ライフサイエンスコーパス: singleton

1 the plurality observed only once (that is, 'singletons').

2 amilies with only a single affected proband (singleton).

3 boswitches are comprised of single aptamers (singleton).

4 entifically described and many are rare (29% singletons).

5 hibitors (comprising nine clusters and seven singletons).

6 others who delivered full-term (>= 37 weeks) singletons.

7 sub-Saharan Africa is lagging behind that of singletons.

8 R STs (n = 109) were identified as unrelated singletons.

9 years, three times the mortality rate among singletons.

10 hemically classified into 57 clusters and 33 singletons.

11 lies, 97 were multiply affected, and 96 were singletons.

12 00 variants at the targeted exons; >57% were singletons.

13 paralogs with identical exon structures and singletons.

14 om the reaction times to find other types of singletons.

15 ated differentially methylated regions among singletons.

16 t among nulliparous women who delivered term singletons.

17 h included 127 siblings, 19 cousins, and 142 singletons; 150 (52%) had a diagnosis of ADHD (determine

18 We included all 924 422 liveborn Danish singletons, 1997 to 2011.

19 ort, we included all 924 422 liveborn Danish singletons, 1997 to 2011.

20 rs) of 151 healthy FT infants (50% male; 149 singletons, 2 multiples; mean [SD] birth weight, 3503 [4

21 6.4] years) of 149 VPT infants (49% male; 84 singletons, 65 multiples; mean [SD] birth weight, 1021 [

22 dentification [Hernandez, D.G., Reed, X. and Singleton, A.B.

23 etic variants in hearing loss in a cohort of singleton affected individuals born to consanguineous pa

24 We selected 121 live-born singletons after KT (Italian study group of kidney in pr

25 We used information on 1 685 110 singleton and 56 597 twin livebirths to compute trends i

26 sarean section among women delivering a term singleton and considered eligible to have a planned VBAC

27 s, different DNA methylation motifs and both singleton and mixed DNA CpG.

28 associated with subsequent birth weights of singleton and of twin lamb litters.

29 nd HR measurements were serially obtained in singleton and twin pregnancies from 6 through 10 weeks'

30 udy period was 3.6 per 10,000 live births in singletons and 5.1 per 10,000 live births in multiples.

31 semination (aOR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.57-1.77 for singletons and aOR, 1.30; 95% CI, 0.76-2.21 for twins) o

32 ns) or ART (aOR, 1.38; 95% CI, 0.78-2.43 for singletons and aOR, 1.58; 95% CI, 0.94-2.65 for twins).

33 clustering at 97% similarity, and removal of singletons and chimeras, a total of 2741 (V4) and 2606 (

34 hylation over larger regions overlap between singletons and twins and correspond to NAPRT1 and ZNF417

35 iling any developmental domain but only when singletons and twins were evaluated together (aOR, 1.81;

36 ths to compute trends in mortality rates for singletons and twins.

37 d for different functions (compared with non-singletons) and arose from sub-population-specific micro

38 Furthermore, our analysis also reveals that singleton aptamers are more similar to either the first

39 Similar differences were observed for singleton ART births vs their non-ART counterparts (63.6

40 In studies of singletons, associations have been reported between feat

41 higher rates of a vaginal birth of a healthy singleton at term within 24 months after randomization.

42 y outcome was the vaginal birth of a healthy singleton at term within 24 months after randomization.

43 sity but most haplotypes were represented by singletons; B. correcta has ~7 dominant haplotypes more

44 This population-based cohort study included singleton babies born in Wales between January 1, 2009,

45 Primiparas who delivered a singleton between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2014

46 to breastfeed for at least 6 months; were a singleton birth and had a birthweight of 2 kg or more; h

47 We included all mothers who had a live singleton birth and who did not have pre-existing hypert

48 ments at 7 y and/or 13 y who had their first singleton birth between ages 18 and 45 y.

49 round the cervix reduces the risk of preterm singleton birth.

50 ed mothers aged 14-24 years (n = 1,033) with singleton birth.

51 healthy appropriately growing fetuses (e.g., singleton, birth weight appropriate for their gestationa

52 Birth records for singleton births >/= 27 weeks of gestation with complete

53 We linked 223,375 singleton births >/=23 weeks of gestation (2002-2008) fr

54 Transmission was higher in twin than in singleton births (27.3% vs 6.4%; P = .04).

55 hing was associated with birth defects among singleton births (aRR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.10-2.19).

56 more likely to be congenitally infected than singleton births (OR: 3.32, 95% CI: 1.60-6.90).

57 -sectional study, existing data on 4,729,307 singleton births at >=37 weeks in 2013 from Finland, Swe

58 tion-based cohort study was conducted on all singleton births at 22 or more completed gestational wee

59 There were 35906 singleton births at a mean gestational age of 38.7 weeks

60 Medical Birth Registry), which included term singleton births between 2006 and 2015 from women with a

61 Among singleton births delivered at 37-41 weeks (n = 70,607),

62 Of 1536482 children born in Florida from singleton births from 1994 to 2002 with complete demogra

63 lation-based case-control study of 1,510,064 singleton births from the Taiwanese birth registry durin

64 A total of 3,389,450 term singleton births in 2002 (37-44 weeks gestational age an

65 We used all live singleton births in California spanning 2005 to 2010 and

66 A population-based cohort of 74,043 term singleton births in Scotland between 2002 and 2015 to wo

67 account, we conducted a cohort study of all singleton births in Sweden 2001-2013.

68 registers, we conducted a study of 3,947,215 singleton births in Sweden from 1973 through 2012.

69 ort study included all 2421284 children from singleton births in Sweden from January 1, 1973, to Dece

70 Included were infants from singleton births of pregnant women enrolled in the New H

71 Singleton births were normal with the exceptions of an i

72 011), we included all primiparous women with singleton births who also had a sister with a first birt

73 A total of 278,508 live-born singleton births with >=24 gestational completed weeks w

74 We analyzed 258,294 singleton births with 22-42 completed weeks gestation to

75 records from 1998 to 2013 and found 1442590 singleton births with 37 to 41 weeks' gestation in the F

76 thout an address history, those who were not singleton births, and those who died or emigrated before

77 nrolled in the study, there were 224 preterm singleton births, of which 201 (90%) were enrolled in th

78 Among 2,069,695 singleton births, there were 13,027 (0.6%) perinatal dea

79 All adult women with live singleton births, without preexisting hypertension or di

80 cluded in the analytic sample (55% male; 76% singleton births; mean birth weight, 1985 g [SD, 958 g];

81 The study included 3,526,174 singletons born 1995 to 2015, including 50,816 (1.44%) i

82 natal growth standards, we selected all live singletons born between 26 and before 37 weeks' gestatio

83 This cross-sectional study includes 271 singletons born in Baltimore, Maryland, 2004-2005.

84 d cohort study to include all 1,994,618 live singletons born in Denmark in 1981-2015.

85 lation-based birth cohort, consisting of all singletons born in Sweden in 1973-2003, was followed unt

86 a population-based cohort of 388,422 Danish singleton boys born alive (1997-2008), we studied the as

87 individuals from 6 different families and 13 singleton cases, 28 affected males in total.

88 litus (GDM).The analysis included 918 mother-singleton child dyads from the Danish National Birth Coh

89 Of 38,522 singleton children (50% female; mean birth weight, 3.4 k

90 A cohort of 1112 term, singleton children (born in 1992) from the Avon Longitud

91 We included 38,522 singleton children and 92 twins (46 matched pairs) disco

92 h Morbidity Record 02) databases for 801,592 singleton children attending Scottish schools in 2006-20

93 n this large, multiethnic clinical cohort of singleton children born at 28 to 44 weeks' gestation, ex

94 longitudinal cohort study including 322 323 singleton children born in 1995-2009 at Kaiser Permanent

95 Of the 674 877 singleton children born in Finland during the study peri

96 sed retrospective cohort study of women with singleton children born in Sweden from 1997 through 2011

97 -based cohort study comprising all live-born singleton children in Denmark from pregnancies overlappi

98 This outcome was measured in singleton children without special needs recorded on the

99 Among Swedish women with singleton children, maternal overweight and obesity were

100 CR repertoire and an associated expansion of singleton clones during treatment.

101 man Development (NICHD) Fetal Growth Studies-Singleton Cohort (n = 2,802), individual plasma phosphol

102 inhibitors grouped into 59 clusters plus 53 singleton compounds with at least 100-fold selectivity o

103 individuals, we conservatively estimate that singletons contribute approximately 25% of cis heritabil

104 ex, parity, and maternal place of birth to 5 singleton controls born to mothers without HIV.

105 population), 88 non-twins with autism and 84 singleton controls, we find high monozygotic twin-twin c

106 cy Register, were used to identify live-born singletons delivered between 2010 and 2016.

107 We analyzed singleton deliveries (n = 220,065) from the Consortium o

108 Medical records from 223,375 singleton deliveries from 12 U.S. sites were linked to l

109 nter, population-based birth cohort study of singleton deliveries from 1996 to 2011 in Belgium, Franc

110 We analyzed 223,341 singleton deliveries from the Consortium on Safe Labor s

111 sing medical records of the first and second singleton deliveries in 25,820 Utah women (2002-2010).

112 ide, sulfur dioxide, and ozone among 223,375 singleton deliveries in the Air Quality and Reproductive

113 veries from 1998 to 2011 (0.09% of live-born singleton deliveries in the United States).

114 Among term live singleton deliveries, we compared the risk of VTE for mo

115 was conducted of all 2,189,190 women with a singleton delivery in Sweden from 1973 to 2015, who were

116 Here we introduce the singleton density score (SDS), a method to infer very re

117 using a haplotype-based statistic, the trait singleton density score (tSDS), driven by the height-inc

118 tion coupled with deep learning analyses and singleton density scores to detect human adaptation.

119 The burden of singleton disruptive variants in the DISC1 Interactome w

120 traits (FWERacross), an increased burden of singleton disruptive variants in the Regulome was associ

121 n resisting attentional capture by a salient singleton distractor: the frontal eye field (FEF) and th

122 ers of twins to that provided for mothers of singletons during the ante-, intra-, and postpartum peri

123 urden that was prominent for large (> 1 Mb), singleton events (OR = 2.28, 95% CI [1.39-3.79], p = 1.2

124 including nearly every missense mutation as singleton events for the yeast transcription factor Gal4

125 Each individual (singleton) exome harbors over 500 rare variants of unkno

126 Examining burden scores from singleton exonic SNPs predicted to be deleterious indica

127 ty was observed for either measure in the 96 singleton families.

128 f clinical symptoms compared with those from singleton families.

129 weeks and 6 days of gestation, with a live, singleton fetus were invited to participate by the clini

130 Chronically catheterized ewes carrying male singleton fetuses were exposed to normoxia (n = 6) or hy

131 ion-based data-linkage study of 321,287 term singleton first-born offspring born in Scotland, United

132 We geocoded 423,719 singleton Florida births born from 2004 to 2005 and all

133 February 2010 and December 2014, all with a singleton full-term birth (>/=37 weeks of gestation).

134 A total of 145,456 singleton full-term infants born alive and whose mothers

135 e properties that distinguish duplicate from singleton genes, and the evolutionary impact of gene dup

136 dergoing scheduled cesarean delivery of term singleton gestations were included.

137 Asymptomatic women with singleton gestations, no previous spontaneous preterm bi

138 ying the relationship between the tandem and singleton glycine aptamers.

139 ir relevant to LEC1, pseudogenization of the singleton GmLEC2 relevant to LEC2, and the rise of the L

140 age 23-28 years), parous (53.7%-77.3%), with singletons (>=97.5%), and enrolled at a median gestation

141 The majority (approximately 76%) of singleton heritability derives from ultrarare variants a

142 ionwide register-based study we included all singleton HEU children born in Denmark in 2000-2016.

143 iven medicinal chemistry optimization from a singleton hit against a cell-based pathway assay without

144 population-based cohort study including all singleton hospital births in Washington State, 2004-2013

145 io interact to influence the number of these singletons identified in a cohort.

146 We only included singletons (ie, not twins or other multiple pregnancies)

147 e analysed data from 8,621 European liveborn singletons in 2 population-based pregnancy cohorts (the

148 ngle dominant haplotype with closely related singletons in a 'star-shape' surrounding it.

149 of 856 children (85.1% of the 1006 original singletons in a population-based birth cohort) were foll

150 ies-abundance distributions or the number of singletons in a sample.

151 .6 to 7.2 times higher for twins compared to singletons in all 8 countries.

152 nd can lead to the same number of identified singletons in both Europeans and non-Europeans without a

153 national coverage about 75%), 610 live-born singletons in CKD, and 1418 low-risk controls recruited

154 All live-born singletons in Denmark from 1998 to 2007 were identified.

155 peans have significantly fewer nonsynonymous singletons in Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM)

156 s conducted of all 2,235,012 persons born as singletons in Sweden during 1973 to 1995 (48.6% women),

157 twins and higher-order multiples than among singletons in the United States.

158 y due to external causes in multiples versus singletons in the United States.

159 arous women aged 35 to 50 years delivering a singleton infant, 33.1% had labour induced: these women

160 SBs were healthy singleton infants >=36 weeks of gestation.

161 rt study in Sweden, including 2,050,491 live singleton infants born between 1992 and 2012.

162 For 10,638,415 singleton infants born during 2009-2012 in the United St

163 retrospective cohort study of 1 971 346 live singleton infants born in Sweden between 1997 and 2016.

164 Among singleton infants in the EXPECT study, the prevalence of

165 European countries in 2011 and 2012 on 4594 singleton infants with gestational ages between 24 and 3

166 A total of 1527113 singleton infants with gestational ages of 23 to 41 week

167 Among 152 singleton infants, 22 (14.5%) were born prematurely.

168 nrolled from 2003 through 2006 and delivered singleton infants.

169 There were 87,501 singleton live births during the year, and 55.8% occurre

170 opulation-based cohort study of all recorded singleton live births from January 1, 1996 to December 3

171 This study included 3422 and 3508 singleton live births from the Australian Longitudinal S

172 omen having 74,648 (2.8% of all pregnancies) singleton live births had preeclampsia, and 410 women de

173 included 845,345 offspring, representing all singleton live births in Finland between 1996 and 2010.

174 ort study using nationwide registries of all singleton live births in Finland surviving until 1 year

175 We selected 4274 singleton live births in our analysis, 315 (7.4%) of whi

176 health region, and year of delivery) who had singleton live births in Quebec, Canada (1990-2007).

177 Medical Birth Register (MBR), women who had singleton live births in Sweden between 1982 and 2012, i

178 of 1,366,441 healthy women who had 2,665,320 singleton live births in Sweden between 1982 and 2012.

179 pulation-based cohort study consisted of all singleton live births in Sweden from January 1, 1982, th

180 verse birth outcomes, using natality data on singleton live births in the United States during 1990-2

181 a from Guangzhou, China, we included 215,059 singleton live births in the warm season (1 May-31 Octob

182 Methods: A total of 160,641 singleton live births occurring in the City of Toronto,

183 sparities among racial/ethnic minorities for singleton live births to women aged 19 years and older.

184 of 19362 women with two or more consecutive singleton live births were analysed.

185 Among 23,118,656 singleton live births, the excess risk of IUGR among Bla

186 deliver in hospitals compared to women with singleton live births; this difference was significant i

187 n = 843,818) prepregnancy diabetes who had a singleton livebirth (Ontario, Canada, 2005-2015) and no

188 (n=843,818) pre-pregnancy diabetes who had a singleton livebirth (Ontario, Canada, 2005-2015) and no

189 e frozen single blastocyst transfer improved singleton livebirth rate compared with fresh single blas

190 gle blastocyst transfer resulted in a higher singleton livebirth rate than did fresh single blastocys

191 The primary outcome was singleton livebirth rate.

192 stocyst transfer resulted in higher rates of singleton livebirth than did fresh single blastocyst tra

193 We included 7 141 630 singleton livebirths in our analysis, 527 637 (7.4%) of

194 ional cohort study was done of all 4 296 814 singleton livebirths in Sweden between 1973 and 2015, wh

195 This study included singleton liveborn infants born to women enrolled in the

196 Singletons make significant contributions to our results

197 ch famine birth cohort consists of 2414 term singleton men and women who were born between 1943 and 1

198 Singleton-Merten syndrome (SMS) is an infrequently descr

199 used nationwide birth certificate data from singleton mother-infant pairs in the United States Natio

200 IGRs using two independent the proportion of singleton mutations and the dI/dS ratio, where dI is the

201 ly in a twin cohort (n = 30) and age-matched singletons (n = 14) born at National Taiwan University C

202 score) damage in 1,671 twin pairs and 1,745 singletons (N = 5,087) drawn from three independent coho

203 Pregnancies included were singleton, not terminated by an induced abortion, and ha

204 egisters, we constructed a cohort of 675,379 singletons, of which 15,014 children were born to asthma

205 All second-born, term, singleton offspring delivered between 1 January 1993 and

206 ame includes 845345 pregnant women and their singleton offspring with data on maternal use of antidep

207 In 937 singleton offspring, </=9 serial measurements of weight

208 om 34 to less than 37 weeks' gestation and a singleton or dichorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy.

209 een 20 weeks and 40 weeks and 6 days, with a singleton or twin pregnancy and no known lethal fetal an

210 true CNVs recovered by CN-Learn were either singletons or calls that lacked support from at least on

211 Fifty percent of all genes were "singletons," or unique to a single metagenomic sample.

212 Identification of singleton P2X7 inhibitor 1 from HTS gave a pharmacophore

213 awa was characterised by a high frequency of singletons possibly due to constant additions from an ac

214 d the microRNA, MIR138, to be upregulated in singleton preeclamptic placentas; however, this appears

215 d opinion for all PCS, particularly for term singleton pregancies with cephalic presentation and in c

216 1 and 2009, we prospectively followed 16,892 singleton pregnancies among 11,535 women who participate

217 To test whether in asymptomatic women with singleton pregnancies and no prior spontaneous preterm b

218 Women aged over 16 years with singleton pregnancies and ruptured membranes before the

219 ontaneous preterm birth who had asymptomatic singleton pregnancies and short transvaginal cervical le

220 rom three states, we constructed a cohort of singleton pregnancies at or beyond 20 weeks of gestation

221 mputer allocation (1:1) to assign women with singleton pregnancies between 22 weeks and 0 days' gesta

222 This retrospective study of singleton pregnancies from 2 tertiary centers compared t

223 In populations of nulliparous women with singleton pregnancies from low-income and middle-income

224 pulation-based linkage study of 979,912 term singleton pregnancies in Scotland, United Kingdom, betwe

225 estimated air pollution exposures for 6,074 singleton pregnancies in which GH was present and 199,98

226 preeclampsia in the short term in women with singleton pregnancies in whom preeclampsia was suspected

227 Consecutive singleton pregnancies in women whose most recent pregnan

228 physical assessments collected early in the singleton pregnancies of 187 women, 3 latent profiles of

229 ngitudinal study of fetal growth in low-risk singleton pregnancies of women of high or middle socioec

230 edge biopsies (n = 488) from 871 individual, singleton pregnancies were collected after delivery.

231 Baseline data on 6827 singleton pregnancies were collected in 1978-1979, and a

232 A total of 1136 pregnant women with singleton pregnancies were recruited during their first

233 th intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and singleton pregnancies when serum bile acids concentratio

234 Among girls and women with singleton pregnancies who had a short cervix, a cervical

235 trial, we randomly assigned 1776 women with singleton pregnancies who were at high risk for preterm

236 imed to establish whether immediate birth in singleton pregnancies with ruptured membranes close to t

237 Among singleton pregnancies without chromosomal abnormalities

238 and women who were pregnant with singletons (singleton pregnancies) and who had a cervical length of

239 52 patients were included, of which 199 were singleton pregnancies, 51 were twins, and 2 were triplet

240 Among rural Kenyan women with singleton pregnancies, administration of daily iron supp

241 dergoing scheduled cesarean delivery of term singleton pregnancies, delayed umbilical cord clamping,

242 ional cohort study of nulliparous women with singleton pregnancies, from 8 clinical sites across the

243 rural Kenyan women aged 15 to 45 years with singleton pregnancies, gestational age of 13 to 23 weeks

244 ifferentially methylated positions (DMPs) in singleton pregnancies, indicating that DNA methylation c

245 Among nulliparous women with singleton pregnancies, quantitative vaginal fetal fibron

246 In singleton pregnancies, stillbirth was associated with ma

247 For singleton pregnancies, the prevalence of stillbirth was

248 quality trophoblast cells were available for singleton pregnancies, there was complete concordance be

249 ght are consistent with reported results for singleton pregnancies.

250 Ambient temperature and early delivery of singleton pregnancies.

251 Pregnant women (<20 weeks' gestation) with a singleton pregnancy (n = 875) were randomised to receive

252 es, 2011-2012), we included 607 women with a singleton pregnancy and PPROM at 24-29 weeks' gestation,

253 ter, randomized trial involving women with a singleton pregnancy at 34 weeks 0 days to 36 weeks 5 day

254 ort study of nulliparous women with a viable singleton pregnancy at the time of the dating ultrasound

255 We screened women with a singleton pregnancy before 20 weeks of gestation for sub

256 whether sAF of women with diabetes during a singleton pregnancy could predict macrosomia in their ne

257 ive cohort study of nulliparous women with a singleton pregnancy in Cambridge, United Kingdom (2008-2

258 ized controlled trial, in which women with a singleton pregnancy were provided with DHA-rich fish-oil

259 ited States, we studied 2013 women who had a singleton pregnancy with a gestation of 24 weeks or more

260 g, at the 36th week of gestation with a live singleton pregnancy, and receiving the diagnosis of undi

261 articipants were older than 18 years, with a singleton pregnancy, gestation of less than 17 weeks, an

262 ary medical center for cesarean section of a singleton pregnancy.

263 Combining contigs with singletons produced 97,241 transcripts.

264 We examined whether the twin-singleton rate ratio can be attributed to biological, so

265 eriment produces a substantial proportion of singleton reads that cannot be used in the analysis and

266 Of the 422,512 eligible, singleton schoolchildren born at term in Scotland, 79,61

267 lad contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes singleton sequence type 382 (ST382), a serotype IVb-v1 c

268 l) in girls and women who were pregnant with singletons (singleton pregnancies) and who had a cervica

269 Use of 10,129 singleton SNPs of known genomic location in tetraploid c

270 The regions have higher proportions of singleton SNPs, higher levels of population differentiat

271 ally specialized subclades quickly revert to singleton status after duplication events.

272 ultimately appear to be largely restored to singleton status, suggesting that these genes may be dos

273 mpound-heterozygous RNASEH1 mutations in two singleton subjects and a homozygous mutation in four sib

274 However, 3 singletons (t073, t786, t064) were also identified sugge

275 AA exposures and birth weight of up to 7,438 singleton term babies using multiple linear regression,

276 ected consecutively if they had at least one singleton term delivery with head presentation and if th

277 y population was restricted to nonanomalous, singleton, term pregnancies with no prepregnancy hyperte

278 e the contribution of all alleles, including singletons, to phenotypic variation.

279 t or depletion of the previously undescribed singleton TVRs TTCGGG and TTTGGG, respectively.

280 ers, chronically catheterized sheep carrying singletons underwent normoxia or hypoxia (10% oxygen [O2

281 distribution of the reaction times to find a singleton unique in color, orientation, and motion direc

282 y ranged from 1.3 to 6.6 d: 0.5 to 6.2 d for singleton vaginal deliveries and 2.5 to 9.3 d for cesare

283 mulated genes we identify two siblings and a singleton variably demonstrating severe neonatal anemia,

284 owed a significant association with damaging singleton variants in a Cav2-adaptor gene set (odds rati

285 quenced to a mean depth of 75x, yielding 101 singleton variants per individual.

286 Burden analyses of rare and singleton variants predicted to be damaging were perform

287 We validate selected singleton variants using capillary sequencing.

288 plement the above methods to obtain the most singleton variants.

289 ultrasound confirming gestational age and a singleton viable pregnancy.

290 The difference with singletons was especially stark for neonatal mortality (

291 Cord blood DNA from singletons was measured using the MethylationEPIC BeadCh

292 Singletons were enriched for different functions (compar

293 Nulliparous low-risk women with singletons were included.

294 Furthermore, soybean "singletons" were found to be more frequently tandemly du

295 Singleton WES in children with suspected monogenic condi

296 All children underwent singleton WES with targeted phenotype-driven analysis.

297 and a diagnosis was achieved in 23 (52%) by singleton WES.

298 n affected individuals from 2 families and 2 singletons with ADOA and variable retinal degeneration.

299 y among nulliparous women who delivered term singletons, with an accelerating decreasing trend observ

300 glycine riboswitches degrade into functional singletons, with the regulated gene(s) dictating which g