not impair prey capture, sugg

113 s in the sensory pathways exciting brainstem reticulospinal neurons ensure alternating and co-ordinat

114 An increase in the types of identifiable reticulospinal neurons expressing the UNC5L receptors wa

115 due to the inhibition of sympathoexcitatory reticulospinal neurons found in the rostral ventrolatera

116 axons of individual tetanus toxin expressing reticulospinal neurons have fewer myelin sheaths than co

117 in lampreys, axons of the large, identified reticulospinal neurons have heterogeneous regenerative a

118 evealed that multiple CRNs synapse on single reticulospinal neurons in PnC, suggesting a convergence

119 s elicited by excitation of oxygen-sensitive reticulospinal neurons in RVLM to reflexively elevate rC

120 Reticulospinal neurons in the brainstem activate the loc

121 he required supraspinal commands derive from reticulospinal neurons in the brainstem.

122 erminals are apposed to retrogradely labeled reticulospinal neurons in the contralateral nucleus reti

123 that fibers positive for dopamine innervate reticulospinal neurons in the four reticular nuclei of l

124 We record from key reticulospinal neurons in the network controlling swimmi

125 (MOR) activation can both excite and inhibit reticulospinal neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medu

126 rainstem circuits from the MLR to identified reticulospinal neurons in the salamander Notophthalmus v

127 itudinal fasciculus (nMLF), a small group of reticulospinal neurons in the zebrafish midbrain.

128 neurons fire to head-skin stimuli but excite reticulospinal neurons indirectly.

129 Reticulospinal neurons integrate sensory and descending

130 anscription factor code that parcellates the reticulospinal neurons into five molecularly distinct an

131 the goldfish Mauthner cells, a pair of large reticulospinal neurons involved in the organization of s

132 Build-up of excitation to reticulospinal neurons is the key decision-making step f

133 ts labeled with BDA were apposed to thoracic reticulospinal neurons labeled with FG in the ventrolate

134 opamine synthesis, were also observed around reticulospinal neurons of lampreys.

135 ent UNC5L receptor transcripts in identified reticulospinal neurons of mature larval or adult sea lam

136 ncreased, the responses increased in size in reticulospinal neurons of the mRN and iRN, but the respo

137 Sympathoexcitatory reticulospinal neurons of the rostral ventrolateral medu

138 ed brains revealed very similar responses in reticulospinal neurons on both sides to a unilateral MLR

139 Reticulospinal neurons project to spinal motor neurons c

140 We reported previously that nPGi reticulospinal neurons terminate preferentially within t

141 Our results define reticulospinal neurons that are the source of the primar

142 adpoles, paired whole-cell recordings reveal reticulospinal neurons that directly excite swimming cir

143 s well characterized and includes excitatory reticulospinal neurons that drive swim circuit neurons.

144 It projects downward to reticulospinal neurons that in turn activate the spinal

145 direct descending dopaminergic projection to reticulospinal neurons that modulates locomotor behavior

146 xpression of UNC5L receptors was observed in reticulospinal neurons that when axotomized are known to

147 tional in retaining a rhombomeric pattern of reticulospinal neurons through embryonic, larval, and ad

148 sults reveal the contributions of one set of reticulospinal neurons to behavior and support the idea

149 convergence at the single cell level allows reticulospinal neurons to integrate information from acr

150 For this study, reticulospinal neurons were identified with a retrograde

151 Of reticulospinal neurons with input from the cortex, 78% r

152 se in the background excitatory drive of the reticulospinal neurons would be sufficient to produce co

153 uter reconstructions of retrogradely labeled reticulospinal neurons yielded a segmental framework com

154 c acid (DomA) causes myelin defects, loss of reticulospinal neurons, and behavioral deficits.

155 motor brain regions that project on to Chx10 reticulospinal neurons, and demonstrate that their unila

156 ng to the loss of reticulospinal neurons, or reticulospinal neurons, causing myelin defects.

157 examined the role of two pairs of identified reticulospinal neurons, MeLc and MeLr, located in the nu

158 By directly modulating the activity of reticulospinal neurons, meso-diencephalic dopaminergic n

159 were reduced dramatically in all axotomized reticulospinal neurons, on the basis of semiquantitative

160 rgets myelin sheaths, leading to the loss of reticulospinal neurons, or reticulospinal neurons, causi

161 Reticulospinal neurons, situated between the supraspinal

162 s, but not the segmental pattern of primary, reticulospinal neurons, suggesting that RA acts on branc

163 imulations also predict that, in contrast to reticulospinal neurons, tectal steering/turning command

164 ape behavior and the recruitment of multiple reticulospinal neurons, we find that larval zebrafish do

165 the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) to reticulospinal neurons, which in turn project to locomot

166 Reticulospinal neurons, which play an important role in

167 One such set of three repeated reticulospinal neurons--the Mauthner cell, MiD2cm, and M

168 LR and projected glutamatergic excitation to reticulospinal neurons.

169 otion in vertebrates and the roles played by reticulospinal neurons.

170 phalon and the startle response, mediated by reticulospinal neurons.

171 spinal cord to verify that CRNs project onto reticulospinal neurons.

172 y was designed to determine if they might be reticulospinal neurons.

173 s on the perikarya and proximal dendrites of reticulospinal neurons.

174 g that the MLR sends glutamatergic inputs to reticulospinal neurons.

175 of glutamatergic projections from the MLR to reticulospinal neurons.

176 neurons and in the number of three hindbrain reticulospinal neurons: Mauthner cells, RoL2 cells, and

177 uded development of connections to brainstem reticulospinal neurons; these projections persist in pri

178 The main pretectal output is to the reticulospinal nuclei, and thus the pretectum indirectly

179 s are preferentially activated by a midbrain reticulospinal nucleus by virtue of longer membrane time

180 e express tetanus toxin (TeNT) in individual reticulospinal or CoPA neurons to prevent synaptic vesic

181 tory) dCINs can be recruited by supraspinal (reticulospinal) or peripheral sensory inputs.

182 These observations suggest that reticulospinal outputs after SCI contribute to hand moto

183 es involved in lordosis is exerted through a reticulospinal pathway with cells of origin in the nucle

184 ial musculature, innervated predominantly by reticulospinal pathways and tend to manifest when gait a

185 and humans indicates that corticospinal and reticulospinal pathways differentially control elbow fle

186 exes in the spinal cord, vestibulospinal and reticulospinal pathways in the brainstem, and forebrain

187 ninvasive stimuli that are known to activate reticulospinal pathways, at timings predicted to cause s

188 orm a significant component of glutamatergic reticulospinal pathways.

189 process usually results in the activation of reticulospinal pathways.

190 In contrast, few MOR-IR terminals contacted reticulospinal perikarya and large dendrites although th

191 contrast, the large and giant glutamatergic reticulospinal perikarya mostly lacked glutamate immunor

192 e of locally rewired as well as compensatory reticulospinal plasticity for the recovery of locomotor

193 We found that reticulospinal population activity had a low-dimensional

194 et how these commands are encoded across the reticulospinal population is unknown, making it unclear

195 through the cerebellum to vPPNs to regulate reticulospinal premotor neurons.

196 at single AZs in individual central lamprey reticulospinal presynaptic terminals from male and femal

197 rey motor circuits, and the unique access to reticulospinal presynaptic terminals in the intact spina

198 labeled small and medium-sized cells of some reticulospinal-projecting groups were often glutamate-im

199 n the relative strength of corticospinal and reticulospinal projections across the MN pool.

200 g unilateral hemisection of the spinal cord, reticulospinal projections are destroyed on the injured

201 forms of spontaneous anatomic plasticity of reticulospinal projections, many of them originating fro

202 ntly characterized physiologically a pontine reticulospinal (pRS) projection in the neonatal mouse th

203 we took advantage of the large size of giant reticulospinal (RS) neurons in the brain of the lamprey,

204 To do so, we used the giant reticulospinal (RS) neurons of lamprey spinal cord becau

205 of larval lamprey, biophysical properties of reticulospinal (RS) neurons were determined by applying

206 spinal cord transection, several identified reticulospinal (RS) neurons were missing in Nissl-staine

207 escending brain neurons, such as many of the reticulospinal (RS) neurons, probably initiate locomotio

208 rostral spinal cord to axotomize ipsilateral reticulospinal (RS) neurons.

209 urons that have direct or indirect inputs to reticulospinal (RS) neurons.

210 of the unique features of the lamprey giant reticulospinal (RS) synapse, a vertebrate synapse that i

211 lateral efferent neurons were aligned to the reticulospinal scaffold by mapping neurons immunopositiv

212 LR to the reticular formation that activates reticulospinal stop cells.

213 Reticulospinal sympathoexcitatory neurons of rostral ven

214 ral cortex elicited by hypoxic excitation of reticulospinal sympathoexcitatory neurons of the rostral

215 We have utilized the lamprey giant reticulospinal synapse to characterize functional coloca

216 Using acute perturbations at giant reticulospinal synapses of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon m

217 We conclude that at lamprey giant reticulospinal synapses, Ca(2)(+) channels and release s

218 plasticity did not occur in corticospinal or reticulospinal synapses.

219 inal lesion (such as following stroke), when reticulospinal systems could provide a substrate for som

220 We conclude that reticulospinal systems sub-serve some of the functional

221 hat alternative tracts including the cortico-reticulospinal tract (CRST), employed in the case that t

222 ave shown connections of ipsilateral cortico-reticulospinal tract (CRST), predominantly originating f

223 CE STATEMENT Subcortical systems such as the reticulospinal tract (RST) are important motor pathways,

224 alternative descending pathways such as the reticulospinal tract (RST) are less well developed.

225 on the organization of motor function in the reticulospinal tract (RST) is limited by the lack of met

226 amage to one area.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The reticulospinal tract (RST) provides a parallel pathway f

227 cortex (M1), corticospinal tract (CST), and reticulospinal tract (RST).

228 vere corticospinal tract damage, upregulated reticulospinal tract activity may compensate for a loss

229 in the brainstem, which is the source of the reticulospinal tract and could also generate spinal moto

230 Rubrospinal and reticulospinal tract axons also did not grow into the le

231 Recent data provide evidence that the reticulospinal tract can exert some influence over hand

232 Recent work has shown that the primate reticulospinal tract can influence spinal interneurons a

233 axons and/or brainstem pathways such as the reticulospinal tract contributes to recovery is unknown.

234 We showed that imbalanced corticospinal and reticulospinal tract contributions are more pronounced i

235 Interventions aimed at modulating the reticulospinal tract could be beneficial or detrimental

236 We investigated the extent of reticulospinal tract excitability modulation and its int

237 ilateral motor evoked potentials (ie, higher reticulospinal tract excitability).

238 lateral motor evoked potentials, an index of reticulospinal tract excitability, in 22 chronic stroke

239 Damage to the corticospinal and reticulospinal tract has been associated with spasticity

240 le standing to verify normal function of the reticulospinal tract in HSP.

241 rity and increases in contra-lesional medial reticulospinal tract integrity were correlated with moto

242 CI; therefore, it has been proposed that the reticulospinal tract is one of the descending motor path

243 The primate reticulospinal tract is usually considered to control pr

244 ute to the control of contraction force; the reticulospinal tract seems to specify an overall signal

245 The reticulospinal tract seems unaffected in HSP patients, b

246 anced contributions of the corticospinal and reticulospinal tract to control a spastic muscle in huma

247 the first evidence for a contribution of the reticulospinal tract to hand control in humans with SCI

248 nt via a startling stimulus that engages the reticulospinal tract, by measuring reaction times from e

249 y in subcortical motor pathways, such as the reticulospinal tract, could help to boost recovery after

250 e that alternate motor pathways, such as the reticulospinal tract, may be upregulated to compensate f

251 a startle stimulus, a test that engages the reticulospinal tract, while performing a power grip but

252 le pathways; one possible contributor is the reticulospinal tract.

253 ored motor program conveyed by the preserved reticulospinal tract.

254 We conclude that both corticospinal and reticulospinal tracts contribute to the control of contr

255 nstem pathways including the rubrospinal and reticulospinal tracts, or into the L5 dorsal root gangli