ライフサイエンスコーパス: sex ratio

1 of unregistered children, and a more normal sex ratio.

2 en predictions and observations of offspring sex ratio.

3 t sperm head abnormalities and female-biased sex ratio.

4 ude that mothers adaptively adjust offspring sex ratio.

5 uch as low-dose aspirin (LDA), may alter the sex ratio.

6 Thus, male mating success dictates the sex ratio.

7 nctional Y-bearing sperm and a female-biased sex ratio.

8 genetic variants to the observed skew in the sex ratio.

9 tocytes per strain on the optimal gametocyte sex ratio.

10 SC) [8-11] and opposing effects on offspring sex ratio.

11 ing females exhibit a strongly female-biased sex ratio.

12 ex specimens, revealing a strong male-biased sex ratio.

13 ary Geospiza fortis population with an equal sex ratio.

14 Y chromosomes over the control of offspring sex ratio.

15 nt plays a key role in determining offspring sex ratios.

16 e the main driver behind divergences in nest sex ratios.

17 genotypic sex determination (GSD) and fixed sex ratios.

18 morphic autoimmune diseases exhibit unbiased sex ratios.

19 ty rates to identify countries with outlying sex ratios.

20 lity issues and assessing the uncertainty in sex ratios.

21 and selects for very extremely female-biased sex ratios.

22 r than one but sex discrimination can change sex ratios.

23 rous females and significantly female-biased sex ratios.

24 osure, with significant alterations in adult sex ratios.

25 the driver, and not to compensate for skewed sex ratios.

26 ompetition can lead to extreme female-biased sex ratios.

27 llus) population that suffers from distorted sex ratios.

28 n - representing focal effects of imbalanced sex ratios.

29 voices reduced accuracy, but only at extreme sex ratios.

30 Eighty patients (male/female sex ratio, 0.95; mean +/- SD age, 47.3 +/- 18.3 yr) were

31 cks occurring in 37 patients (male-to-female sex ratio, 1.05; mean +/- SD age, 51 +/- 11.4 yr) were i

32 e population normative male:female secondary sex ratio (105:100) was lower in the PSYG (2:3) and PHSG

33 We project 200 years of primary sex ratios (1900-2100) and create a digital elevation mo

34 Further, the extremely biased sex ratios (97% female) are better explained by mutually

35 influence offspring fitness, thus favouring sex-ratio adjustment by parents.

36 eived sex ratios that correlated with actual sex ratios after 1500 ms exposures to groups of simultan

37 ons between maternal condition and offspring sex ratio alone are insufficient to conclude that mother

38 A recent experimental study finds that sex ratio also affects human economic behaviour, and in

39 The sex ratio among abnormal embryos is male-biased, and the

40 ong abnormal embryos is male-biased, and the sex ratio among normal embryos is female-biased.

41 nd significant variability in estimated nest sex ratios among mothers, but a high degree of consisten

42 the context of (1) my hormonal hypothesis of sex ratio and (2) the notion of multifactorial inheritan

43 "mating function" (the relationship between sex ratio and reproductive success) but this relationshi

44 ions et al. introduce the different kinds of sex ratio and their biology.

45 sought for selected countries with outlying sex ratios and action should be undertaken if sex discri

46 Sex ratios and age-class distributions differed among sp

47 espread evidence of the relationship between sex ratios and behavior, we know little about whether or

48 BDE-47 exposed groups also had female-biased sex ratios and exposed males had fewer tubercles.

49 We measured sex ratios and fecundity, a proxy for Wolbachia fitness,

50 ption in frog populations, such as shifts in sex ratios and feminization of males, has predominantly

51 Here we present the sex ratios and mating dynamics of the free-living nemato

52 eously estimated the global relation between sex ratios and mortality levels and constructed estimate

53 udies over a recent decade, considering also sex ratios and mortality.

54 endent sex determination (TSD) by disrupting sex ratios and other traits.

55 They can selfishly alter arthropod sex ratios and reproductive strategies to increase the p

56 between isogenic males with sensitive (high sex ratio) and resistant (low sex ratio) Y chromosomes f

57 The three groups had similar age, sex ratio, and body mass index.

58 n in microdistribution, body size frequency, sex ratio, and ovarian and embryonic development, which

59 rt (mss) gene family to male mating success, sex ratio, and population growth.

60 e exposure independently induced male-skewed sex ratios, and the effects of clotrimazole were greater

61 e often focused on males resulting in skewed sex-ratios, and for many ungulate species this strategy

62 bles, and we find that income inequality and sex ratio are better predictors than climate of cross-so

63 enetic sex-determination system on the adult sex ratio are likely to have profound effects on the dem

64 atios, suggesting that perceived operational sex ratios are adaptively linked to the reproductive via

65 hylogenetic analyses have shown that unequal sex ratios are associated with the frequency of changing

66 When sex ratios are biased, the more numerous sex faces incre

67 contradiction to our claim that male-biased sex ratios are characteristically human, female-biased r

68 ehavior, we know little about whether or how sex ratios are encoded and perceived.

69 cal sex ratio information and that perceived sex ratios are influenced by characteristics of the loca

70 The effects of male-biased sex ratios are likely to cascade to dependent community

71 males and, consequently, extreme male-biased sex ratios are possible in a significant number of popul

72 es more males than females, we conclude that sex ratios are representative of operational sex ratios

73 he temperature ranges that yield male-biased sex ratios are within the scope of predicted increases i

74 , we examined the effect of PQ on gametocyte sex ratio as a possible explanation for this early steri

75 ns developmental phenotypes, body length and sex ratio, as examples, we showed that this method could

76 onuclear conflict over sex determination and sex ratio, as well as conditions for sexual antagonism w

77 The adult sex ratio (ASR) has critical effects on behaviour, ecolo

78 Adult sex ratio (ASR) is a fundamental concept in population d

79 The adult sex ratio (ASR) is an important property of populations.

80 versal should be driven by male-biased adult sex ratio (ASR).

81 development of molecular methods that allow sex-ratio assessments at much lower gametocyte densities

82 The sex ratio at birth (SRB) may be patterned by maternal co

83 The sex ratio at birth (SRB; ratio of male to female live bi

84 The male-to-female sex ratio at birth is constant across world populations

85 four national indicators of gender equality (sex ratio at birth, Gender Development Index, Gender Ine

86 e and largest ever assembled to estimate the sex ratio at conception and the sex ratio trajectory and

87 Our estimate of the sex ratio at conception is 0.5 (proportion male), which

88 which contradicts the common claim that the sex ratio at conception is male-biased.

89 The unbiased sex ratio at conception, the increase in the sex ratio d

90 ferences in dispersal, which could alter the sex ratio at the expansion's leading edge.

91 e that maternal condition is associated with sex ratios at birth, a result inconsistent with the Triv

92 sal generates increasingly male-biased adult sex ratios at low densities.

93 hances our ability to measure neonate turtle sex ratios at population levels across nesting sites wor

94 LETM-onset NMO were similar in age at onset, sex ratio, attack severity, relapse rate, and motor disa

95 wenty-four hours after treatment, gametocyte sex ratio became male-biased and was not significantly d

96 A potential complication is that zygotic sex-ratios become biased when haploid selected loci beco

97 Mali, there was no significant difference in sex ratio between the DP and DP-PQ groups (>0.125 mg/kg)

98 between microsatellite markers and levels of sex ratio bias (meiotic drive) in 12 wild T. dalmanni po

99 vivo, mutating Indian Hedgehog results in a sex ratio bias against females, and the female lethality

100 netic development induces a new mechanism of sex ratio bias in midges, wasps and beetles.

101 Our data suggest an ancient female sex ratio bias that predates the loss of adults, perhaps

102 These sex ratio biases are sufficient to impact local producti

103 n sing throughout the breeding season, local sex ratio biases could also be masking the true extent o

104 iation in abundance to explore the extent of sex ratio biases, their causes and implications.

105 s, pair living, or changes in group size and sex ratio, but is successfully prevented by female sexua

106 d be selected not only to maintain hatchling sex ratios, but also to minimize nest removal by humans.

107 ny strong effect of Wolbachia on the primary sex-ratio, but are compatible with the phenotype of cyto

108 Gametocyte density and sex ratio can predict the proportion of mosquitoes that

109 Within-species variation in sex ratios can help to identify the demographic and beha

110 iological characteristics such as incidence, sex ratio, CFR, and seasonality differ substantially acr

111 er, the selective advantage of female-biased sex ratios comes from the resulting increase in total re

112 theorized that inducing extreme reproductive sex ratios could be a method to suppress or eliminate pe

113 n the small SDR may be weak, but fluctuating sex ratios could favor elevated recombination in the PAR

114 ming world have increased because imbalanced sex ratios could potentially threaten population viabili

115 , except at very low infant mortality, where sex ratios decreased with total mortality.

116 owed better accuracy than men, but only when sex ratios departed markedly from 50%.

117 king those of natural habitats recapitulated sex ratio differences observed across the wild populatio

118 By comparing sexes, a possible sex ratio distorter was found but no sex chromosomes.

119 assayed for their resistance to the X-linked sex-ratio distorter gene Dox.

120 We conclude that sex ratio distorters, such as Wolbachia endosymbionts, c

121 X-linked sex-ratio distorters that disrupt spermatogenesis can ca

122 ation and includes forms linked to increased sex-ratio distorting parasites at polluted sites.

123 The gene network that modulates sex ratio distortion by the Y chromosome is poorly under

124 We have shown previously that sex ratio distortion can be generated synthetically in t

125 a recently discovered maternally transmitted sex ratio distortion in an insect that is associated wit

126 provide localised population suppression via sex ratio distortion or female-specific lethality is als

127 ty has been exploited to develop a synthetic sex ratio distortion system in this mosquito species.

128 Many of these consequences, particularly sex ratio distortion, have well-studied parallels in oth

129 do not induce cytoplasmic incompatibility or sex-ratio distortion, two parasitic reproductive phenoty

130 Ai pathways are also involved in suppressing sex ratio drive in Drosophila.

131 The maternal control of the sex ratio during oviposition, which is well known in oth

132 sex ratio at conception, the increase in the sex ratio during the first trimester, and total mortalit

133 itness returns from female production affect sex ratio evolution.

134 ing mortality was associated with increasing sex ratios, except at very low infant mortality, where s

135 No significant differences in sex ratio, familial recurrence, relapse rate, ethnicity

136 f five wild silverside populations exhibited sex ratios far from 50:50 and thus are predicted to be e

137 nce of sparse populations and interacts with sex ratio fluctuations to shape extinction dynamics.

138 For many countries, sex ratios follow this pattern but important exceptions

139 ikely reflect mechanisms contributing to the sex ratio for autism observed in the general population

140 ly on, leading to an increased female-biased sex ratio for the whole brood.

141 del that highlights the importance of mating sex ratios for differences between birds and mammals and

142 sis, we estimated country-specific mortality sex ratios for infants, children aged 1-4 years, and chi

143 ming temperatures on hatchling output and on sex ratios for these species that exhibit TSD.

144 We describe the trajectory of the human sex ratio from conception to birth by analyzing data fro

145 Gametocyte sex ratios from qRT-PCR were compared with those from im

146 s such as mate value, life history strategy, sex ratio, gender economic inequality, and cultural norm

147 For example, several sex-ratio genes were found to interact with brc-1 and br

148 At face value, questions about the sex ratio have always seemed to have straightforward ans

149 In addition, sex ratios have become male-biased over the last two dec

150 opulations may be more likely to have skewed sex ratios if sex differences in survival, recruitment o

151 tly younger, had lower AMA titers, and lower sex-ratio imbalance.

152 d genes in spermatids and either a distorted sex ratio in favor of females (smaller deletions) or ste

153 We observed a heavily male-biased sex ratio in gametophyte plants (ramets) and in multiloc

154 ids during meiosis II, causing female-biased sex ratio in progeny.

155 ecent and historic assessments of gametocyte sex ratio in relation to host and parasite characteristi

156 on should favour adjustment of the offspring sex ratio in relation to the expected fitness return fro

157 our slight but predictable variations in the sex ratio in relation to the quality of offspring that p

158 ernal identity is the best predictor of nest sex ratio in univariate and multivariate predictive mode

159 A recent large-scale manipulation of adult sex ratio in wild nuthatches suggests that male birds po

160 Global sex ratios in 2012 were 1.13 (90% uncertainty interval 1

161 Adult sex ratios in a local environment are linked to a wide v

162 ification of female and male gametocytes and sex ratios in asymptomatic low-density malaria infection

163 et out to systematically investigate whether sex ratios in case notifications reflect differences in

164 that temperature is a key factor influencing sex ratios in nursery habitats.

165 from sex ratio theory predicts female-biased sex ratios in populations that are highly subdivided dur

166 ale's ability to plastically adjust her nest sex ratios in response to environmental conditions is co

167 These findings suggest that male-biased sex ratios in small and declining populations can arise

168 extend our understanding of malaria parasite sex ratios in three main ways.

169 We tested expected consequences of biased sex ratios in two species of Darwin's finches in the Gal

170 l marker-assisted selection (MAS) to control sex-ratio in GIFT tilapia to suppress unwanted reproduct

171 natural variation of Y-linked suppressors of sex-ratio in the Winters systems and the ability of thes

172 te is higher in species with a female-biased sex ratio, indicating that mate change by pair members a

173 d to identify the causes and consequences of sex ratio inequalities in changing environments.

174 ective harvest if population composition and sex-ratios influence overall survival and reproductive s

175 st that listeners automatically encode vocal sex ratio information and that perceived sex ratios are

176 The sex ratio is considered to be affected by numerous biolo

177 Primary sex ratio is currently almost balanced, with 52% of hatc

178 e sex-determining region because the zygotic sex ratio is determined by the relative number and fitne

179 ally hermaphroditic (sex-changing) fish, the sex ratio is typically skewed and biased towards the 'fi

180 In turtles with TSD, quantifying primary sex ratios is challenging because they lack external dim

181 Understanding environmental influences on sex ratios is important for the study of the evolution o

182 ly influences who helps; a freely adjustable sex ratio magnifies sex biases and promotes helping; and

183 with early-stage ALS and 18 age-matched and sex ratio-matched controls underwent ultra-high field (1

184 for age, gestational duration, birth weight, sex ratio, maternal age, education, and socioeconomic st

185 The sex ratio may decrease in the first week or so after con

186 Offspring sex ratio may help explain among-individual variation in

187 This transgenerational effect on sex ratio may reflect an epigenetic influence on paterna

188 Y-linked modifiers that restore a normal sex ratio might be abundant and favored when a X-linked

189 h data availability and quality, and because sex ratios might vary naturally based on differences in

190 metocytes before affecting their density and sex ratio, mosquito feeding experiments are required to

191 The normal sex ratio observed in M. scalaris from control diets was

192 ive association between parasite density and sex ratio observed within and between some species.

193 Male-biased sex ratios occur in many bird species, particularly in t

194 P = 0.02), which was partially explained by sex (ratio of HRs = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.07).

195 sperm are viable, resulting in a male-biased sex ratio of >95% in the progeny.

196 The sex ratio of Buruli ulcer widely varied with age, with m

197 lysis of the temporal directionality and the sex ratio of diseases.

198 We find that the sex ratio of helpers (1) shows no significant correlatio

199 In eusocial species, the sex ratio of helpers varies from female only, in taxa su

200 Helper contributions are also related to the sex ratio of helpers, but neither group size nor the pro

201 ustralia, and New Zealand), I found that the sex ratio of infant mortality peaked in the 1970s or 198

202 ka; therefore, control methods that bias the sex ratio of insect offspring have long been sought.

203 igm is consistent with available data on the sex ratio of live births of women with SLE.

204 Under natural circumstances, the sex ratio of male to female mortality up to the age of 5

205 one abscisic acid (ABA), which regulates the sex ratio of male to hermaphrodite tissues during the re

206 The high female-to-male sex ratio of multiple sclerosis (MS) prevalence has cont

207 The Trivers-Willard theory proposes that the sex ratio of offspring should vary with maternal conditi

208 e senescence varies with both the number and sex ratio of offspring weaned during early life, using d

209 ed an unexpectedly strong female bias in the sex ratio of pre-breeding European Storm Petrels (Hydrob

210 reover, the development, adult body size and sex ratio of T. elegans were compared between them paras

211 (Ficus racemosa) can influence the offspring sex ratio of the pollinator wasp.

212 fully captured; all model projections of the sex ratio of women to men on ART were lower than the sur

213 uld likely produce fairly balanced hatchling sex ratios of 53% and 63% male hatchlings, respectively,

214 t nest depths and implications for hatchling sex ratios of hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata)

215 Here, we show that sex ratios of metamorphosing frogs become increasingly f

216 In many developing countries, I found that sex ratios of mortality have changed in the same directi

217 The sex ratios of observed resident and migrant shags did no

218 ights the need for a clear assessment of how sex ratios of organisms with TSD are affected.

219 rtunities of subordinates and the number and sex ratios of subsequent litters of pups.

220 nd the degree to which mothers influence the sex ratios of their offspring, we use 24 years of nestin

221 We collected two data sets: (a) brood sex ratios of wild-caught males mated to standard labora

222 dentified 15 countries with outlying under-5 sex ratios, of which ten countries had female mortality

223 deletion develop normally but with a skewed sex ratio, one male per litter, revealing its sex-biased

224 y be an important factor in influencing host sex ratios or fitness in a diversity of pollinators.

225 Self-replicating gene drives that modify sex ratios or infer a fitness cost could be used to cont

226 sex ratios are representative of operational sex ratios or of different flight activities.

227 tween a positive ELISA Lam332 score and age; sex ratio; oral, ocular, genital, skin, or esophageal/la

228 g strain of Spiroplasma (strain Melanogaster Sex Ratio Organism (MSRO)) co-occurs with Wolbachia (str

229 USA, and document a large change in observed sex ratio (OSR) along this gradient.

230 Adults showed a highly female biased sex ratio, out-breeding behaviour, and sex-role reversal

231 d survival, impaired immune function, skewed sex ratios, ovarian atresia, reduced egg production, and

232 stochasticity could also affect leading-edge sex ratios, perhaps overwhelming sex-biased dispersal.

233 -4972 m) revealed spatial variability in the sex ratios, population structure, size, and development

234 Sex ratio (proportion of males (males/males+females)) at

235 belligerent countries in World Wars 1 and 2, sex ratios (proportions male at birth) rose during and j

236 tial, selfish B chromosome known as Paternal Sex Ratio (PSR) induces complete elimination of the sper

237 Fishers equal-investment conclusion for the sex ratio remains valid because the total reproductive v

238 nerate 1:1 male:female or male:hermaphrodite sex ratios, respectively, regardless of the ploidy level

239 We showed that sex ratio response to elevated temperature is family-spe

240 ging from 80.8% to 89.7% female (mean annual sex ratio +/- SD = 85.5% female +/-4.1%).

241 light the interaction between mating system, sex-ratio selection and intragenomic conflict.

242 r male heterogamety, owing to countervailing sex-ratio selection.

243 metries in life history or behaviour (skewed sex ratio, sex-biased dispersal, and sex-specific mating

244 Selection led to a male-biased sex ratio, shortened oviposition period, and decreased l

245 Our data indicate for PBC a sex ratio significantly lower than previously cited, a r

246 sites declines significantly with increasing sex ratio skew.

247 sex differences in survival increasing with sex ratio skew.

248 difference in sperm function associated with sex ratio skewing.

249 fertilizing ability and consequently lead to sex ratio skewing.

250 Male sex ratio skews also occurred for the lower clotrimazole

251 Conversely, sex ratio (SR) and sex-specific density explained 52.8%

252 proportion of male children in a family, or sex ratio (SR), has a significantly smaller among-family

253 1D2, plays a key role in the classical Paris sex-ratio (SR) meiotic drive occurring in Drosophila sim

254 er age also significantly affected perceived sex ratios, suggesting that perceived operational sex ra

255 mission bottlenecks favor less female-biased sex ratios than those predicted under LMC.

256 enorhabditis populations impose selection on sex ratio that makes loss of mss adaptive after self-fer

257 f human pair bonds to the male-biased mating sex ratios that accompanied the evolution of human life

258 h populations can be threatened by distorted sex ratios that arise during sex differentiation.

259 o experiments men and women showed perceived sex ratios that correlated with actual sex ratios after

260 did not differ in their age at presentation, sex ratio, the presence of oligoclonal bands, clinical s

261 e, the hatching time, the hatching rate, the sex ratio, the presence of own germ cells, the fertility

262 the vast majority of countries with outlying sex ratios, the ratios of estimated to expected female m

263 The local mate competition model from sex ratio theory predicts female-biased sex ratios in po

264 n environmental fluctuations lead to altered sex ratios through differential mortality.

265 ated both endosymbionts and restored an even sex ratio to subsequent generations.

266 Environmental perturbations cause sex ratios to become strongly male-biased, and when this

267 he grandmother hypothesis, compare simulated sex ratios to data on great apes and human hunter-gather

268 ts such as sex-chromosome drives can distort sex ratios to produce unisex populations that eventually

269 mental stages exhibited significantly skewed sex ratios toward males.

270 One strategy is to bias the reproductive sex ratio towards males so that a population decreases i

271 estimate the sex ratio at conception and the sex ratio trajectory and is the first, to our knowledge,

272 By modeling expected sex ratios under different conditions, we also show that

273 lations already show female-biased offspring sex ratios, understanding maternal behavioral responses

274 produce unisex offspring and other distorted sex ratios, understanding the sex-determination systems

275 ees C) and consistently produced male-biased sex ratios (up to 94% male).

276 ibility of stable transgenic manipulation of sex ratios using an endogenous gene from the male-determ

277 differences in survival could influence this sex ratio variation, but we find little evidence for sex

278 alone cannot account for extreme population sex-ratio variation within a gynodioecious species.

279 Here, we test whether offspring sex ratios vary according to predictions of the TWM in t

280 ulations is relaxed in our model, population sex ratios vary from highly female-biased to slightly ma

281 rbler, Phylloscopus trochilus), we show that sex ratios vary greatly across Britain and that male-bia

282 The result of frog sex ratios varying as a function of human land use impli

283 The male-female sex ratio was 1.17.

284 Female-to-male sex ratio was 1.6:1.

285 Gametocyte sex ratio was examined in relation to time since treatme

286 kg) 48 hours after treatment, and gametocyte sex ratio was not associated with mosquito infection rat

287 Despite causing biased zygotic sex-ratios, we find that a period of sex-specific haploi

288 g such as hatching rate, adult emergence and sex ratio were comparable to those of the wild type stra

289 Two age groups with an equal sex ratio were examined: those aged <30 years (younger)

290 ence is offered to suggest why such rises in sex ratio were not reported in other conflicts.

291 Sex ratios were lowest in southern Asia for 1990 and 201

292 Parents rearing broods with 1:1 sex ratios were more productive than parents rearing bro

293 Highest sex ratios were seen in developed regions and the Caucas

294 F1 sex ratios were significantly influenced by elevated tem

295 undity and population size on the gametocyte sex ratio when strains maximize their individual fitness

296 sclerosis similarly exhibit a female-biased sex ratio, whereas families of probands affected with no

297 ased dispersal created spatial clines in the sex ratio, which influenced offspring production at the

298 ip between mortality rates in the vector and sex ratios, which appears to be supported by the little

299 This implies that small changes in the sex ratio will reduce reproductive success.

300 ensitive (high sex ratio) and resistant (low sex ratio) Y chromosomes from the same population.