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1 making them a uniquely well-defined class of spinal interneuron.
2 essive glial activation and vulnerability of spinal interneurons.
3 r R-interneurons but project rarely to other spinal interneurons.
4 e alpha2C-AR may be expressed by a subset of spinal interneurons.
5 ention has been given to the contribution of spinal interneurons.
6 stress-related transcription factor c-Jun in spinal interneurons.
7 rk controlling locomotor activity, including spinal interneurons.
8 ed to control motoneurons disynaptically via spinal interneurons.
9 neously manipulating specific populations of spinal interneurons.
10 euromotor modules originates from excitatory spinal interneurons.
11  -expressing nociceptors and pain-modulating spinal interneurons.
12 l projection neurons and genetically labeled spinal interneurons.
13 he way in which corticospinal neurons engage spinal interneurons.
14 ly ordered generation of distinct classes of spinal interneurons.
15 ly shaped by the integrative function of the spinal interneurons.
16 cdh-gamma loss also led to apoptosis of many spinal interneurons.
17 r phenotypes of most of the known classes of spinal interneurons.
18 gestion that they originate principally from spinal interneurons.
19 ehaviors are accomplished by a shared set of spinal interneurons activated in different patterns or,
20                                              Spinal interneuron activity was assessed using the synch
21 ated that the loss of GABA-ergic inputs from spinal interneurones alone is insufficient to produce to
22           However, in EphA4 full knock-outs, spinal interneurons also develop bilateral misprojection
23                            Here we show that spinal interneurons also exhibit early pre-movement dela
24                         The specification of spinal interneuron and motor neuron identities initiates
25 medium clusters of Kv2.1-IR were observed in spinal interneurones and projection neurones, and some i
26  the transcriptomes of both Ptf1a-expressing spinal interneurons and endogenous cortical interneurons
27 nections to spinal motoneurons, which bypass spinal interneurons and exert a direct (willful) muscle
28  for locomotion by analysing the activity of spinal interneurons and motoneurons during spontaneous d
29 e primate reticulospinal tract can influence spinal interneurons and motoneurons involved in control
30  descending suprareticular inputs to control spinal interneurons and motoneurons.
31    The neuronal populations examined include spinal interneurons and motor, sensory, and autonomic ne
32 ntially through the effect of tsDCS over the spinal interneurons and tDCS over the primary motor cort
33 ed axon projection patterns of V2b subset of spinal interneurons and visualized maturation of the neu
34  network level including altered activity of spinal interneurons; and (iii) the increased power outpu
35                                           V3 spinal interneurons are a key element of the spinal circ
36     Corticospinal tract (CST) connections to spinal interneurons are conserved across species.
37                        In the mouse, the V2a spinal interneurons are dispensable for left-right coord
38                                              Spinal interneurons are important facilitators and modul
39        We find that assemblies of excitatory spinal interneurons are recruited by sensory input into
40 imulation on RSNA and the discharge rates of spinal interneurons argue against these neurons playing
41 genetics to directly target major classes of spinal interneurons as well as motor neurons during spas
42 nergies for locomotion can be represented by spinal interneurons, as revealed by the interneurons' mu
43 ly due to an increase in the excitability of spinal interneurons because short-latency activity in th
44                                      Certain spinal interneurons (Bhlhb5) inhibit itch pathways withi
45 prominent "C bouton" cholinergic inputs from spinal interneurons, but the source and function of thes
46 gma promotes regeneration of motoneurons and spinal interneurons by engrafted human directly reprogra
47                The impact of AIH on cervical spinal interneuron (C-IN) discharge and connectivity is
48  colleagues (2017) find that individual Grp+ spinal interneurons can respond to and distinguish betwe
49 known about the identity and function of the spinal interneuron cell types that contribute to these l
50 are thought to be directed by the actions of spinal interneuron circuits collectively referred to as
51 s of preganglionic and somatic efferents and spinal interneurons closely associated with the efferent
52       As the number of identified classes of spinal interneurons constituting the locomotor network c
53 rs of neurons were then used to identify the spinal interneurons coreleasing the two excitatory trans
54 uses on dCINs, a heterogeneous population of spinal interneurons critical for crossed motor responses
55                            Prior to MN loss, spinal interneurons degenerate.
56 emogenetic regulation of CST-targeted lumbar spinal interneurons demonstrates that dysregulation of a
57 ting BMP-dependent cellular processes during spinal interneuron development.
58 ed that different populations of commissural spinal interneurons ensure limb alternation at different
59               In all vertebrates, excitatory spinal interneurons execute dynamic adjustments in the t
60 ebrafish most glycinergic and many GABAergic spinal interneurons express Pax2a, Pax2b and Pax8 and th
61                               We report that spinal interneurons expressing Tachykinin 2-Cre (Tac2(Cr
62 n5)/Caspr4 coreceptor complex, together with spinal interneuron expression of NrCAM/CHL1, directs the
63                 We find there are subsets of spinal interneurons for coordination and others that dri
64 g EphA4-expressing corticospinal neurons and spinal interneurons from crossing the midline.
65 (BW), we recorded the activity of individual spinal interneurons from L4 to L6 during both FW and BW
66 ctates the mode of stem cell division during spinal interneuron generation.
67 aINs), and possibly other types of mammalian spinal interneurons have common embryonic origins within
68                                              Spinal interneurons help to coordinate motor behavior.
69 view highlights our current understanding of spinal interneuron heterogeneity, their contribution to
70 shaw cells (RCs) are one of the most studied spinal interneurons; however, their roles in motor contr
71                                 One class of spinal interneurons implicated in the control of mammali
72 ect control is attributable to activation of spinal interneurons in a number of locations.
73                    We report that lumbar dI2 spinal interneurons in chicks receive synaptic input fro
74         We explored the activity of pools of spinal interneurons in larval zebrafish and found that i
75 m imaging of groups of identified excitatory spinal interneurons in larval zebrafish to explore how t
76 ocal microscopy to examine the morphology of spinal interneurons in living larval zebrafish with the
77                              Most studies of spinal interneurons in vertebrate motor circuits have fo
78 ded simultaneously from large populations of spinal interneurons in vivo in male rats, characterizing
79 ecord spike trains from large populations of spinal interneurons in vivo in rats and demonstrate that
80    We recorded miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs) from spinal interneurons in Xenopus embryos and larvae.
81                              Many classes of spinal interneurons in zebrafish have been described bas
82 tudy was to determine changes in activity of spinal interneurons, in particular those mediating PLRs,
83                                         Many spinal interneurons, including those identified as proje
84 we have yet to determine which properties of spinal interneurons (INs) are critical to rhythmogenesis
85 riteria for the functional identification of spinal interneurones involved in the mammalian locomotor
86                                              Spinal interneurons involved in the UG reflex were found
87            Understanding the organisation of spinal interneurones is no easy task.
88 al misrouting of the corticospinal tract and spinal interneurons is manifested, leading to a hopping
89 ell death affects the 13 cardinal classes of spinal interneurons is unclear.
90                                Regulation of spinal interneurons is used to switch between motor stat
91 s recovery, we studied a population of mouse spinal interneurons known to receive direct afferent inp
92               Here we identified a subset of spinal interneurons, labeled by gastrin-releasing peptid
93                 The muscle field of a single spinal interneuron may vary under different stimulation
94                                              Spinal interneurons mediate much of this influence, yet
95 t has been hypothesized that a common set of spinal interneurons mediates flexion reflex and the flex
96         It was further demonstrated that the spinal interneurons mediating the descending commands fo
97 sh and amphibians led to the hypothesis that spinal interneurons might be shared by these behaviors.
98 ate synaptic mechanisms by which cholinergic spinal interneurons modulate the final common pathway fo
99                                              Spinal interneurons modulating motor output are highly d
100 red for correct specification of a subset of spinal interneuron neurotransmitter phenotypes, as well
101  and the M1 motor map, increased cholinergic spinal interneurons numbers on the contralateral, relati
102  has a role in the increased excitability of spinal interneurons observed during persistent inflammat
103     Major cold-sensitive areas projecting to spinal interneurons or to regions containing sympathetic
104 ut the extent to which particular classes of spinal interneurons participate in different behaviors.
105 f the present study was to determine whether spinal interneurons play a role in the regulation of sym
106 thods to uncover state space trajectories of spinal interneuron population activity on single step cy
107 analysis to investigate the fate of multiple spinal interneuron populations during ALS progression in
108                                      Several spinal interneuron populations have been implicated in t
109 e for the importance of connections with key spinal interneuron populations in development of motor c
110 opmental apoptosis in molecularly identified spinal interneuron populations, and implicate the adhesi
111                                         Most spinal interneurons project axons longitudinally to gove
112 and functional analyses of corticospinal and spinal interneuron projections reveal that loss of alpha
113 ry circuitry based on the classical types of spinal interneurons (propriospinal, monosynaptic Ia-exci
114       We identify a convergent population of spinal interneurons recruited by diverse itch-causing st
115 ials of motor neurons in cerebral cortex and spinal interneurons, respectively.
116 ons of both inhibitory and excitatory lumbar spinal interneurons responsive to TMS to provide a more
117 collaterals formed synaptic connections with spinal interneurons, resulting in improved recovery of m
118 tory inputs from multiple descending tracts, spinal interneurons, sensory inputs, and proprioceptive
119                                              Spinal interneurons shape motor neuron activity.
120                    Our findings suggest that spinal interneurons show distinct temporal and spatial t
121            As an example, thoracic VGluT2(+) spinal interneurons (SpINs) become structurally and func
122 er SCI because thoracic excitatory VGluT2(+) spinal interneurons (SpINs) provoke structural remodelin
123 a previously-unseen regional organization of spinal interneuron state space, which may serve as a uni
124 ), an anatomically and functionally discrete spinal interneuron subtype.
125             Vertebrate locomotion depends on spinal interneurons termed the central pattern generator
126  patches located on Renshaw cells, a type of spinal interneuron that receives powerful excitatory and
127 of this review is to describe populations of spinal interneurons that are involved in the control of
128 ing and dye injection to identify a group of spinal interneurons that are strongly activated during f
129 t behavioral roles for particular classes of spinal interneurons that can eventually be tested direct
130 s known about patterns of recruitment in the spinal interneurons that control motoneurons because of
131  C boutons on spinal motor neurons stem from spinal interneurons that express the transcription facto
132     This study shows that a subpopulation of spinal interneurons that expresses parvalbumin and have
133 fines a primitive functional organization of spinal interneurons that formed a developmental and evol
134 are a heterogeneous population of inhibitory spinal interneurons that have been implicated in regulat
135 nt patterns or, instead, involve specialized spinal interneurons that may shape the motor output to p
136 ses to intrinsic and extrinsic activation of spinal interneurons that remains after SCI.
137 he spinal cord; however, the identity of the spinal interneurons that serve this function is not know
138 motor programs are controlled by networks of spinal interneurons that set the rhythm and intensity of
139 tentials were recorded from the VLF and from spinal interneurons that were synchronized, cycle by cyc
140 cted rats, we have described a population of spinal interneurons that, by virtue of correlations betw
141                     We find that a kernel of spinal interneurons, the ipsilateral caudal (IC) cells,
142 ugh spinal motoneurons are a major target of spinal interneurons, the loss of motoneurons did not aff
143 guishable from a recently described group of spinal interneurons (transverse interneurons) that are s
144 e synergies represented by the same upstream spinal interneurons under different activity states indu
145       However, the molecular identity of the spinal interneurons underlying the excitatory drive with
146                                     Putative spinal interneurons were found from T13 to S1.
147                                     Putative spinal interneurons were found in the medial cord from T
148 sory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion and spinal interneurons were not affected by any of the pert
149                               In both cases, spinal interneurons were preserved but the mice bore dra
150 uthner cells directly activate contralateral spinal interneurons which feed reciprocal inhibition to
151     We show a discrete subset of commissural spinal interneurons, whose fate is controlled by the act
152                                        Thus, spinal interneurons with distinct behavioral roles may t
153  combine back-filling or genetic labeling of spinal interneurons with in situ staining for markers of
154  reaching and grasping could be mediated via spinal interneurons with input from the motor-cortex and
155 leg flexion reflex circuits likely share key spinal interneurons with locomotion and scratching netwo
156                The functional denervation of spinal interneurons within the mature SDH may contribute

 
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