ライフサイエンスコーパス: spruce

1 riana (black spruce) and Picea glauca (white spruce).

2 d Scots pine), but also an age effect (Sitka spruce).

3 an unstructured natural population of Norway spruce.

4 related species, lodgepole pine and interior spruce.

5 compensatory cis-trans factors is common in spruce.

6 orth American forest insect pest of pine and spruce.

7 on, is suggested to trigger sustained NPQ in spruce.

8 ative-to-reproductive phase change in Norway spruce.

9 n tamarack, while warming reduced biomass in spruce.

10 oncert to control perennial growth in Norway spruce.

11 ative-to-reproductive phase change in Norway spruce.

12 TR sequences from pea, broad bean and Norway spruce.

13 of drought-induced mortality in adult Norway spruce.

14 ripts levels in response to drought in white spruce.

15 e quantities in the DNA of a conifer, Norway spruce.

16 s in never-dried cell walls of the softwood, spruce.

17 ree was up to 11 mg for birch and 1.8 mg for spruce.

18 nt-wide masting in European beech and Norway spruce.

19 c events) and reproductive success in Norway spruce.

20 discrimination and growth of black and white spruce.

21 glycosylated acetophenone pungenin in white spruce.

22 ne, portends range contraction for Engelmann spruce.

23 needles across different genotypes of white spruce.

24 more prevalent on saplings from slow-growing spruces.

25 association with saplings from fast-growing spruces.

26 three components related to sustained NPQ in spruce: 1) Freezing temperatures induce 3p-LHCII accumul

27 cots supports an earlier singular finding in spruce, a gymnosperm, indicating that the pathway of 21-

28 Norway spruce accumulates high foliar concentrations of seconda

29 y enable marker-assisted selection of Norway spruce adapted to severe pathogen attack.

30 re, we predict that such reductions in black spruce after fire may already be widespread given curren

31 arene is associated with resistance of Sitka spruce against white pine weevil, a major North American

32 with the synthesis of the natural products, spruce alkaloid and (+)-241D.

33 e, and yellow birch, and negatively with red spruce and balsam fir - generally more so for adults tha

34 e climates is likely to become a problem for spruce and beech by the end of this century, but probabl

35 ies should be adjusted in the study area for spruce and beech to maintain productive and healthy fore

36 ee climate models, future risks increased in spruce and beech until the end of the century, but remai

37 In this issue of Genes & Development, Spruce and colleagues (pp.

38 Case studies with European beech, Qinghai spruce and Douglas-fir illustrate how the combination of

39 rdens to investigate local adaptation in red spruce and identify environmental gradients and loci inv

40 e, while remaining constant in ambient CO(2) spruce and in both ambient CO(2) and elevated CO(2) tama

41 large-scale generation of transgenic Norway spruce and may prove useful for other conifer species.

42 Draft genome sequences of white spruce and other conifers have recently been produced, b

43 s included mature black spruce, burned black spruce and paper birch, allowing us to determine vegetat

44 tion of mycorrhizal necromass, utilising the Spruce and Peatland Response Under Changing Environments

45 Our investigations leverage the Spruce and Peatland Responses under Changing Environment

46 Here, we leverage the Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Changing Environment

47 ciency of heterologous hybridization between spruce and pine species on microarrays has been document

48 Spruce and poplar CSLA candidates restored mannan biosyn

49 ose Synthase-Like family A (CSLA) genes from spruce and poplar.

50 In particular, Norway spruce and Scots pine experienced extensive stem dehydra

51 nt resistance mechanism against SBW in white spruce and that insects can affect population structure

52 to sequence conifer genomes including pines, spruces and Douglas-fir.

53 suggests that the early interactions between spruces and fungi could potentially influence their grow

54 from stems and roots of Picea mariana (black spruce) and Picea glauca (white spruce).

55 Thus, white spruce apparently survived long glacial episodes under c

56 ol of growth cessation and bud set in Norway spruce as well as in local adaptation resulting in clina

57 gnocellulosic biomass, namely, beech, birch, spruce, ash, oak, and pine as well as commercial availab

58 dominant forest types (paper birch and black spruce) associated with location on elevated permafrost

59 ts from blackcurrant press cake (BC), Norway spruce bark (NS), scots pine bark (SP), and sea buckthor

60 of polymerization increased dramatically in spruce bark after infection by C. polonica.

61 namics of an exemplary species, the European spruce bark beetle (ESBB) (Ips typographus) and present

62 ca, a phytopathogenic fungus vectored by the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus.

63 ed changes in the phenolic content of Norway spruce bark upon E. polonica infection and the biochemic

64 group of phenolic compounds found in Norway spruce bark with a diaryl-ethene skeleton with known ant

65 ing reactions during lignification in Norway spruce bark.

66 h 2,3-trans stereochemistry were detected in spruce bark; dimeric and larger PAs contained flavan-3-o

67 ine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) and the spruce beetle (D. rufipennis) have recently undergone ep

68 tle outbreaks over recent decades, including spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis).

69 e strong support for the view that irruptive spruce beetle outbreaks across North America have primar

70 ontrary to previously proposed links between spruce beetle outbreaks and drought.

71 t experienced widespread mortality caused by spruce beetle outbreaks in the 1990s, during a prolonged

72 e against the insect but can be cleaved by a spruce beta-glucosidase, PgbetaGLU-1, which releases the

73 ugh the total quantity of C emitted from the SPRUCE Bog as CH4 is <2%, CH4 represents >50% of seasona

74 teristic of interior Alaska, including black spruce, bog birch, tussock grass and two fens.

75 molecular-weight fractions of both peat- and spruce-BrC are more resistant to photobleaching than the

76 longer illumination timescales than that of spruce-BrC.

77 ronmental factors that influenced this white spruce breeding program.

78 ng over a developmental time course of white spruce bud burst and shoot growth revealed two UGTs, PgU

79 DNA bases by immunohistochemistry in Norway spruce buds based on peroxidase-conjugated antibodies an

80 cyclic insect pest of the boreal forest, the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana), modulated an

81 tance of white spruce (Picea glauca) against spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferiana), a major fore

82 AFPs from overwintering insects, such as the spruce budworm (sbw) are 10-100 times more effective tha

83 tion between white spruce (Picea glauca) and spruce budworm (SBW, Choristoneura fumiferana) the most

84 The spruce budworm AFP lacks regular repeat units.

85 virion protein extract induces apoptosis in spruce budworm and cotton boll weevil cell cultures.

86 a-solenoid protein mutant fibril structures (spruce budworm and Rhagium inquisitor antifreeze protein

87 based on the primary sequence of the mature spruce budworm antifreeze protein (sbwAFP) was construct

88 protein structure-function mechanism for the spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana AFP, including s

89 d length-to-width correlation for the mutant spruce budworm protein and the resultant UTS estimate is

90 ism by which the antifreeze protein from the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, binds to ice.

91 Our sites included mature black spruce, burned black spruce and paper birch, allowing us

92 ilarly to warming across sites for Engelmann spruce, but differently for limber pine.

93 The vast majority of sRNA sequences in spruce can be assigned to 21-nucleotide-long siRNA seque

94 t, many conifers, including pines, firs, and spruces, can accumulate chlorophyll and the light-harves

95 tland Responses Under Changing Environments (SPRUCE) climate change manipulation experiment to unders

96 ne expression and plant morphology in Norway spruce cuttings derived from both slow-and fast-growing

97 ses of boreal forest recovery from prior red spruce decline, or human land use and disturbance, may s

98 likely the first steps in the degradation of spruce defenses to substrates that can enter the tricarb

99 Remarkably, whereas 5hmC content of spruce DNA is approximately 100-fold lower relative to h

100 ent and severe fires, shifts away from black spruce dominance to broadleaf or pine species are emergi

101 RNA extracted from maturing spruce embryos was analyzed on DNA microarrays containin

102 thwest Alaska to explore factors influencing spruce establishment and recruitment near western treeli

103 e abundance suggests a moving front of white spruce establishment through time, driven by changes in

104 Drought-killed subalpine fir and Engelmann spruce exhibited 'flashy' growth - higher sensitivity of

105 uctuation of stem diameter growth of Qinghai spruce exhibited a parabolic pattern, which could be div

106 tland Responses under Changing Environments (SPRUCE) experiment, where air and peat warming were comb

107 atland Response Under Changing Environments (SPRUCE) experiment.

108 eriments wood chips of oak, poplar, hickory, spruce, fir, alder, beech, and beech with an apple-smoki

109 Spruce-fir conifer forests have a lower optimum temperat

110 ing the transition from northern hardwood to spruce-fir forests.

111 ing the transition from northern hardwood to spruce-fir forests.

112 deciduous/hardwood forest (14.1 mug/m2-yr), spruce/fir forest (33.8 mug/m2-yr), and stunted growth a

113 ion hardwoods to throughfall in midelevation spruce/fir to cloudwater in high-elevation alpine forest

114 s pungenol and piceol commonly accumulate in spruce foliage in the form of the corresponding glycosid

115 aboratory combustion of boreal peat and live spruce foliage.

116 Using alpine spruce forest and a native bee community as a study syst

117 forests and a relatively continuous gain of spruce forest associated with thermokarst and forest suc

118 as the primary factors controlling birch and spruce forest change, respectively.

119 Considering the ongoing spruce forest dieback and climate change acceleration, i

120 dioxide (CO2) flux were measured at a black spruce forest in interior Alaska using the eddy covarian

121 e the carbon balance of a 120-year-old black spruce forest in Manitoba, Canada.

122 ck tundra), as well as ecotonal boreal white spruce forest, and perform model simulations for the yea

123 very fertile sites (22%), succession - mixed spruce forests on fertile sites (49%), and cohort dynami

124 genome assembly and introduce a second white spruce genome assembly for genotype WS77111.

125 The composition of the interior spruce genome indicated asymmetric contributions from th

126 -scale assembly of the next-generation white spruce genome sequence and provide a reference resource

127 Although the current white spruce genome sequence remains highly fragmented, dozens

128 7111 genomes confirm the reconstructed white spruce genome size in the 20 Gbp range, and show broad s

129 n of a functional Mur gene set in the Norway spruce genome.

130 ng the PG29 V3 assembly and additional white spruce genomics and transcriptomics resources, we perfor

131 espectively, resistant and susceptible Sitka spruce genotypes are due to variation of (+)-3-carene sy

132 The two white spruce genotypes originate from distant geographic regio

133 ibe the draft genome assemblies of two white spruce genotypes, PG29 and WS77111, innovative tools for

134 These more contiguous spruce giga-genome sequences should strengthen our under

135 rticularly high frequencies were observed in spruce, grape (Vitis vinifera), and poplar (Populus tric

136 In this study, we examined patterns of black spruce growth and carbon isotopic composition in tree ri

137 atitudinal shift in the correlation of black spruce growth with temperature and reduced precipitation

138 ggest drought is causing a decline in boreal spruce growth, leading to predictions of widespread mort

139 Plots with Norway spruce had the highest net accumulation of Cl(-) and Clo

140 Moreover, saplings from slow-growing spruces had a greater number of Ascomycete taxa and free

141 ite, Western redcedar, Baldcypress, and Blue spruce) had median MAC values ranging from 1.4 x 10(-2)

142 Spruces harbor very large genomes with high repetitivene

143 Norway spruce has a broad natural distribution range, which res

144 Exploratory sequencing in pines and spruces have pointed out some of the unique properties o

145 Douglas fir and Norway spruce, however, revealed lower drought resilience at hi

146 terpenoids, we overexpressed a bifunctional spruce IDS, a geranyl diphosphate and geranylgeranyl dip

147 es C/EC seedlings and lowest in +8 degrees C spruce, implying that moderate, but not extreme, climate

148 calibrated against European larch and Norway spruce in a dry temperate forest in the Swiss Alps.

149 system with mixed stands of silver birch and spruce in combination with regular harvest of leaves and

150 ontact during post-glacial recolonization of spruce in the Holocene.

151 position) from 20 productive stands of white spruce in the interior of Alaska.

152 nhabiting mycobiomes, at least not for white spruce in this extreme environment.

153 ; the presence of a least preferred species (spruce) in a mixture had no significant effect on moose

154 ct (+)-3-carene synthase-like genes of Sitka spruce include the three (+)-3-carene synthases, PsTPS-3

155 nomes of four closely related North American spruces indicate that their high similarity at the morph

156 Overall, our results showed that Norway spruce individuals with the highest fitness are those wh

157 Importantly, white spruce is a masting species that produces large cone cro

158 ion of phenolic needle metabolites in Norway spruce is regulated by many genes with small and additiv

159 ney samples and honeydew honeys from fir and spruce it was absent.

160 flavan-3-ols, transcript abundance of Norway spruce LEUCOANTHOCYANIDIN REDUCTASE genes also increased

161 diminished by the fourth year for Engelmann spruce, likely due to small sample sizes.

162 12 in three different conifer species, Sitka spruce, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), and jack pine (

163 fueled with brown coal briquettes (BCBs) and spruce logs (SLs) were analyzed for signatures of inorga

164 n, an established biomass burning marker, as spruce logwood combustion, but showed distinct higher ra

165 This relationship has helped black spruce maintain its dominance through much of the Holoce

166 d phenotypic characteristics in young Norway spruces may play a role in their long-term growth rate.

167 st (in fens) to some of the lowest (in black spruce) measured globally.

168 We also comprehensively annotated the white spruce mevalonate, methylerythritol phosphate and phenyl

169 Compared with jack pine, black spruce migrated at a faster mean rate of 25 km(-cent) fr

170 ly affect photosynthesis and growth in black spruce more than in tamarack, and that parameters used t

171 for American beech, downslope shifts for red spruce (more so in cool regions) and sugar maple, and no

172 from inbred crosses of a naturally occurring spruce mutant (acrocona).

173 cceleration, it is tempting to conclude that spruce necromass and forest soils may release vast amoun

174 (ww) and 94 ng g(-1) ww in birch leaves and spruce needles, respectively.

175 For Norway spruce needles, the relation of CCM-300 values to chloro

176 roof-of-concept study involved a 40-year-old spruce OP testing population growing on three sites in B

177 ess of these three species known as interior spruce (P. engelmannii x glauca x sitchensis).

178 E. polonica utilization of the most abundant spruce phenolics as carbon sources both correlated posit

179 whether the migration history of the Norway spruce Picea abies in Quaternary has affected its host-a

180 ies around a central hoard (midden) of white spruce Picea glauca cones.

181 Masting behaviour of Sitka spruce Picea sitchensis may influence Eurasian siskin Sp

182 eech (Fagus sylvatica) and coniferous Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst), planted in the same soil.

183 d climate-adapted genetic material of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.

184 hydraulic function in dying adults of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) during the progression of the re

185 of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L.), Siberian larch (Larix sibirica

186 ysis of the sRNA population from the conifer spruce (Picea abies) and compared the results with those

187 seed plants, including the gymnosperm Norway spruce (Picea abies) and the angiosperms rice (Oryza sat

188 ically important tree species such as Norway spruce (Picea abies) are required, if the frequency and

189 o through a long juvenile period, for Norway spruce (Picea abies) around 20 to 25 years, before devel

190 corporated into the lignin polymer in Norway spruce (Picea abies) bark.

191 Norway spruce (Picea abies) forests suffer periodic fatal attac

192 y identified in birch (Betula verrucosa) and spruce (Picea abies) GX.

193 Norway spruce (Picea abies) is periodically attacked by the bar

194 f Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) needles display strong O(2) consump

195 ary metabolites (SM)) in well-watered Norway spruce (Picea abies) saplings.

196 root formation and nutrient uptake by Norway spruce (Picea abies) seedlings with fast- and slow-growi

197 along hillslopes in four 80 years old Norway spruce (Picea abies) stands (REFs) with those in four si

198 tudy indicated that the resistance of Norway spruce (Picea abies) to Heterobasidion annosum s.l., a p

199 Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees (approximately 16 m high) of

200 llular lignin-forming cell culture of Norway spruce (Picea abies) was used as a research model.

201 CO2 impacted leaf carbon dynamics in Norway spruce (Picea abies), a dominant northern forest species

202 genomes: white spruce (Picea glauca), Norway spruce (Picea abies), and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda).

203 namely silver birch (Betula pendula), Norway spruce (Picea abies), bird cherry (Prunus padus), mounta

204 in three major European tree species, Norway spruce (Picea abies), silver fir (Abies alba), and Europ

205 ied and functionally characterized in Norway spruce (Picea abies), the most widespread and economical

206 l for local adaptation of the conifer Norway spruce (Picea abies).

207 o the development of sustained NPQ in Norway spruce (Picea abies).

208 nteraction with cellulose surfaces in Norway spruce (Picea abies).

209 nd characterization of the gymnosperm Norway spruce (Picea abies, Pa) ESP.

210 fossil needles that a now-extinct species of spruce (Picea critchfieldii sp. nov.) was widespread in

211 the prospect of implementing GS for interior spruce (Picea engelmannii x glauca) utilizing a genotype

212 spruces: the genome assemblies for Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and Sitka spruce (Picea sitch

213 sed an iso-demographic approach in Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) forests that experienced wide

214 imate niches and in habitats where Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) overlaps broadly with boreal

215 Here we describe a population of white spruce (Picea glauca) advancing at post-LGM rates(7) acr

216 ompounds involved in the resistance of white spruce (Picea glauca) against spruce budworm (Choristone

217 more contiguous genome assemblies for white spruce (Picea glauca) and for a naturally occurring intr

218 d the antagonistic interaction between white spruce (Picea glauca) and spruce budworm (SBW, Choriston

219 sequences from the needle mycobiome of white spruce (Picea glauca) at the northern treeline in Alaska

220 ed tissues of a single self-fertilized white spruce (Picea glauca) individual to dissect eQTLs accord

221 ructure and environmental data from 95 white spruce (Picea glauca) plots sampled across a longitudina

222 Somatic embryogenic cultures of white spruce (Picea glauca) represent a valuable system to stu

223 geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase in white spruce (Picea glauca) saplings.

224 e sequenced chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) of white spruce (Picea glauca), a dominant boreal tree species, i

225 White spruce (Picea glauca), a gymnosperm tree, has been estab

226 nvestigated transcriptome structure in white spruce (Picea glauca), aiming to delineate its modular o

227 publication of three conifer genomes: white spruce (Picea glauca), Norway spruce (Picea abies), and

228 mbling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca).

229 es have been developed for the conifer white spruce (Picea glauca, Pinaceae), which has one of the la

230 ed on the geometry of bordered pits in black spruce (Picea mariana) and scanning electron microscopy

231 six-fold increase in radial growth of black spruce (Picea mariana) from ~0.5 mm yr(-1) in 1800 to ~2

232 d paper birch (Betula neoalaskana) and black spruce (Picea mariana) stands in Alaska.

233 ion of jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and black spruce (Picea mariana), two important fire-adapted conif

234 Black spruce (Picea mariana, an evergreen conifer) and tamarac

235 olly pine (Pinus taeda) PtCYP720B1 and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) PsCYP720B4, have been characte

236 gelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) together with improved and mor

237 are a major insect-resistance trait in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), occurring in dense clusters i

238 Spruce (Picea spp.) and other conifers employ terpenoid-

239 More than one-fifth of these timbers were spruce (Picea) or fir (Abies) that were hand-carried fro

240 Spruces (Picea spp.) are coniferous trees widespread in

241 3 years for three coniferous species (Norway spruce [Picea abies], Scots pine [Pinus sylvestris], and

242 ss temperate and boreal forests dominated by spruce, pine or beech.

243 crobes, and roots) over 18 months in a Sitka spruce plantation and directly compared the fate of this

244 is climate drivers at a mature, upland Sitka spruce plantation in Northumberland, UK.

245 Norway spruce plants carrying at least one copy of the novel al

246 Oak, Western redcedar, and Blue spruce possessed statistically similar (p > 0.05) spectr

247 id products accepting a wide range of Norway spruce-produced phenolics as substrates.

248 Norway spruce produces terpenoid resins and phenolics in respon

249 Norway spruce protects itself against fungal and bark beetle in

250 We found that black spruce radial growth responded negatively to monthly met

251 nd it constructs the graph for 1.52Tbp white spruce reads in approximately 10 h, while the closest co

252 y to expectations, warming reduced Engelmann spruce recruitment at and above treeline, as well as in

253 olar death in the embryo suspensor of Norway spruce requires autophagy.

254 4% of observed TRW variability for larch and spruce respectively and, importantly, the response funct

255 Our haploid-diploid eQTL analysis in spruce revealed that compensatory cis-trans eQTLs segreg

256 DUF231 members from moss, Selaginella, pine, spruce, rice and poplar were mannan 2-O- and 3-O-acetylt

257 depth had the highest impact on the Qinghai spruce's growth in stem diameter.

258 van-3-ols and PAs was investigated in Norway spruce saplings after wounding or inoculation with the f

259 pplying 54 g N/(15) N ha(-1) yr(-1) to Sitka spruce saplings.

260 ions for the period 2061-2090 were found for spruce seedling height (0.64), and for beech bud break a

261 cated that siskins fed their chicks on Sitka spruce seeds in most years, and more so in years of high

262 Given their reliance on Sitka spruce seeds, climate change may have a major impact on

263 umbers by altering the availability of Sitka spruce seeds, either through changes in masting patterns

264 ng ecology as breeding siskins specialize on spruce seeds.

265 to the 22 Gbp loblolly pine and 20 Gbp white spruce sequencing datasets.

266 In boreal North America, black spruce shapes forest flammability and depends on fire fo

267 Drought-killed aspen, Scots pine, and Norway spruce showed stable, climate-insensitive growth compare

268 re therefore suitable alternatives to Norway spruce; Silver fir more so at higher altitudes.

269 suggest that PEG may improve the quality of spruce somatic embryos by promoting normal differentiati

270 , an alkaloid isolated from various pine and spruce species, was then carried out to exploit this ste

271 leled tree growth decreases, particularly in spruce species.

272 Mosses native to and transplanted into spruce stands supported generally higher N(2) -fixation

273 encoding the rate-limiting enzymes in Norway spruce stilbene and flavonoid biosynthesis were actively

274 and more so for saplings than adults of red spruce, sugar maple, yellow birch, cordate birch, and st

275 tely affected the most rapidly growing white spruce, suggesting that, under recent climate warming, d

276 nt toward a higher mortality risk for Norway spruce than previously assumed, which is in line with cu

277 White spruces that are able to resist SBW attack were reported

278 the genomes of four different North American spruces: the genome assemblies for Engelmann spruce (Pic

279 ompounds in the defence mechanisms of Norway spruce to C. rhododendri.

280 ifted tree dominance from slow-growing black spruce to fast-growing deciduous broadleaf trees, result

281 nds and their role in enhanced resistance of spruce to infection by needle bladder rust are unknown.

282 climate and land use, and the return of red spruce to lower elevations where past logging originally

283 However, when excluding Sitka spruce (to account for age or stand development effects)

284 Predicted shifts from spruce- to deciduous-dominated stands will interact with

285 ungal effectors, with more than 5,000 Norway spruce transcripts, providing mechanistic insight into t

286 The uptake of PACs into blue spruce tree wood was measured, with wood-air partition c

287 and ring width in a population of 1694 white spruce trees (Picea glauca).

288 C responses to temperature reveal that black spruce trees are experiencing moisture stress on both no

289 We conclude that spruce trees have a conservative allocation strategy und

290 in the ability of I. typographus to colonize spruce trees.

291 We tested our system on black and white spruce, two paleoclimatically significant taxa in the No

292 ponded similarly to the 1976 drought, Norway spruce was least resistant and resilient to the 2003 sum

293 In experiments with Norway spruce, we increased transformation efficiencies 1000-fo

294 s in apical shoots of trees resistant (R) to spruce weevil (Pissodes strobi) but being rare in suscep

295 Future risks for spruce were high across Switzerland.

296 ypes of wood logs, namely, beech, birch, and spruce, were chemically characterized using thermal deso

297 corrhizal species, typically found on mature spruces, were more prevalent on saplings from slow-growi

298 als of -0.47 MPa for larch and -0.66 MPa for spruce, whereas photosynthesis in trees continues down t

299 ure increased with warming in elevated CO(2) spruce, while remaining constant in ambient CO(2) spruce

300 Cultivating these species instead of Norway spruce will contribute to maintaining a high level of pr