ライフサイエンスコーパス: silencer

1 novel functional components of the splicing silencer.

2 ypersensitivity (DHS) site located 3' to the silencer.

3 lement 1), can act as both an enhancer and a silencer.

4 s self-perpetuating independently of the Cd4 silencer.

5 pears to overcome inhibition mediated by the silencer.

6 in mice harboring point mutations in the Cd4 silencer.

7 s may similarly disrupt function of the ESS1 silencer.

8 e of Sir proteins and, in part, on the HMR-I silencer.

9 development and in DN cells lacking the CD4 silencer.

10 (MycG4) that functions as a transcriptional silencer.

11 s a G4 (MycG4) which acts as a transcription silencer.

12 ne c-MYC promoter region functions as a gene silencer.

13 ency responders and Class II sRNAs acting as silencers.

14 pressive features that may act as long-range silencers.

15 d photocurrents three times those of earlier silencers.

16 spread from these sites independently of the silencers.

17 the internal regions of HMR as well as with silencers.

18 ns were recombinationally separated from the silencers.

19 nteracted with Sir1 and recruits Sir1 to the silencers.

20 nhancers or create predicted exonic splicing silencers.

21 for ARS318 (HMR-I), which is one of the HMR silencers.

22 ents (REs) such as enhancers, repressors and silencers.

23 ilencers exhibit characteristics expected of silencers.

24 as carriers for chemotherapy agents and gene silencers.

25 bound by more transcription factors than non-silencers.

26 gypsy LTR retrotransposon in P3 which act as silencers.

27 riants (n = 16,384) of the HIV exon splicing silencer 3 (ESS3) 7-nt apical loop.

28 e-dimensional structure of the exon splicing silencer 3 (ESS3) from HIV-1 has been determined using N

29 mbinatorial inputs from one enhancer and two silencers acting at long range.

30 iption factor-binding site and abrogates the silencer activity in luciferase assays, an effect mimick

31 en hundreds of sequences for tissue-specific silencer activity in whole Drosophila embryos.

32 l leads to CD4 commitment, whereas continued silencer activity leads to CD8 commitment.

33 croRNA, including miR1, which exerted robust silencer activity over the induction of GATA-6 leading t

34 rotein CTCF to the target promoters, and the silencer activity requires the binding of the REST/NRSF

35 ind that 41.5% of ~7500 tested elements show silencer activity using massively parallel reporter assa

36 s APOE CGI exhibits transcriptional enhancer/silencer activity.

37 ed silencing and interacted with core miRISC silencers Ago2 and Rck/p54 in an RNA-dependent manner an

38 We also discovered that, although the HMR-E silencer alone was sufficient to block transcription of

39 -kb silencer and the DHS, but not the 0.4-kb silencer alone, failed to maintain CD4 expression upon p

40 Silencers also act at multiple genes, and at the level o

41 r, we found that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae silencers also influence the extent of silenced chromati

42 om a 1.8-Mb region of human chromosome 7 for silencer and EB activities.

43 We previously identified a recombination silencer and heterochromatin targeting element in the Vk

44 Runx1 binds the silencer and represses CD4 transcription in immature thy

45 kb sequence in intron 1 including the 0.4-kb silencer and the DHS, but not the 0.4-kb silencer alone,

46 e sites, the Sir proteins are recruited to a silencer and then associate with adjacent chromatin.

47 effects were also seen: Effective enhancers, silencers and 3' splice sites tend to be single stranded

48 osophila melanogaster, temperature-sensitive silencers and activators are widely used to control the

49 veloped an experimental strategy to identify silencers and EBs using transient transfection assays.

50 of sequences acted in a dual manner, as both silencers and EBs.

51 Silencers and enhancer-blockers (EBs) are cis-acting, ne

52 ed cis-regulatory elements likely containing silencers and find that 41.5% of ~7500 tested elements s

53 -regulatory elements - promoters, enhancers, silencers and insulators, subsequently changing their ta

54 including enhancers, promoters, insulators, silencers and locus control regions.

55 matically increased the number of identified silencers and reveals that they are bifunctional regulat

56 The proteins nucleate at silencers and spread distally, utilizing the Sir2 NAD(+)

57 study characterizes the molecular profile of silencers and their associated chromatin architectures,

58 al activation has advanced considerably, but silencers and their roles in normal development remain p

59 ons had a higher ratio of splicing enhancers/silencers and were more conserved across mammals than th

60 ments (CREs, i.e., enhancers, promoters, and silencers) and the trans factors (e.g., transcription fa

61 egulatory sequence, such as an enhancer or a silencer, and a promoter.

62 Runx3 bind to the Ifng promoter and the Il4 silencer, and deletion of the silencer decreases the sen

63 suggest that the 5'ss D2, the proximal GGGG silencer, and the ESE act competitively to determine the

64 Genomic signals such as enhancers, silencers, and repetitive DNA, while required for the es

65 ng strong but spatially delimited binding to silencers, and weaker and more variable Ume6-dependent b

66 vely target CRF neurons with the optogenetic silencer archaerhodopsin tp009 (CRF-ArchT) to examine th

67 d that the majority of genes linked to these silencers are expressed at a decreased level.

68 r-capture HiC data, we find that over 50% of silencers are interacting with gene promoters having ver

69 Compared to enhancers, silencers are notably difficult to identify and validate

70 nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in predicted silencers are significantly associated with disease phen

71 We found that silencers are widely distributed and may function in a t

72 he common practice of treating enhancers and silencers as separate classes of regulatory elements and

73 scopy to analyze the dynamic effects of four silencers associated with diverse modifications: DNA met

74 se a model in which LuxR serves as a counter-silencer at H-NS-repressed quorum sensing loci by disrup

75 itial hnRNP A1 binding to an exonic splicing silencer at the 3' end of human immunodeficiency virus t

76 oteins were recruited to HMR-E and telomeric silencers at equivalent rates.

77 In S. cerevisiae, Sir1 is recruited to the silencers at HML and HMR via its ORC interacting region

78 er mapping in T. delbrueckii revealed single silencers at HML and HMR, bound by Td-Kos3, Td-Sir2, and

79 lent information regulator (Sir) proteins to silencers at the silent mating-type loci and to telomere

80 Using silencer blocking, transgene protection and repressor bl

81 iation, but is not essential for enhancer or silencer blocking.

82 y might contribute to Sir1's selectivity for silencer-bound ORCs in vivo.

83 in detail the interaction between enhancers, silencers, boundary elements and promoters at individual

84 eage choice, whereby inactivation of the DRE silencer by a strong TCR signal leads to CD4 commitment,

85 e exonic enhancers and CUG-BP1 to the exonic silencer by RNA affinity chromatography.

86 cers, however, genome-wide identification of silencers by computational or experimental approaches ar

87 In contrast, a long-range silencer cassette downstream from Hand2 likely mediates

88 Deletion of a silencer caused derepression of its target gene.

89 more closed state with the tTS transcription silencer caused missegregation and loss of the HAC.

90 t binding of Mi-2beta with Ikaros to the Cd4 silencer caused silencer inactivation, thereby allowing

91 regulators, including potential activators, silencers, chromatin remodelers, and ancillary factors.

92 Finally, our results show that silencers commonly interact with enhancers to affect the

93 f exonic and intronic splicing enhancers and silencers, complete intron retention, hypomorphic allele

94 ion and affinity purification to isolate the silencer complex assembled in vitro and identify the con

95 es the formation of a NFkappaB p50-C/EBPbeta silencer complex in the regulatory sequence.

96 the optimal target was mapped to a splicing silencer containing two pseudoacceptor sites sandwiched

97 o promote silencing and found that the HMR-E silencer contributed to an increased steady-state associ

98 gative thymocytes, Ikaros binding to the Cd4 silencer contributed to its repressive activity.

99 g through multiple nonconsensus sites in the silencer core.

100 ember of the Polycomb Group (PcG), is a gene silencer critical for proper development.

101 er and the Il4 silencer, and deletion of the silencer decreases the sensitivity of Il4 to repression

102 encers, it is possible that the promotion of silencer degradation by viral transactivators may be a c

103 Excessive intronic length and silencer density tend to delay splicing.

104 We propose a silencer-dependent model of lineage choice, whereby inac

105 gradient via a conserved Schnurri/Mad/Medea silencer element (SSE) unlike NEEs at brk, sog, rho, and

106 tic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC)-specific silencer element (the Gata1 methylation-determining regi

107 RSF DNA-binding sequence (neuron restrictive silencer element [NRSE]), in vitro and in vivo, reduced

108 (ASO) that blocks an SMN2 intronic splicing silencer element and efficiently promotes exon 7 inclusi

109 maining independent causal variant disrupt a silencer element and putatively increase ESR1 and RMND1

110 form a G-quadruplex structure that acts as a silencer element for c-MYC transcriptional control.

111 lation of Cx36 requires a neuron-restrictive silencer element in the Cx36 gene promoter, and the down

112 l analyses show that SNP rs2494737 maps to a silencer element located within AKT1, a member of the PI

113 Loss of expression requires a silencer element previously shown to be controlled by BM

114 Our examples include a particular Dpp Silencer Element upstream of insect brinker genes, in co

115 tone 3'-UTR motif and the neuron-restrictive silencer element, as well as striking examples of novel

116 s by a separate RNA and that the replication silencer element, located within RIV, defines the templa

117 element and a separate, pro-T-cell-specific silencer element.

118 ure analyses to demonstrate that the two HMR silencer elements are in close proximity and functionall

119 Strong silencer elements contained a novel CT-rich motif, often

120 Systematic analysis of cis-regulatory silencer elements reveals their chromatin features and g

121 n, by enabling distal regulatory enhancer or silencer elements to directly interact with proximal pro

122 cruits chromatin-modifying complexes to RE1 'silencer elements', which are associated with hundreds o

123 -wide identification and characterization of silencer elements.

124 d 37 SRE sets that include both enhancer and silencer elements.

125 es genes subject to control by Mad-dependent silencer elements.

126 exonic splicing enhancer and exonic splicing silencer elements.

127 licing events by the recognition of splicing silencer elements.

128 on involves long-range communication between silencers, enhancers, and promoters.

129 es due to the function of an exonic splicing silencer (ESS) complex present on the 5' exon RNA.

130 An exonic splicing silencer (ESS) in the HPV18 nt 612 to 639 region was ide

131 ic analysis revealed that an exonic splicing silencer (ESS) regulated caspase-9 pre-mRNA processing i

132 verts an exonic-splicing enhancer (ESE) to a silencer (ESS), causing frequent exon7 skipping in SMN2

133 splicing enhancers (ESE) and exonic splicing silencers (ESS) in human inherited disease is still poor

134 silencer (ISS), a bipartite exonic splicing silencer (ESS3a/b), and an exonic splicing enhancer (ESE

135 c splicing enhancers (ESEs), exonic splicing silencers (ESSs), intronic splicing enhancers (ISEs), an

136 uld be designated as enhancers (ESEseqs) and silencers (ESSseqs), with an ESRseq score indicating the

137 The predicted candidate silencers exhibit characteristics expected of silencers.

138 Unexpectedly, as a gene silencer, Ezh2 was required to promote the expression of

139 eanalyze Johnson et al.'s neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) ChIP-Seq data without relying on

140 ranscriptional regulator, neuron restrictive silencer factor (NRSF), and its downstream target genes.

141 transcriptional repressor neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF), which negatively regulates Crh g

142 with the function of the neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF/REST), an important transcription

143 We identified the neural-restrictive silencer factor (REST) as a target for modulation of CD5

144 at control degradation of neural-restrictive silencer factor (REST).

145 cing Transcription Factor/Neuron-Restrictive Silencer Factor (REST/NRSF) is a gene-silencing factor t

146 cing transcription factor/neuron-restrictive silencer factor (REST/NRSF) silences neuronal genes in n

147 1-silencing transcription/neuron-restrictive silencer factor (REST/NRSF)--thought to regulate hundred

148 cing transcription factor/neuron-restrictive silencer factor (REST/NRSF).

149 anscription factor (REST)/neuron-restrictive silencer factor is important in a broad range of disease

150 can interact with a known neural restrictive silencer factor REST/NRSF.

151 anscription factor]/NRSF (neuron-restrictive silencer factor) actively represses a large array of cod

152 TC-binding factor), NRSF (neuron-restrictive silencer factor) and STAT1 (signal transducer and activa

153 factor (REST; also called neuron restrictive silencer factor) binds to a core group of approximately

154 cing transcription factor/neuron-restrictive silencer factor) protein, a neuronal gene transcription

155 nscription (also known as neuron-restrictive silencer factor) to position 509 of the KCC2 promoter th

156 ctor (REST; also known as neuron-restrictive silencer factor, NRSF) is a universal feature of normal

157 ctor (REST; also known as neuron restrictive silencer factor, NRSF).

158 ctor (REST; also known as neuron restrictive silencer factor, NRSF).

159 We found that the neuron-restrictive silencer factor, which serves as a master repressor of n

160 In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, silencers flank transcriptionally repressed genes to med

161 P rs12038474 is located in a transcriptional silencer for CDC42 and the risk allele increases express

162 re-selection stage is independent of a known silencer for Thpok, and requires the last zinc-finger mo

163 In contrast, H-NS, a global transcriptional silencer, formed two compact clusters per chromosome, dr

164 A subset of these silencers forms long-range contacts with promoters.

165 ndicating that SAS2 plays a positive role in silencer function.

166 DNA sequence elements, such as enhancers and silencers, function to control the spatial and temporal

167 statistically significant enhancers and five silencers functional in either liver or astrocyte cells,

168 levance of exonic splicing enhancer loss and silencer gain in inherited disease.

169 As a Gli-dependent silencer, GRE1 prevents ectopic transcription of Grem1 d

170 These silencers harbor unique epigenetic signatures and are as

171 lation of gene expression by transcriptional silencers has been difficult to study due to limited def

172 een studied extensively, few transcriptional silencers have been identified, and they remain poorly u

173 rs, but regions that repress gene expression-silencers-have not been systematically studied.

174 t al. (2014) determine that the chemogenetic silencer hM4Di-DREADD suppresses presynaptic glutamate r

175 transcription of the HMR locus, a secondary silencer, HMR-I, boosted the level of Sir proteins at HM

176 We compared the abilities of two different silencers, HMR-E and a telomeric repeat, to promote sile

177 The Cd4 silencer impeded this disruption but was not essential f

178 ing enhancers and to disrupt exonic splicing silencers, implying positive selection for these splicin

179 ibition involved binding of pStat3 to a gene silencer in a second conserved enhancer region (enhancer

180 function as an enhancer in one tissue but a silencer in another tissue from the same intronic region

181 tively regulated through activity of the Cd4 silencer in CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative (DN) thymocytes

182 sal, which revealed a continuous role of the silencer in mature CD8 cells while exposing a remarkable

183 nt functions as an enhancer in neurons and a silencer in nonneuronal cells.

184 rmore, TRIC-induced expression of a neuronal silencer in nutrient-activated cells enhanced stress res

185 ssion by interacting with a newly identified silencer in the c-kit gene.

186 otein-coupled receptor hM4D is a presynaptic silencer in the presence of its cognate ligand clozapine

187 biased experimental search for enhancers and silencers in a 153-kb region containing the human apolip

188 Deletion of certain PRC2-bound silencers in mice results in transcriptional derepressio

189 fier based on MPRA data to predict candidate silencers in over 100 human and mouse cell or tissue typ

190 While some PRC2-bound elements function as silencers in pluripotent cells, they can transition into

191 noncanonical nucleic acid structures, act as silencers in the promoter regions of human genes; putati

192 ent of transcriptionally silent chromatin by silencers in yeast.

193 in 1 (SIRT1), a histone deacetylase and gene silencer, in the eutopic endometrium from women with end

194 2beta with Ikaros to the Cd4 silencer caused silencer inactivation, thereby allowing for CD4 expressi

195 The silencer information regulator (Sir) family of proteins

196 of all CREs, including promoters, enhancers, silencers, insulators and transcription factor binding s

197 ry elements, including promoters, enhancers, silencers, insulators, and locus control regions.

198 erent regulatory motifs including enhancers, silencers, insulators, barriers, and boundaries act simi

199 ncreased transcriptional repression, and the silencer is also shown to be an in vitro and in vivo tar

200 e, ARS318 becomes active if the nearby HMR-E silencer is deleted.

201 encing in CD8 cells, thus suggesting the Cd4 silencer is not the (only) determinant of heterochromati

202 oncogenic role of EZH2 as a transcriptional silencer is well established; however, additional functi

203 They ensure that the action of enhancers and silencers is restricted to the domain in which these reg

204 partite motif of the human intronic splicing silencer ISS-N1, which controls survival of motor neuron

205 Antisense treatment to SMN2 intron7-splicing silencer (ISS) improves SMN expression and motor functio

206 that ASOs directed against an intron splice silencer (ISS) in the survival motor neuron 2 (SMN2) gen

207 gh a complex network of an intronic splicing silencer (ISS), a bipartite exonic splicing silencer (ES

208 cing enhancers (ISEs), and intronic splicing silencers (ISSs), which are typically located near the s

209 exon 7 and identified two intronic splicing silencers (ISSs): one in intron 6 and a recently describ

210 1 also stimulate the degradation of cellular silencers, it is possible that the promotion of silencer

211 Moreover, ORC could be recruited to the silencers lacking an ACS through its Sir1 interaction.

212 lso binds to an additional intronic splicing silencer, located at the 3' end of intron 10, to promote

213 Silencer mapping in T. delbrueckii revealed single silen

214 ons in a genome-wide fashion on the basis of silencer-mediated transcriptional repression of caspase

215 50 nucleotides downstream of 3'ss A1; a GGGG silencer motif proximal to 5'ss D2; and an SRp75-depende

216 ucleotide that targets the intronic splicing silencer N1 (ISS-N1), located downstream of the 5' splic

217 bitory region that we term intronic splicing silencer N2 (ISS-N2).

218 neither the initiation of DNA replication at silencers nor the passage of a replication fork through

219 epO, which is the first identified enzymatic silencer of an RRNPP-type quorum-sensing pathway.

220 H-NS appears to act primarily as a silencer of AT-rich genetic material acquired by horizon

221 sion of negative JAK/STAT regulators such as silencer of cell signaling 1 (SOCS1) or protein-tyrosine

222 They further establish Silencer of Death Domains as a novel target for miR-26a,

223 the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of SODD (silencer of death domains).

224 BCL11A is a potent silencer of fetal hemoglobin in both mouse and humans.

225 cteria, which functions as a transcriptional silencer of foreign DNA by binding to AT-rich elements,

226 gest that it acts as both an activator and a silencer of gene expression in vivo.

227 An adult stage-specific silencer of the (A)gamma-globin gene was identified betw

228 tners with a cellular kinase to deactivate a silencer of the lytic switch protein, thereby providing

229 histone deacetylase 2 (PfHda2), is a global silencer of virulence gene expression and controls the f

230 tin remodeler Arid1a, and for Apc, the major silencer of Wnt pathway, chromatin was more accessible a

231 hnRNP H and hnRNP F proteins as being novel silencers of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 exon II

232 S. cerevisiae Sir1, enriched at the silencers of HMLalpha and HMR A: , was absent from telom

233 22-nucleotide noncoding RNAs that constitute silencers of target gene expression.

234 We identify silencers of the Polycomb group (PcG) as principal contr

235 dentified 456 putative splicing enhancers or silencers, of which 221 were predicted to be tissue-spec

236 development via transient action of the Cd4 silencer; once established, the heterochromatin becomes

237 en reported to function as a transcriptional silencer or activator and to execute these activities th

238 ders or in exonic or intronic RNA regulatory silencer or enhancer elements, as well as in genes that

239 er exonic alterations of splice enhancers or silencers or deeply intronic events.

240 plicing factors with regulatory sites termed silencers or enhancers, RNA-RNA base-pairing interaction

241 ons where they may alter splice enhancers or silencers or introduce new splice acceptors or donors.

242 nance of epigenetic information in which DNA silencers or nascent RNA scaffolds act as sensors that w

243 Schnurri are required to mediate the ectopic silencer output in the absence of Smad2.

244 an inducible proximal promoter, an upstream silencer (PAUSE-1), and a distal transactivator region b

245 nd predicted approximately 10,000 additional silencers per cell line and demonstrated that the majori

246 e and potential intersection with epigenetic silencer polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), suggested

247 Silencers recruit the Sir proteins, which then spread al

248 ed to the telomeric repeat, even though both silencers recruited similar levels of Sir proteins.

249 ochondrial division inhibitor 1 or Drp1 gene silencer reduced mitochondrial fragmentation and increas

250 as2Delta reduces the silencing activities of silencers regardless of their locations and contexts, in

251 We have developed a system that identifies silencer regions in a genome-wide fashion on the basis o

252 Deletion of silencer regions linked to the drug transporter genes AB

253 eam of the Vkappa genes was increased in the silencer regions upstream of Jkappa1, within the Igkappa

254 A series of splice enhancers and silencers regulate incorporation of SMN2 exon 7; these s

255 exemplifies this process, with enhancer- and silencer-regulated establishment of epigenetic memory fo

256 Two of them, named silencer regulatory sequence 1 (SRS1) and SRS2, are loca

257 TRF2 interacts with the master neuronal gene-silencer repressor element 1-silencing transcription fac

258 also found that the neuronal transcriptional silencer REST is necessary for FBMN migration, and we pr

259 DNA methylation of the silencer results in increased transcriptional repression

260 ays showed that hrp48 protein binding to the silencer RNA can recruit hrp36 and hrp38.

261 eins bind with low affinity to the P-element silencer RNA.

262 These data imply that xDnmt1 has a major silencer role in early Xenopus development before the MB

263 at silencing proteins are first recruited to silencer sequences and then spread from these sites inde

264 recruit limiting Sir3 protein to cis-acting silencer sequences.

265 These regions are predicted to be silencers since they are physically linked, using Hi-C l

266 in silencing: recruitment of Sir proteins to silencers, Sir protein spreading, and transcriptional re

267 treatment of eyes with KA along with a Sarm1 silencer siRNA attenuated KA-mediated degeneration of RG

268 Modulating PP2A expression or activity, with silencer siRNA or a chemical inhibitor or activator, dur

269 y treating the eyes with KA along with Sarm1 silencer siRNA.

270 ruited by transcription factors bound to the silencers, spread throughout the silenced region.

271 ndings demonstrate the efficacy of Tregs as "silencers," suppressing infection-induced exacerbation o

272 It all comes down to an eighty base pair silencer switch.

273 of splicing enhancers and lower densities of silencers than their GT 5'ss equivalents.

274 otif was identified to be an exonic splicing silencer that controls red light-responsive IR.

275 In CD4 cells, Runx1 dissociates from the silencer that has become less accessible, and CD4 transc

276 ycG4) has been shown to be a transcriptional silencer that is amenable to small-molecule targeting fo

277 ors, but p300 recruitment is impaired by the silencer that is associated with the repressor Runx1.

278 ) are involved in the function of a splicing silencer that is created de novo by a total of 83 differ

279 e activation, but Runx1 remains bound to the silencer that retains an open chromatin configuration.

280 ion rely on the function of miRNA, molecular silencers that enact post-transcriptional gene silencing

281 tical strategy is the disruption of splicing silencers that impair exon 7 recognition.

282 e exonic and intronic splicing enhancers and silencers that regulate exon 13 inclusion via trans-acti

283 Almost all of the transcriptional silencers that we identified were also active enhancers

284 on of Sir-based silencing, focusing on Sir1, silencers, the molecular topography of silenced chromati

285 f transcriptional gene silencing, to uncover silencers, their molecular identity and associated chrom

286 ernative splicing through an exonic splicing silencer to control splicing machinery activity in respo

287 nner, and could surprisingly replace the Cd4 silencer to induce irreversible Cd4 silencing in CD8 cel

288 The ability of silencers to promote assembly of silenced chromatin over

289 enerate Nb Alb-70-96 named "TNF Receptor-One Silencer" (TROS).

290 nsitive Cd4 allele harboring a removable Cd4 silencer, we found that a tet-controlled repressor recap

291 In search for human silencers, we utilized H3K27me3-DNase I hypersensitive s

292 on-coding RNA XIST functions as a cis-acting silencer when expressed from nine different locations th

293 Each of the four silencers, which flank the silenced loci, includes an or

294 und that H-NS functions as a transcriptional silencer while Ler functions as an antisilencer of LPF e

295 modified duplexes can be highly potent gene silencers, with EC50s in the picomolar concentration ran

296 centrated at and immediately adjacent to the silencers, with lower levels of enrichment over the prom

297 BZLF1 promoter, Zp, are potent transcription silencers within the context of an intact EBV genome.

298 erent combinations of splicing enhancers and silencers without assuming a predefined size or limiting

299 show that the tiRNA-associated translational silencer YB-1 contributes to angiogenin-, tiRNA-, and ox

300 ructures and interact with the translational silencer YB-1.