ライフサイエンスコーパス: sniff

1 ative to each other (with minimal effects of sniff).

2 r information up to approximately 0.5 s (2-6 sniffs).

3 o less than 150ms--the timescale of a single sniff.

4 rmation elephants gain from seeing periscope-sniff.

5 ecules reaching different receptors during a sniff.

6 rmation was gained from seeing the periscope-sniff.

7 to attended sniffs as opposed to unattended sniffs.

8 clean air, the other focusing on odor-laden sniffs.

9 motor component of olfaction--that is, they sniffed.

10 onsistent with passive respiration or active sniffing.

11 >5 Hz) respiration typically associated with sniffing.

12 turn may regulate odorant perception during sniffing.

13 re during low (2Hz) and high (5Hz) frequency sniffing.

14 tween the two odorants during high-frequency sniffing.

15 ntation further by the dynamic regulation of sniffing.

16 cells appear to be tuned to the frequency of sniffing.

17 ules along the olfactory air channels during sniffing.

18 ses during sleep, sleeping does not preclude sniffing.

19 presented with acetic acid awakened without sniffing.

20 ehavioral activity, specifically rearing and sniffing.

21 of behavioral significance during olfactory sniffing.

22 en by the olfactory bulb at the frequency of sniffing.

23 detection by a factor of up to 18 for active sniffing.

24 and respiration is superimposed by bouts of sniffing.

25 t HFO were coupled to "fast" theta frequency sniffing.

26 s contrasted with eight normal subjects (Pdi(sniff), 111.77 +/- 13.35 cm H(2)O) of similar age.

27 diaphragm weakness of varying severity (Pdi(sniff), 31.74 +/- 3.75 cm H(2)O) as contrasted with eigh

28 representation in OT is visible in the first sniff (50-100 ms) of an odor on each trial, and precedes

29 5 versus 56 +/- 29 cm H2O, p < 0.01; Pdi(max sniff), 71 +/- 7 versus 46 +/- 27 cm H2O, p < 0.01; Pdi(

30 Sniffing, a behavior that enhances detection and localiz

31 Mammals sample odors by sniffing, a complex behavior that controls odorant acces

32 Sniffing, a high-frequency, highly rhythmic inhalation a

33 The relevance of sniffing ability to olfaction and a possible role of inc

34 niffing, demonstrating significantly reduced sniff airflow rate (P < 0.01) and volume (P < 0.002).

35 Subjects approached and sniffed all odors equally but preferentially licked prey

36 r social interactions (including ano-genital sniffs, allogrooming, and crawl-under/over behaviors) th

37 Sniffing allows animals to make odor-guided decisions wi

38 No measures of sniffing among interacting animals are available, howeve

39 SR tasks utilize the tendency for a male to sniff and interact with a novel individual more than a f

40 particular prepotent CS and to energetically sniff and nibble it in a nearly frenzied consummatory ma

41 also measured in six asthmatics, using both sniff and partially occluded airway technique.

42 that included decreased play, reduced social sniffing and allogrooming, and less aggressive behavior.

43 In an effort to determine whether sniffing and arousal are dissociable, dimethyl disulfide

44 , towards both males and females, as well as sniffing and close investigation.

45 of operation with the artificial nose-active sniffing and continuous inspiration-and demonstrated an

46 indicate that ghrelin stimulates exploratory sniffing and increases olfactory sensitivity, presumably

47 evented ketamine-dependent increases in fast sniffing and instead HFO coupling to slower basal respir

48 s that were alloparental showed increases in sniffing and latencies to lick and huddle.

49 red behaviors (in control kittens) including Sniffing and Licking (increased), and Grooming (decrease

50 ol exposure results in a tuned unconditioned sniffing and neurophysiological olfactory response to et

51 Whisking is thought to be coordinated with sniffing and normal respiratory behavior, but the precis

52 ta suggest an unexpected functional role for sniffing and show that sensory codes can be transformed

53 esponses were highly conserved between rapid sniffing and slow breathing.

54 t complements past studies on the locking of sniffing and the theta-rhythm as well as the relation of

55 nimal cranes and explores is phase-locked to sniffing and to movement of the nose.

56 Our results suggest that sniffing and whisking may be under the control of interd

57 During bouts of exploration, sniffing and whisking showed strong one-to-one phase loc

58 Sniffing and whisking typify the exploratory behavior of

59 Here we studied the coordination between sniffing and whisking, the motor processes in rodents th

60 the theta-rhythm as well as the relation of sniffing and whisking.

61 e how these oscillators synergize to control sniffing and whisking.

62 alternative choice (TAC) tasks need only 1-2 sniffs and do not increase performance with longer sampl

63 g maximum static inspiratory efforts (Pdimax sniff) and bilateral supramaximal electrophrenic twitch

64 minating the early odor sampling period (2-4 sniffs) and beta dominating later.

65 n that can be decoded within 110-518 ms of a sniff, and maximally within the theta frequency band.

66 erence, we assessed willingness to approach, sniff, and taste novel foods, and the duration of freeze

67 The DA-/- mice approached, sniffed, and chewed food during this second period of ac

68 ffect on odor representations during natural sniffing, and behaving rats do not modulate flow rate to

69 im, novelty-suppressed feeding, female urine sniffing, and chronic unpredictable stress tests.

70 te well, they do so with lower airflow, more sniffs, and lower frequency of sniffing than HS-detectin

71 rmacological tools to show that whisking and sniffing are coordinated by respiratory centres in the v

72 Whisking and sniffing are predominant aspects of exploratory behaviou

73 ts' ability to use a conspecific's periscope-sniff as if it were an ostensive pointing gesture enable

74 ions of the local field potential to signify sniffing as a sensorimotor process.

75 lfactory impairment in PD and further depict sniffing as an important component of human olfaction.

76 ubercle responded preferentially to attended sniffs as opposed to unattended sniffs.

77 for LS- vs 69 ms for HS-detecting rats) and sniff at lower frequencies (7.8 Hz for LS- vs 8.6 Hz for

78 erceptual function by monitoring odor-evoked sniffing behavior in a plethysmograph at one-, three- an

79 take advantage of this property, modulating sniffing behavior to manipulate airflow and thereby dire

80 to smell persisted in displaying reciprocal sniffing behavior, demonstrating the independence of thi

81 High-frequency whisking and sniffing behaviors are not correlated.

82 se findings demonstrate that rodents utilize sniffing behaviors communicatively, not only to collect

83 ng behavior in rats, but not the licking and sniffing behaviors of a high dose (600 microgram/kg) of

84 odor discriminations that elicited different sniffing behaviors.

85 i.p.), without affecting the licking and the sniffing behaviors.

86 etection thresholds and enhances exploratory sniffing, both being related to food seeking.

87 Odorants encountered later in a sniff bout were encoded as the combination of that odora

88 Although sniffing bouts are the same duration for each group ( ap

89 voked response were consistent from sniff to sniff but varied across cells.

90 the background odorant during low-frequency sniffing, but were encoded as the difference between the

91 easured GDX females' odor-sampling behavior (sniffing) by monitoring intranasal pressure transients d

92 rimotor or theta cycle, suggesting that each sniff can be considered a snapshot of the olfactory worl

93 utely dissociated cortical astrocytes using "sniff-cell" approach and demonstrated that release is ve

94 nated orofacial behaviors such as breathing, sniffing, chewing, licking, swallowing, vocalizing, and

95 analysis, use of poppers, amphetamines, and sniffed cocaine as well as heavy alcohol use in the prio

96 c drinks or use of poppers, amphetamines, or sniffed cocaine just before or during sex was independen

97 ted heavy alcohol use, 37% used poppers, 19% sniffed cocaine, and 13% used amphetamines.

98 Thus, sniffing controls an adaptive filter for detecting chang

99 In terrestrial vertebrates, sniffing controls odorant access to receptors, and there

100 ls did not contribute to baseline rhythms or sniff-coupled odor-evoked inhibition.

101 ming of olfactory activation relative to the sniff cycle ('sniff phase'), we used optogenetics in gen

102 light-evoked inputs that are shifted in the sniff cycle by as little as 10 milliseconds, which is si

103 phase locking with multiple whisks within a sniff cycle or multiple sniffs within a whisk cycle-alwa

104 ation, onset times tiled the duration of the sniff cycle.

105 dly in response to sensory input during each sniff cycle.

106 th precise odor delivery synchronized to the sniffing cycle.

107 patients were also significantly impaired at sniffing, demonstrating significantly reduced sniff airf

108 abolished agonistic behaviors and reciprocal sniffing displays.

109 sis byproduct of cocaine, used to train drug-sniffing dogs).

110 Rodents whisk and sniff during exploratory behavior to sample odorants and

111 An enhanced saliva specimen (i.e., strong sniff, elicited cough, and collection of saliva/secretio

112 ant changes in the temporal structure of the sniff-evoked MT cell response.

113 The dynamics of a sniff-evoked response were consistent from sniff to snif

114 In mammals, every sniff evokes a precise, odour-specific sequence of activ

115 However, whether sniff flow rates shape odor representations during natur

116 al gamma dominating the first 250 ms of odor sniffing, followed by systemwide beta as behavioral resp

117 SPME and for Purge and Trap extracts, or by sniffing for the aqueous SAFE extract.

118 inputs encoding that odorant, whereas lower sniff frequencies caused little attenuation.

119 n the MT cell population across the range of sniff frequencies expressed during behavior.

120 of short-term plasticity at breathing versus sniffing frequencies alters cortical spike responses.

121 , low breathing frequencies and at increased sniffing frequencies is not known, nor is it known if th

122 For inputs at sniffing frequencies, cortical neurons linearly encoded

123 Here, we ask how sniff frequency affects responses of mitral/tufted (MT)

124 ory bulb varies dynamically as a function of sniff frequency and that one function of the postsynapti

125 by the intrinsic properties of MTCs; and (4) sniff frequency IGC activation in vivo generates persist

126 uration and shorter rise-time spike burst as sniff frequency increased, reflecting increased temporal

127 Increasing sniff frequency led to moderate attenuation of MT respon

128 n of activated glomeruli, independent of the sniff frequency used to sample the odorant, and similar

129 tude and temporal structure as a function of sniff frequency.

130 ed previously from awake animals and varying sniff frequency.

131 hormone conditions, females decreased their sniffing frequency as the urinary odor concentration dec

132 of a conspecific often elicits a decrease in sniffing frequency in the conspecific.

133 OB-HPC coupling at the sniffing frequency is proposed as a mechanism underlying

134 Failure of subordinates to decrease their sniffing frequency shortened the latency for agonistic b

135 with subordinates reliably decreasing their sniffing frequency upon being investigated in the face b

136 ased odor detection thresholds and increased sniffing frequency.

137 Monkeys with red-green colour blindness sniffed fruits more often, indicating that increased rel

138 It has been proposed that a single sniff generates a "snapshot" of the olfactory world.

139 cation and orientation of the next periscope-sniff given.

140 unpleasant odors, suggesting that the act of sniffing has a functional role in creating of olfactory

141 -Botzinger complex, such that high-frequency sniffing has a one-to-one relationship with whisking, wh

142 ivity in the olfactory bulb (OB) relative to sniffing has been the object of many studies, the behavi

143 Sniffing, high-frequency respiratory bouts, and whisking

144 These findings implicate a sniffing impairment as a component of the olfactory impa

145 timing of photoactivation in relation to the sniff in both the timing and the amplitude of their resp

146 Rodents sniff in response to novel odors, reward expectation, an

147 Pups sniffed in response to the highest concentrations of DMD

148 in the dorsal hippocampus (HPC) during odor sniffing in a two-odor olfactory discrimination task.

149 nificantly improved duration of female urine sniffing in mice that had developed helplessness.

150 rhaps the earliest hypothesis of the role of sniffing in olfaction arises from the fact that odorants

151 ound ketamine 20 mg/kg provoked "fast" theta sniffing in rodents which correlated with increased loco

152 ntations by imaging from ORNs during natural sniffing in the awake rat.

153 heta band (6-12 Hz) associated with directed sniffing in the OB and type 1 theta in the HPC.

154 he case for temporal integration over >/=2-6 sniffs in both tasks.

155 in Pdi during AE directly correlated to Pdi(sniff) in the patients (r = 0.69, p = 0.004).

156 The source of the sniff-induced activation is the somatosensory stimulatio

157 strils of hamsters, where it was immediately sniffed into the nasal cavity.

158 In olfaction, a single sniff is sufficient for fine odor discrimination but the

159 nced OB-HPC theta band coherence during odor sniffing is a significant decrease in lateral entorhinal

160 Sniffing is a specialized respiratory behavior that is e

161 We find that sniffing is accompanied by prominent lateral and vertica

162 Perhaps not independent of this, sniffing is commonly displayed during motivated [5-7] an

163 odorants during high-frequency respiration (sniffing) is a hallmark of active odorant sampling by ma

164 Sniffing, licking, and crouching behaviors were unaltere

165 ired design principle and making the device "sniff" like a dog.

166 Finally, sniff-like patterned activation of CCKergic TCs induces

167 of adaptation that occurs during repetitive sniffing-like inputs and may therefore play a critical r

168 nally modulated, in a homeostatic manner, by sniffing-like patterns of presynaptic activity.

169 We found that odorants evoked precisely sniff-locked activity in mitral/tufted cells in the olfa

170 tion for each group ( approximately 500 ms), sniffing longer and using more inhalations results in be

171 not rodents use temporal integration (i.e., sniffing longer to identify odors better).

172 s of two odors, rats needed to take only one sniff (<200 ms at theta frequency) to make a decision of

173 atients with greater diaphragm weakness (Pdi(sniff) < 30 cm H(2)O), abnormal respiratory muscle funct

174 mic ghrelin infusions significantly enhanced sniff magnitudes in response to both food and nonfood od

175 c recordings were performed during voluntary sniff maneuvers, normocapnic breathing, hypocapnia, and

176 ragmatic pressure with maximal sniff (Pdimax sniff), maximal oxygen consumption (V O2max), maximal mi

177 of MC odor representations by high-frequency sniffing may serve to enhance the discrimination of simi

178 ely proportional to odorant concentration in sniff mean airflow velocity, maximum airflow velocity, v

179 e COSAC mass spectrometer took a spectrum in sniffing mode, which displayed a suite of 16 organic com

180 In addition, water shrews preferentially sniffed model prey fish and crickets underwater by exhal

181 spects of mating behavior such as time spent sniffing, mounting, rooting and without contact.

182 tion was Tw Pdi, but the predictive power of sniff nasal inspiratory pressure was also excellent.

183 By contrast, the action of sniffing nonodorized air induced significant activation

184 Surprisingly, sniffing occurred even while pups remained asleep.

185 During rapid sniffing, odor inhalation triggered rapid and reliable c

186 We found that naive rats continue to sniff odorants vigorously for up to 3 minutes, much long

187 he olfactory bulb indicate that, within each sniff, odour representation is not only spatially organi

188 piratory mouth pressures (MIP, MEP), maximal sniff oesophageal (sniff P(oes)), transdiaphragmatic (sn

189 High-frequency sniffing of an odorant attenuated inputs encoding that o

190 ted for chemoinvestigatory behavior (genital sniffing of females by male mice), lordosis (arched-back

191 s impairment, namely, that PD impairs active sniffing of odorants.

192 lomerular network, which is in turn tuned to sniffing of the animal in vivo.

193 Orthonasal sniffing of the hams was used to study how these substan

194 handshakes across gender, subjects increased sniffing of their own left non-shaking hand by more than

195 handshakes within gender, subjects increased sniffing of their own right shaking hand by more than 10

196 ss two experimental designs: one focusing on sniffs of clean air, the other focusing on odor-laden sn

197 25 microg) suppressed approach, nibbles, and sniffs of the prepotent CS.

198 which a rat prefers to approach, nibble, and sniff one of two reward-associated stimuli (its prepoten

199 that odors evoke transient bursts locked to sniff onset and that odor identity can be better decoded

200 e-dependent stereotypies such as locomotion, sniffing, or gnawing, while the remainder of behaviors w

201 Sniffing our hand after a handshake may allow us to dete

202 CMS P(di), sniff P(di) and per cent predicted SNP were significantl

203 ents without significant bulbar involvement, sniff P(di) had greatest predictive power [odds ratio (O

204 ophageal (sniff P(oes)), transdiaphragmatic (sniff P(di)) and nasal (SNP) pressure, cough gastric (co

205 sures (MIP, MEP), maximal sniff oesophageal (sniff P(oes)), transdiaphragmatic (sniff P(di)) and nasa

206 orced-choice detection paradigm during which sniff parameters (airflow peak rate, mean rate, volume,

207 monstrates that the automatic adjustments in sniffing patterns to pleasant and unpleasant odors may p

208 in transdiaphragmatic pressure with maximal sniff (Pdimax sniff), maximal oxygen consumption (V O2ma

209 tory deficit is unlikely due to difficulties sniffing, per se.

210 In addition, precise locking to sniff phase may facilitate ensemble coding by making syn

211 show that mice can behaviourally report the sniff phase of optogenetically driven activation of olfa

212 sponses were more tightly time-locked to the sniff phase than to the time after inhalation onset.

213 ory activation relative to the sniff cycle ('sniff phase'), we used optogenetics in gene-targeted mic

214 id of temporal dynamics-independently of the sniff-phase.

215 ted to often identify people by repetitively sniffing pieces of clothing or the body odor of family m

216 aphy coupled to both mass spectrometry and a sniffing port (GC-MS-O) were used for identification.

217 e ionization detector (FID) or an olfactory (sniffing) port.

218 Furthermore, a patient's ability to sniff predicted his or her performance on olfactory task

219 One natural gesture, the 'periscope-sniff' presumed to be used to enhance olfactory sampling

220 in VT directly correlated with baseline Pdi(sniff) (r = 0.59, p = 0.02) and Pdi(max) (r = 0.81, p =

221 nships across neurons robust to variation in sniff rate.

222 ent manner which is controlled by the chosen sniffing rate.

223 cells in anesthetized rats while reproducing sniffs recorded previously from awake animals and varyin

224 es shape odor representations during natural sniffing remains untested, and whether animals make use

225 In mammals, a sniff represents the basic unit of odor sampling, yet ho

226 We measured the sniff response repeatedly over time in patients with sev

227 rbal non-task-dependent measure known as the sniff response(8-11) to determine consciousness in patie

228 ient level, if an unresponsive patient had a sniff response, this assured future regaining of conscio

229 rols, fetal exposure altered: the adolescent sniffing response to ethanol odor consistent with the pr

230 ts with severe brain injuries and found that sniff responses significantly discriminated between unre

231 In addition, olfactory sniff responses were associated with long-term survival

232 granule cells, was reliably recruited across sniff rhythms, and scaled in strength with excitation as

233 dominant rats, reflecting that decreases in sniffing serve as appeasement signals during social inte

234 Sniffing serves olfaction [13, 14], while whisking synch

235 ion [13, 14], while whisking synchronized to sniffing serves vibrissa-based touch [6, 15, 16].

236 nts the basic unit of odor sampling, yet how sniffing shapes odor representations remains poorly unde

237 Whether sniffing shapes the neural code for odors remains unclea

238 GC/SNIFFING showed that linalool oxide, 2-ethyl hexanol, ph

239 d transdiaphragmatic pressure during maximal sniffs (Sn Pes, Sn Pdi) and cervical magnetic phrenic ne

240 routinely engage in bouts of high-frequency sniffing spanning several seconds; the impact of such re

241 These data show that rats adjust sniff strategies as a function of odorant sorptiveness a

242 under conditions that prevented compensatory sniffing strategies, the patients also exhibited a contr

243 These data suggest that modulating sniff strength does not shape odor representations suffi

244 ird, we asked whether rats actively modulate sniff strength during an odor discrimination task.

245 hanges in flow rate can alter ORN responses, sniff strength has negligible effect on odor representat

246 Second, we asked whether sniff strength shapes odor representations by imaging fr

247 First, we asked whether sniff strength shapes odor representations in vivo by im

248 This review paper investigates artificial sniffing technologies used as chemical sensors for point

249 measure of anxiety, and in the female urine sniffing test (FUST), a measure of motivation and reward

250 (LH) paradigm-as well as in the female urine sniffing test (FUST), a measure of sex-related reward-se

251 ed in two different models, the female urine sniffing test and the saccharine preference test.

252 airflow, more sniffs, and lower frequency of sniffing than HS-detecting counterparts.

253 n, imagery of pleasant odors involved larger sniffs than imagery of unpleasant odors, suggesting that

254 ion, a healthy olfactomotor system generates sniffs that are (1) sufficiently vigorous and (2) invers

255 Patients used sniffs that were concentration invariant.

256 gered pursuit behaviors (e.g., investigatory sniffing) that interfered with goal-directed lever press

257 positive correlation between the tendency to sniff the stimulus mouse and size of the CC relative to

258 nsmission correlates with more time spent in sniffing the anogenital area of stressed mice, and the a

259 The average time spent sniffing the intruder was indistinguishable between the

260 actory tasks, i.e., the more poorly patients sniffed, the worse their performance on olfaction tests

261 Sniffing, the active control of breathing beyond passive

262 cs of receptor neuron activation by the same sniffs, the MT response was shorter and faster, reflecti

263 We found that humans often sniff their own hands, and selectively increase this beh

264 young controls used concentration-dependent sniffs, there was a trend in that direction only for age

265 e mice, as indicated by reduced female urine sniffing time and saccharin preference, and behavioral d

266 al trace detection technology, dogs actively sniff to acquire an odor sample.

267 a sniff-evoked response were consistent from sniff to sniff but varied across cells.

268 y studied in a few cases, we have used patch sniffing to examine ATP release from Xenopus spinal neur

269 rmation from the outside world, with rodents sniffing to smell and whisking to feel.

270 se it is impossible for them to inspire air (sniff) to convey odorants to the olfactory epithelium.

271 risk sex practices and sharing of nasal drug-sniffing "tools" might be important HCV transmission rou

272 risk sex-practices and sharing of nasal drug-sniffing 'tools' might be important HCV transmission rou

273 In multivariate analysis sniff trans-diaphragmatic and esophageal pressure, twitc

274 Here we show, using sniff-triggered, dynamic, 2-D, optogenetic stimulation o

275 ors, including head up head bobbing, rearing/sniffing, turning, and grooming behavior.

276 Here I describe a mechanism for underwater sniffing used by the semi-aquatic star-nosed mole (Condy

277 To test this, we monitored sniffing using a thermocouple in the nasal cavity and wh

278 Furthermore, reduced sniff velocity predicted poorer detection thresholds in

279 Finally, increasing sniff vigor improved olfactory performance in those pati

280 ested the effect of intentionally increasing sniff vigor on olfactory performance in 20 additional pa

281 aintains a feedback mechanism that regulates sniff volume in relation to odor concentration.

282 g on these cases, where making the periscope-sniff was apparently caused by seeing the first gesture,

283 lenged this view in suggesting that a single sniff was sufficient for optimal olfactory discriminatio

284 This reciprocal display of sniffing was found to be dependent upon the rat's social

285 Sniffing was mediated by the olfactory system, as eviden

286 hen one elephant in a group gave a periscope-sniff, we recorded the location and orientation of the n

287 By measuring odorant-dependent sniffing, we gain a sensitive measure of olfactory funct

288 able to see the first signaller's periscope-sniff were often a considerable distance behind it, furt

289 ensities and the timing of input relative to sniffing were discriminated through one glomerulus.

290 vert impairments in the ability to engage in sniffing were evident in any group, suggesting preservat

291 Patients' sniffs were lower in overall airflow velocity and volume

292 ory system, as evidenced by the abolition of sniffing when the lateral olfactory tracts, were cut and

293 aled the external aerodynamics during canine sniffing, where ventral-laterally expired air jets entra

294 ly increased locomotion, head movements, and sniffing, whereas after 5.0 mg/kg behavioral responding

295 ot a static one, but rather evolves across a sniff, whereby for difficult discriminations of similar

296 g, rat, rabbit, dog and monkey indicate that sniffing (whether or not an odorant is present) induces

297 D1 antagonist inhibited apomorphine-induced sniffing/whisking, whereas other motor behaviors were un

298 inuous passive exposures by monitoring their sniffing with whole-body plethysmography.

299 ased locomotor activity, oral movements, and sniffing) with an onset ranging from immediate to 20 min

300 iple whisks within a sniff cycle or multiple sniffs within a whisk cycle-always at the same preferred