ライフサイエンスコーパス: sea urchin

1 profiles were examined in tissues of the red sea urchin.

2 a GRN model for embryonic development in the sea urchin.

3 ransferrin-like protein contained within the sea urchin.

4 whose fertilization occurs externally, like sea urchins.

5 e stable state by increasing diet breadth in sea urchins.

6 columnals, changed in step with diversity of sea urchins.

7 focussing on abundant macroalgae and grazing sea urchins.

8 temporal regulation of PLCgamma and SFK1 in sea urchins.

9 ntributing to formation of micromeres in the sea urchins.

10 nfect marine animals such as farmed fish and sea urchins.

11 fertilization and reproductive isolation of sea urchins.

12 g constructs: the Widom 601 sequence and the sea urchin 5S ribosomal gene.

13 In the sea urchin, a prototypic deuterostome, the ectoderm-endo

14 we found in the responses of Padina spp. and sea urchin abundance at several vent systems increases c

15 rate for grazing epifauna, where scraping by sea urchins affects overall column-topography.

16 Indeed, introduction of sea urchin AGS into the sea star embryo induces asymmetr

17 e performed a structure-function analysis of sea urchin Alx1 using a rescue assay and identified a no

18 In the sea urchin, an endomesoderm GRN model explains much of t

19 We combined ecological data of sea urchin and macroalgal abundance with fishery data of

20 rom one to three days after fertilization of sea urchin and sea star (total of 22,670,000 reads).

21 that 47 and 38 known miRNAs are expressed in sea urchin and sea star, respectively, during early deve

22 In contrast, carbon enrichment deterred sea urchins and attracted isopods, while simulated herbi

23 est at Darwin, but competition by bioeroding sea urchins and burrowing fauna (polychaete worms, bival

24 ry circuitry that controls skeletogenesis in sea urchins and provides a framework for evolutionary st

25 ryos of the echinoderms, especially those of sea urchins and sea stars, have been studied as model or

26 m and mast cells (MCs) can be traced back to sea urchins and the ascidian Styela plicata, respectivel

27 echinoderms, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (sea urchin) and Patiria miniata (sea star) are excellent

28 oRNA adenylation is widely conserved in fly, sea urchin, and mouse.

29 ns in the digestive tracts of the mouse, the sea urchin, and the nematode and in the chordate notocho

30 in embryos of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus sea urchins, and observe a sequence of three mineral pha

31 provide strong support for the idea that the sea urchin ANE regulatory state and the mechanisms that

32 , we show that during early development, the sea urchin ANE territory separates into inner and outer

33 ignaling proteins in sperm flagella from the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata.

34 Late elongation of the sea urchin archenteron is a classic example of convergen

35 Sea urchins are a major component of recent marine commu

36 Sea urchins are an important model for experiments at th

37 Sea urchins are considered highly vulnerable to OA.

38 Sea urchins are keystone grazers in reef ecosystems, yet

39 The trophic interactions of sea urchins are known to be the agents of phase shifts i

40 Sea stars and sea urchins are model systems for interrogating the type

41 re synthesized with both the nanorod and the sea-urchin-arm dimensions controlled by Co/Fe ratios.

42 ole of miR-31 in early development using the sea urchin as a model.

43 y trophic replacement of herbivorous fish by sea urchins at low biomass and the accumulation of slow-

44 13-), intense ocean warming (2014-2017), and sea urchin barrens (2015-).

45 read kelp deforestation and the formation of sea urchin barrens.

46 ents), as it is the major constituent of the sea urchin, but in terms of quantity of uranium per gram

47 mentation throughout the life stages of this sea urchin, but surprisingly, is not essential for larva

48 The sea urchin C-terminal construct (SUPC2 Ccore) also forms

49 The sea urchin calcite spicules are formed within a tubular

50 Sea urchins challenged with heat-killed marine bacteria

51 ological inhibition of the Arp2/3 complex in sea urchin coelomocytes, cells that possess an unusually

52 A reduction in top-down control on sea urchins, combined with other expected impacts of cli

53 of embryos only if Tld levels are reduced in sea urchin compared to fly.

54 binding motifs is significantly depressed in sea urchins compared with sea star, but both motif types

55 In contrast, for sea urchins, connectivity among pairs of MPAs generally

56 d tropical systems the abundances of grazing sea urchins declined dramatically along CO2 gradients.

57 ggers a trophic cascade leading to increased sea urchin densities and decreased macroalgal biomass.

58 ll treatments to examine the extent to which sea urchin density and macroalgal biomass were related t

59 er abundance and sea urchin density, and (2) sea urchin density and macroalgal biomass.

60 g. light intensity, water motion, nutrients, sea urchin density) that may influence productivity.

61 tionships between: (1) lobster abundance and sea urchin density, and (2) sea urchin density and macro

62 rimary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) of euechinoid sea urchins, derived from the micromeres of the 16-cell

63 These results show that sea urchin development is highly sensitive to Ni via a m

64 gastrulation that corresponds to the GRN for sea urchin development of equivalent territories and sta

65 ned gene regulatory network (GRN) underlying sea urchin development.

66 studied bindin evolution in the pantropical sea urchin Diadema, which split from other studied gener

67 During embryogenesis the sea urchin early pluteus larva differentiates 40-50 neur

68 sive work over the last decades in echinoid (sea urchins) echinoderms has led to the characterization

69 Photolysis of sea urchin egg homogenates preincubated with [(32)P-5N(3

70 itors for ex vivo and in vitro treatments of sea urchin eggs and isolated cortices and cortical vesic

71 in a systematic manner, we place individual sea urchin eggs into microfabricated chambers of defined

72 ing NAADP-evoked Ca(2+) signaling, including sea urchin eggs, human cell lines (HEK293, SKBR3), and m

73 y in the primordial germ cells (PGCs) of the sea urchin embryo (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) is qui

74 pability occurs at early gastrulation in the sea urchin embryo and requires activation of early speci

75 amental discoveries that originated with the sea urchin embryo as an experimental system are used to

76 Sea urchin embryo assay was used to assess general toxic

77 hod to challenge specific predictions of the sea urchin embryo endomesoderm GRN.

78 rior neuroectoderm (ANE) of the deuterostome sea urchin embryo expresses many of the same transcripti

79 Here, we leverage the sea urchin embryo for its well-established gene regulato

80 strulation the ectodermal territories of the sea urchin embryo have developed an unexpectedly complex

81 Recent studies of the sea urchin embryo have elucidated the mechanisms that lo

82 d interference to demonstrate that the early sea urchin embryo integrates information not only from W

83 The formation of the endoskeleton of the sea urchin embryo is a powerful experimental system for

84 rmation of the calcified endoskeleton of the sea urchin embryo is a valuable experimental system for

85 The oral-aboral axis of the sea urchin embryo is specified conditionally via a regul

86 age labelling studies have shown that in the sea urchin embryo model system, descendants of the veg1

87 ll micromeres to the coelomic pouches in the sea urchin embryo provides an exceptional model for unde

88 Dorsal/ventral (DV) patterning of the sea urchin embryo relies on a ventrally-localized organi

89 Skeletal patterning in the sea urchin embryo requires a conversation between the sk

90 idal ciliated band (CB) of the postgastrular sea urchin embryo surrounds the oral ectoderm, separatin

91 cessfully applied for the first time using a sea urchin embryo test to the secondary treatment of the

92 hese data strongly support the idea that the sea urchin embryo uses an ancient anterior patterning sy

93 ion process in the vegetal half of the early sea urchin embryo using Boolean models with continuous-t

94 terized gene regulatory network (GRN) in the sea urchin embryo was used to identify the transcription

95 we describe a general methodology using the sea urchin embryo, a material of choice because of the l

96 (GRN) model that promotes myogenesis in the sea urchin embryo, an early branching deuterostome.

97 diator of oral ectoderm specification in the sea urchin embryo, and indirectly, of aboral ectoderm sp

98 In the sea urchin embryo, cells at gastrulation were found to r

99 The well-known regulative properties of the sea urchin embryo, coupled with the recent elucidation o

100 are formed at the fifth cell division of the sea urchin embryo, illustrate many typical features of p

101 In the sea urchin embryo, one such asymmetrical structure, oddl

102 e regulatory network for neurogenesis in the sea urchin embryo.

103 n the non-skeletogenic mesoderm of the early sea urchin embryo.

104 t a mitotic function of Vasa revealed in the sea urchin embryo.

105 ification and patterning of the deuterostome sea urchin embryo.

106 rs (49% and 49%, respectively) affecting the sea urchin embryogenesis activity.

107 ry networks (GRNs) that control pregastrular sea urchin embryogenesis to reveal the gene regulatory f

108 During sea urchin embryogenesis, the skeleton is produced by pr

109 -specific up-regulation during both frog and sea urchin embryogenesis.

110 ABC transporter activity during formation of sea urchin embryonic cells necessary for the production

111 les for the entire expressed gene set during sea urchin embryonic development.

112 irectly involved in biomineralization during sea urchin embryonic development.

113 lso found 13 potentially novel miRNAs in the sea urchin embryonic library.

114 nanoparticles (NPs) in early development of sea urchin embryos (Paracentrotus lividus).

115 aggregated late blastula- and gastrula-stage sea urchin embryos according to the regulatory states ex

116 In sea urchin embryos Delta signaling specifies non-skeleto

117 on of the non-skeletogenic mesoderm (NSM) in sea urchin embryos depends on Delta signaling.

118 overy that some of the pharyngeal neurons of sea urchin embryos develop de novo from the endoderm.

119 d dorsal-ventral (DV) axes, respectively, of sea urchin embryos during cleavage and early blastula st

120 Biomineralization in sea urchin embryos is a crystal growth process that resu

121 e ventral ectoderm to the dorsal ectoderm in sea urchin embryos is not understood.

122 onstrates that pantropic retroviruses infect sea urchin embryos with high efficiency and genomically

123 opic retroviruses as a transduction tool for sea urchin embryos, and demonstrates that pantropic retr

124 In sea urchin embryos, BMP is produced in the ventral ectod

125 PS NPs in several human cell lines, also in sea urchin embryos, differences in surface charges and a

126 In sea urchin embryos, pigmented immunocytes are specified

127 By monitoring nuclear dynamics in early sea urchin embryos, we found that nuclei undergo substan

128 Using sea urchin embryos, we showed that Notch signaling initi

129 , whole-mount fruit fly embryos, whole-mount sea urchin embryos, whole-mount zebrafish larvae, whole-

130 ecessary for endodermal gut morphogenesis in sea urchin embryos.

131 o study aspects of this transport process in sea urchin embryos.

132 of principle for transduction technology in sea urchin embryos.

133 ortical cytoskeletons prepared from dividing sea urchin embryos.

134 Using specific subcircuits from the sea urchin endomesoderm GRN, for which both circuit desi

135 Another seven T and two complement C1r/C1s, sea urchin epidermal growth factor, and bone morphogenet

136 effects of OA on the skeleton of "classical" sea urchins (euechinoids), but the impact of etching on

137 from the shell and spines of the New Zealand sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus was evaluated using six

138 t showed that the embryos of the New Zealand sea urchin (Evechinus chloroticus) are the most sensitiv

139 We show that sea urchins exhibit significant morphological and behavi

140 We test the hypothesis that sea urchins exhibit trophic plasticity using an approach

141 The sea urchins exhibited a wide degree of phenotypic trophi

142 e collapse of the north coast commercial red sea urchin fishery (2015-) worth $3 M.

143 ryo-electron tomography of Chlamydomonas and sea urchin flagella to answer long-standing questions an

144 concentrations detected were in limpets and sea urchins, followed by sea stars, ascidians, and sea c

145 ing of the roles played by growth factors in sea urchin gastrulation and skeletogenesis.

146 es to primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) during sea urchin gastrulation, although the relative contribut

147 In addition, we constructed a custom sea urchin gene ontology, and assigned about 7000 differ

148 The mode of bindin evolution varies across sea urchin genera studied to date.

149 The purple sea urchin genome encodes 10 IL17 subfamilies (35 genes)

150 comparisons-fruit fly vs tsetse fly, and two sea urchin genomes-and report novel insights gained from

151 cithotrophic (nonfeeding) development in the sea urchin genus Heliocidaris is one of the most compreh

152 ing selection, more slowly than in any other sea urchin genus.

153 Sea urchin gonads are usually sold as a fresh chilled pr

154 ndance and biomass among lobster (predator), sea urchins (grazer), and macroalgae (primary producer)

155 Reduced sea urchin grazing pressure and significant increases in

156 r signs of biological disturbance (primarily sea urchin grazing) and increased recovery rates of the

157 The sea urchin has a long and uninterrupted history as a mod

158 In temperate reefs, the grazing activity of sea urchins has been responsible for the destruction of

159 ating in the early development of euechinoid sea urchins have revealed that little appreciable change

160 ed the precise movement of the S4 helix of a sea urchin HCN channel using transition metal ion fluore

161 he same result was seen with nanos2 from the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus (Hp).

162 sons of functional and expression studies in sea urchin, hemichordate and chordate embryos reveal str

163 ion of different shaped (spherical, rod, and sea-urchin) heteroatom-doped fluorescent carbon nanopart

164 d echinoderms Paracentrotus lividus Lamarck (sea urchin), Holothuria forskali Chiaje (sea cucumber),

165 over, current flagellar model systems (e.g., sea urchin, human sperm) contain accessory structures th

166 strate that the binding of PIP(2) to SpIH, a sea urchin hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide

167 ges, some commercially important fishes, and sea urchins in 24 Mediterranean MPAs.

168 Sea urchins in constant hypoxia maintained baseline meta

169 hese seedlings were preferred by herbivorous sea urchins in feeding trials, which could potentially c

170 However, in sea urchins initial characterizations of FGF function do

171 We conclude that the PGCs of this sea urchin institute parallel pathways to quiesce transl

172 We identified that Vasa in the sea urchin is essential for: (1) general mRNA translatio

173 thorough investigation of uranium uptake in sea urchin is one of the few attempts to assess the spec

174 rm gene regulatory network of embryos in the sea urchin, is required for pigmentation throughout the

175 We investigated the manner in which the sea urchin larva takes up calcium from its body cavity i

176 iously uncharacterized putative orthologs in sea urchin larvae and detected expression for twelve out

177 FITC dextran conjugates, we demonstrate that sea urchin larvae have a leaky integument.

178 Sea urchin larvae have an endoskeleton consisting of two

179 city by regulating arm length in pre-feeding sea urchin larvae in response to food availability.

180 Sea urchin larvae may have co-opted the widespread use o

181 nexpected findings from the immune system of sea urchin larvae potentially provide insights into immu

182 he ventral ectoderm in both hemichordate and sea urchin larvae.

183 The sea urchin larval skeleton offers a simple model for for

184 d biogenic (extracted from California purple sea urchin larval spicules, Strongylocentrotus purpuratu

185 The Co-Fe-P structure, especially the sea-urchin-like (Co(0.54)Fe(0.46))2P, shows enhanced cat

186 om the polyhedral Co-Fe-O nanoparticles) and sea-urchin-like Co-Fe-P (from the cubic Co-Fe-O nanopart

187 e was maintained in early development of the sea urchin lineage.

188 a), and pinnotherid pea crab parasites for a sea urchin (Loxechinus albus).

189 sts that the chemosensory behavior of a deep-sea urchin may be impaired by ocean acidification.

190 Trophic plasticity in the sea urchin may contribute to the stability and resilienc

191 Using this assay, we found that sea urchin MDR transporters export canonical MDR susbtra

192 terminus (found in basal species such as the sea urchin) mediates direct catalytic activation of NADK

193 The red sea urchin, Mesocentrotus franciscanus, is one the earth

194 y assessed how varying densities of juvenile sea urchins Mespilia globulus (Linnaeus, 1758), reared a

195 briefly compare the observed dynamics in the sea urchin model to a version that applies to the fly em

196 Testing whether this holds for all sea urchins necessitates comparative analyses of echinoi

197 e-related gene expression profile in the red sea urchin nervous system may play a role in mitigating

198 ndoderm specification has been conceived for sea urchins, nor for any other deuterostome.

199 ation and the current developmental style of sea urchins not seen in other echinoderms.

200 entify two different forms of uranium in the sea urchin, one in the test, as a carbonato-calcium comp

201 The sea urchin oral ectoderm gene regulatory network (GRN) m

202 and bioaccumulation were investigated in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus.

203 muatm pCO2) on sperm competitiveness for the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus.

204 species; mussels (Mytilus edulis) and purple sea urchins (Paracentrotus lividus).

205 We also employed the sea urchin PC2 (SUPC2) as a model for biophysical and st

206 port the Sp185/333 gene expression in single sea urchin phagocytes.

207 g and sea star disease in the massive purple sea urchin population increase.

208 impacts of sublethal hypoxia, and may impact sea urchin populations and ecosystems via reduced feedin

209 s a macroevolutionary response to changes in sea urchin predation pressure and that it may have set t

210 ovide unique insights into the importance of sea urchin predation through geologic time.

211 uenced herbivore feeding behavior, yet while sea urchins preferred nutrient-enriched seagrass tissue

212 nd 2 CUB (complement components C1r and C1s, sea urchin protein Uegf, and bone morphogenetic protein-

213 nd 2 CUB (complement components C1r and C1s, sea urchin protein Uegf, and bone morphogenetic protein-

214 on profiles associated with TGP in the green sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris and evaluates the trans

215 AG1 proteins, Transib transposase and purple sea urchin RAG1-like, have a latent ability to initiate

216 otinic acid 5-position are recognized by the sea urchin receptor, albeit with a 20-500-fold loss in a

217 We found that, with one exception, sea urchins remained more abundant at heavily fished sit

218 we characterized the proteomes of cilia from sea urchins, sea anemones, and choanoflagellates.

219 Among the various shapes of CNPs, the sea-urchin shape CNPs (SU-CNPs) shows the high product a

220 Sea urchins share a molecular heritage with chordates th

221 Mesozoic diversity changes in the predatory sea urchins show a positive correlation with diversity o

222 ent studies in naked mole rat and long-lived sea urchins showed that these species do not alter their

223 can sulfation serves as a positional cue for sea urchin skeletal patterning.

224 Sea urchin skeletogenesis is an excellent model system f

225 of skeletal development, the newly expanded sea urchin skeletogenic GRN will provide a foundation fo

226 Mg2+ content and protective function of the sea urchin skeleton will play out in a complex way as gl

227 These results suggest that sea urchin SMics share many more characteristics typical

228 us purpuratus and Lytechinus variegatus, two sea urchin species whose ancestors diverged approximatel

229 all available bindin sequences for two other sea urchin species, S. pallidus and S. droebachiensis.

230 By studying sea urchin species-specific differences in sperm chemoat

231 miniata and compared these with those of two sea urchins species.

232 self-inactivation strategy to both insert a sea urchin-specific enhancer and disrupt the endogenous

233 The GC chemoreceptor in sea urchin sperm can decode chemoattractant concentratio

234 uctural arrangements of Ribbon proteins from sea urchin sperm flagella, using quantitative immunobioc

235 oscopy and optochemical techniques, we track sea urchin sperm navigating in 3D chemoattractant gradie

236 We report that sea urchin sperm sampled molecules for 0.2-0.6 s before

237 ent observations of flagellar counterbend in sea urchin sperm show that the mechanical induction of c

238 We encapsulated individual sea urchin sperm with demembranated flagellum inside wat

239 In sea urchin sperm, a cyclic nucleotide-gated K(+) channel

240 the presence of polysialic acid (polySia) on sea urchin sperm.

241 Sea urchin spermatozoa respond to sperm-activating pepti

242 A remarkable example is the steering of sea urchin spermatozoa towards the conspecific egg by a

243 In sea urchins, spermatozoan motility is altered by chemota

244 e precursors to calcite (CaCO3) formation in sea urchin spicules, and not proto-aragonite or poorly c

245 most abundant occluded matrix protein in the sea urchin spicules, SM50, stabilizes ACC . H(2)O in vit

246 chinery activated by the VEGF pathway during sea urchin spiculogenesis and reveal multiple parallels

247 Overall, our findings suggest that sea urchin spiculogenesis and vertebrate vascularization

248 spite the critical role of VEGF signaling in sea urchin spiculogenesis, the downstream program it act

249 present a comprehensive analysis of an adult sea urchin spine, and in revealing a complex, hierarchic

250 OA on fertilization success in the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri using pH treatment cond

251 re under altered conditions on the Antarctic sea urchin, Sterechinus neumayeri.

252 and antioxidant activity of gonads from the sea urchin, Stomopneustes variolaris, inhabiting the coa

253 , including two exons and one intron, in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius represented by

254 In the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (class Echinoid

255 os homologs are present in the genome of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Sp), and each

256 A deuterostome Grl from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus displays simila

257 We find that the PGCs of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus exhibit broad t

258 l cells missing (gcm) regulatory gene of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus is first expres

259 ible for skeletogenesis in the embryo of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus is restricted t

260 apacity of the ecologically important purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus to adapt to OA,

261 ch contrasts with previous findings from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus where L-type an

262 sus kowalevskii and Ptychodera flava and the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus).

263 ures on multiple biological processes in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, a key grazer i

264 regulation of pigmented cells in the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, an emerging mo

265 developmental and environmental biology, the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.

266 ng development of the larval skeleton in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.

267 wn to be an important predator of the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.

268 Larvae of the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) exhibit drama

269 e loci their annotations with respect to the Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) genome.

270 patterns of genome-wide selection in purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) cultured und

271 feeding behavior of a deep-sea echinoid, the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus fragilis.

272 The Sp185/333 gene family in the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, consists of a

273 The purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, expresses a d

274 ork during early embryogenesis of the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, is well descr

275 extant, morphologically distinct, echinoid (sea urchin) subclasses, Euechinoidea and Cidaroidea, whi

276 h research on indirect-developing euechinoid sea urchins suggests strong conservation of GRN circuitr

277 ple is the appearance of the micromeres in a sea urchin that form by an asymmetric cell division at t

278 In sea urchin the ANE is restricted to the anterior of the

279 In the sea urchin, the primary mesenchyme cell (PMC) GRN contro

280 In sea urchins, the coelomic pouches are the major contribu

281 In sea urchins, these changes include polymerization of cor

282 The Nkx5/HMX family is highly conserved from sea urchins to humans, with known roles in neuronal and

283 formation and germ layer specification from sea urchins to mammals.

284 posed a genetically homogenous population of sea urchins to two very different trophic environments o

285 NAADP have molecular masses smaller than the sea urchin TPCs, and antibodies to TPCs do not detect an

286 l mineralogy, thickness, and strength in the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla reared in all combinatio

287 f polyethylene microspheres by larvae of the sea urchin, Tripneustes gratilla.

288 Herein we demonstrate that recombinant sea urchin vascular endothelial growth factor (rVEGF), a

289 Human VEGF rescues sea urchin VEGF knockdown, vesicle deposition into an in

290 lays a significant role in both systems, and sea urchin VEGF signaling activates hundreds of genes, i

291 primary sequences of drug binding domains of sea urchin versus murine ABCB1 by mutation of Sp-ABCB1a

292 uranium in the different compartments of the sea urchin was performed.

293 For two key marine species (kelp and sea urchins), we use oceanographic modelling to predict

294 Two commercially exploited populations of sea urchins were characterized, for the first time, in t

295 of predator and prey sizes, although larger sea urchins were consumed only by large starfishes.

296 lsulfatase insulator (ArsI) derived from the sea urchin, which has conserved insulator activity throu

297 rmed extraocular visual system, that of some sea urchins, which also possess chromatophores [1].

298 ce and predation rate of P. helianthoides on sea urchins will likely decrease with future warming.

299 iocidaris erythrogramma, two closely related sea urchins with highly divergent developmental gene exp

300 Using symmetrically dividing sea urchin zygotes, we generated cortical domains of mag