ライフサイエンスコーパス: subsidy

1 re forest sparing and GHG abatement than the subsidy.

2 time, the tax would become cheaper than the subsidy.

3 ions that could be abated without government subsidy.

4 meet their needs in the absence of a discard subsidy.

5 72% received the Medicare Part D low-income subsidy.

6 sufficient environmental advantages to merit subsidy.

7 able boundaries that are crossed by resource subsidies.

8 leukemia (CML) with and without cost-sharing subsidies.

9 patiotemporal dynamics of stream-terrestrial subsidies.

10 rberate throughout ecosystems that depend on subsidies.

11 l research suggests a crucial role for heavy subsidies.

12 nd providing technical support and financial subsidies.

13 hi, likely in response to massive human food-subsidies.

14 y, market access, catch value and government subsidies.

15 ncy, land endowments, wage labor, and policy subsidies.

16 and by providing farmers with grain and cash subsidies.

17 ion costs made biofuels unprofitable without subsidies.

18 d the greatest benefit because of low-income subsidies.

19 ndor populations independent of direct human subsidies.

20 ings was among those eligible for low-income subsidies.

21 o did not, despite the equal availability of subsidies.

22 consumption outcomes of fruit and vegetable subsidies.

23 eased, after accounting for pelagic nutrient subsidies.

24 on coral reefs that receive natural nutrient subsidies.

25 economies, and greater beneficial fisheries subsidies.

26 may change spending behavior in response to subsidies.

27 strategy employed by animals that transport subsidies.

28 e subsidies rather than upfront capital cost subsidies.

29 le-income patients eligible for only premium subsidies.

30 s like California and New York, even without subsidies.

31 and ecosystem degradation related to active subsidies.

32 In the absence of energy subsidies [1], bottom-heavy trophic pyramids are expecte

33 c charging infrastructure, and no government subsidy; 2) reducing battery cost has the largest impact

34 Of these, 25.9% of children received public subsidies; 21.7% were commercially insured with househol

35 le-income patients eligible only for premium subsidies (251%-400% FPL) were compared to high-income c

36 such trophic structure is maintained through subsidies [5-9], and empirical evidence suggests that sh

37 to increased reliance on anthropogenic food subsidies(6) and increased risk of bycatch mortality in

38 tments-community motivation and information; subsidies; a supply-side market access intervention; and

39 udinal changes in utilisation of the aquatic subsidy according to species traits.

40 the differential outcomes of food taxes and subsidies across subpopulations.

41 t exhibit variability in aquatic/terrestrial subsidies across the ecotone.

42 coral reefs, but it is unknown whether these subsidies affect the response of coral reefs to mass ble

43 and the final approach provides time-limited subsidies allowing workers and their families to purchas

44 es and conclude that targeted food taxes and subsidies alone are unlikely to substantially affect obe

45 Subsidies also reduced open defecation by 14 percentage

46 Given the seasonality and pulsed nature of subsidies, alterations of the temporal and spatial synch

47 Critics have questioned the utility of these subsidies and accountability of recipient hospitals.

48 biogeochemical processes, affecting trophic subsidies and conditions in fish-spawning habitats.

49 ata on everyday clinical practice, financial subsidies and incentives that do not encourage cost savi

50 years and their breakdown between household subsidies and municipal infrastructure varied greatly be

51 sis of receipt of Medicare Part D low-income subsidies and not capturing persons not enrolled in Medi

52 However, after accounting for social subsidies and regional variation in Medicare spending, r

53 tching grant outperforms both a fixed-amount subsidy and a subsidy on uninfected patients in reducing

54 ed with increased beef consumption under the subsidy and reduced deforestation associated with reduce

55 Finally, the combination of the subsidy and standard can achieve the same positive outco

56 ble dispersers showed minimal use of aquatic subsidy and switched to a terrestrial diet under moderat

57 al distributions from characteristics of the subsidy and the movement strategy employed by animals th

58 (1) HUD-VASH, with Section 8 vouchers (rent subsidies) and intensive case management (n = 182); (2)

59 cy instruments, including group-based taxes, subsidies, and fixed penalties.

60 priority for public housing, long-term rent subsidies, and homeownership assistance.

61 ling and consumer information; (3) taxation, subsidies, and other economic incentives; (4) school and

62 ubstantially for persons ineligible for such subsidies, and pharmaceutical company assistance may be

63 and maintenance (i.e., food stamps, housing subsidies, and Supplemental Security Income payments).

64 achycardia, low-income prescription benefits subsidy, and less recent left ventricular ejection fract

65 criteria for the MMA drug benefit low-income subsidy, and used a selected Medicare population.

66 GHG abatement from either the tax or subsidy appears inexpensive but, over time, the tax woul

67 Agricultural subsidies are an important factor for influencing food p

68 Cross-ecosystem subsidies are critical to ecosystem structure and functi

69 Active subsidies are fundamentally different from passive subsi

70 for numerous fish, and unless outside energy subsidies are greater than in-stream food resources for

71 Leaf litter subsidies are important resources for aquatic consumers

72 herefore, seamount-induced bottom-up trophic subsidies are not rare, occurring most often at shallow,

73 Aquatic-to-terrestrial subsidies are relatively small in most terrestrial ecosy

74 fs, our results show that water conservation subsidies are unlikely to reduce water use under conditi

75 most populations, although these population subsidies are very limited in particular systems.

76 ll alter the use and fluxes of allochthonous subsidies associated with stream ecosystems.

77 ing consists of more than $10 billion annual subsidies awarded to academic hospitals to offset the co

78 es standard (or mandate) and (ii) a purchase subsidy-based strategy (of three different durations).

79 ies are fundamentally different from passive subsidies, because animals can respond to the process of

80 Although cross-ecosystem subsidies between terrestrial and aquatic systems have b

81 , providing larger FV subsidies, or offering subsidies beyond FVs, particularly for low-income househ

82 s eligible for both cost-sharing and premium subsidies, but not in middle-income patients eligible fo

83 gain when the tax was combined with a 50% FV subsidy, but net gains were smaller among higher SSB pur

84 Such nutritional subsidies by intracellular symbionts have been well stud

85 sified charging opportunities; 3) government subsidies can be more effective to increase the VMT elec

86 d by reciprocal flows of energy and nutrient subsidies can be viewed as a single "meta-ecosystem." De

87 reover, these findings show that terrestrial subsidies can enhance MeHg bioaccumulation of consumers

88 While such subsidies can enhance wildlife condition, they can also

89 Our findings highlight how human food subsidies can indirectly influence changes in aging at t

90 hanges in the timing of a pulsed terrestrial subsidy can alter stream dynamics from the individual to

91 tions (learning rate = 25%), a modest public subsidy can make SOFC investment profitable for 20-160 m

92 Cross-boundary subsidy cascades may be widespread in both terrestrial a

93 INTERPRETATION: Subsidies combined with supporting interventions can be

94 tion of low yield farmland, and agricultural subsidies), combined with improved cultivation practices

95 spanic and 70% of the black women received a subsidy compared with 21% of the white women.

96 rance marketplaces were collected; the after-subsidy cost of premiums for the least-expensive bronze

97 exempt from paying this penalty if the after-subsidy cost of the least-expensive plan available to th

98 orate cellular aging, foraging on human food subsidies could counteract this process by shortening hi

99 The ACA's low-income subsidies could reduce these barriers for many families,

100 ed by policy makers to inform regulatory and subsidy decisions, but the validity of these studies in

101 individual per year to scavengers, and this subsidy decreased at higher latitudes.

102 ecause animals can respond to the process of subsidy deposition and ecosystem changes caused by subsi

103 y deposition and ecosystem changes caused by subsidy deposition.

104 se contexts, such as agricultural and energy subsidy design, national income accounts, and corporate

105 ral sanitation intervention with no monetary subsidies, diarrhoeal prevalence remained similar to con

106 Zealand rocky shores, the magnitude of such subsidies differs profoundly between contrasting oceanog

107 onversely, the loss of cross-system nutrient subsidies directly decreased biomass.

108 Research on the effects of spatial subsidy disruptions on ecosystems has not yet examined i

109 ocal government perspective, current federal subsidies distort the levelized cost of electricity such

110 Overall, these carrion subsidy-driven networks respond to resource pulses with

111 6 to compare changes in visit rates for full-subsidy dual-eligible Medicare and Medicaid beneficiarie

112 Also, novel species interactions can modify subsidy dynamics via complex bottom-up and top-down effe

113 Future research should aim to understand how subsidy dynamics will be affected by key drivers of glob

114 These data suggest that direct terrestrial subsidy (e.g., terrestrial invertebrates falling into wa

115 d those whose children were receiving public subsidies (eg, Medicaid) were also less likely to forego

116 isk for cost-related problems because of ACA subsidy eligibility rules.

117 Given high subsidy enrollment among black and Hispanic women, polic

118 Results indicated that-although marketplace subsidies ensure affordable health insurance for most pe

119 vergent locations with limited upslope water subsidies experienced the highest rates of modeled morta

120 and high initial expense means that, without subsidies, few consumers benefit financially from electr

121 ent of adoption to inform design, marketing, subsidies, finance, or dissemination practices.

122 Despite asymmetrical subsidy flows, we found stream and riparian consumer all

123 ution of nonindigenous species can influence subsidy fluxes by affecting the biology and ecology of d

124 Previous work modelling active subsidies focused on implicit space or static distributi

125 ally or socially at high risk, and financial subsidies for antenatal and delivery care.

126 Increased commodity crop prices and federal subsidies for biofuel crops, such as corn and soybeans,

127 Subsidies for infection control by public health authori

128 nderstand the implications of food taxes and subsidies for population-level consumption, diet, and he

129 ools for dealing with these problems: direct subsidies for research and strengthened property rights

130 Although the importance of these subsidies for riverine ecosystems is increasingly recogn

131 the balance of costs and benefits of aquatic subsidies for terrestrial consumers.

132 r, with its economics clouded by a myriad of subsidies for the competing energy sources and by world

133 , quality improvement, cost containment, and subsidies for the economically vulnerable-are essential.

134 ax on cattle from conventional pasture and a subsidy for cattle from semi-intensive pasture.

135 port, time off from work for vaccination and subsidy for travel to inconvenient vaccination centers w

136 ibutaries, and provides an important trophic subsidy for tributary predators.

137 Production Tax Credit, an important federal subsidy for wind energy.

138 ral budget transfers to line item transfers (subsidies) for specific priority drugs; (ii) centralized

139 rnment in the form of $100 million in annual subsidies, formed a research and development (R&D) conso

140 chieve in order to deliver net financial and subsidy-free environmental benefits.

141 Subsidies from anthropogenic resources in the form of LC

142 We examined the effects of subsidies from anthropogenic resources in the form of li

143 pex predators may alter their behavior where subsidies from anthropogenic resources occur and managem

144 anis lupus) would be expected to scavenge on subsidies from anthropogenic resources when these resour

145 and to invasive rats which disrupt nutrient subsidies from native seabirds.

146 mary rainforest in Malaysia to illutrate how subsidies from neighboring oil palm plantations triggere

147 By delivering food subsidies from productive but warming river mainstems to

148 and may be cost saving with a GAVI Alliance subsidy from the health care perspective.

149 pared to high-income controls ineligible for subsidies (>400% FPL) using a quasi-experimental differe

150 is trend is unfolding in Malawi, where a 90% subsidy has ensured access to fertilization and improved

151 Technological advancements and fishery subsidies have granted ever-increasing access to populat

152 The premium tax credit and cost-sharing subsidies have made nongroup coverage more affordable.

153 Aquatic-to-terrestrial subsidies have the potential to provide riparian consume

154 Energy subsidies, hostility to foreign investment, and ineffici

155 ith asthma based on (1) current receipt of a subsidy (i.e., Medicaid or Children's Health Insurance P

156 y for ACA low-income cost sharing or premium subsidies in 2014 (i.e., income </=250%, 251%-400%, or >

157 dividual carnivores consumed more human food subsidies in disturbed landscapes, leading to significan

158 e analyse options for reforming agricultural subsidies in line with health and climate-change objecti

159 Thus terrestrial-derived subsidies in marine food webs were primarily composed of

160 hes that increase the processing of external subsidies in riparian habitats.

161 tients eligible for cost-sharing and premium subsidies in the Marketplaces [income 139%-250% federal

162 The strength of this subsidy in active riparian floodplains is thought to und

163 Human foods have become a pervasive subsidy in many landscapes, and can dramatically alter w

164 tive carbon prices (explicit net fossil fuel subsidies) in 2022, for a record high net total of $1.4

165 the optimal public policy is not to offer a subsidy; in 5 scenarios the optimal subsidy rate is betw

166 Overall, subsidies incentivize HIC spending and reduce the overal

167 Current subsidies intended to encourage sales of plug-in vehicle

168 the relative incorporation of allochthonous subsidies into riverine food webs.

169 tuations depends strongly on minute resource subsidies into the midge habitat.

170 ment and ecosystem ecology to advance active subsidy investigations, make more accurate predictions o

171 te these connections, the reciprocal flow of subsidies is greatly asymmetrical and seasonally pulsed.

172 nd suburban areas with their associated food-subsidies is likely to increase proximity and exposure o

173 Given that the loss of nutrient subsidies is of global concern,(7) that removal of invas

174 The optimal rate with a targeted subsidy is between $20 and $27 m(-2) in 11 scenarios and

175 een $20 and $27 m(-2) in 11 scenarios and no subsidy is optimal in the twelfth.

176 ion (5, 10, and 20 years and lifetime), food subsidy levels (20%, 50%), insurance groups (Medicare, M

177 Resource subsidies likely also have indirect and trait-mediated e

178 atients without a Medicare Part D low-income subsidy (LIS) had 70% lower odds of having received biol

179 Purpose The low-income subsidy (LIS) substantially lowers out-of-pocket costs f

180 edicare beneficiaries receive the Low-Income Subsidy (LIS), which reduces cost sharing in Medicare Pa

181 ent for patients' characteristics and social subsidies, major teaching hospitals had the lowest morta

182 bility, enrollment in Medicaid or low-income subsidies, managed care enrollment, region and rurality

183 Because nutrient subsidies may also enhance community stability, the effe

184 These resource subsidies may be sensitive to human-caused changes in th

185 g resource quality, cross-ecosystem nutrient subsidies may boost demographic rates of consumers in re

186 Lastly, we assert that fertilizer subsidies may not be sufficient or sustainable strategie

187 disturbances, especially in the form of food subsidies, may threaten carnivores by increasing the pro

188 ghlighting the major role of the terrestrial subsidy (mealworms) in the diet.

189 ield experiment showed that this E. maculata subsidy nearly tripled the growth of the young of the ye

190 nsidered two financial requirements: (i) the subsidies needed to bridge the gap between the willingne

191 product (positively) and capacity-enhancing subsidies (negatively).

192 rticipants received portable rent subsidies (subsidy not tied to a specific location) for 2 years.

193 from large-scale oceanographically modulated subsidies (nutrients, particulates, and propagules) can

194 Groundwater yield subsidies occur ~35% of years on average across location

195 l sources, showing that there is significant subsidy of these ecosystems by organic carbon produced o

196 ons and to reduce or eliminate (often large) subsidies on fossil fuels appear of central importance.

197 th the control condition, the combination of subsidies on healthy products and taxes on unhealthy pro

198 Fm involves manufacturer price negotiations, subsidies on the manufacturer price of each treatment pu

199 and vegetables ("F&V incentive") and (2) 30% subsidy on broader healthful foods including F&V, whole

200 ports through the Medicare Part D Low-Income Subsidy on disparities in breast cancer hormonal therapy

201 a base case of no new intervention: (1) 30% subsidy on fruits and vegetables ("F&V incentive") and (

202 utperforms both a fixed-amount subsidy and a subsidy on uninfected patients in reducing the number of

203 build wealth and reduce on-plot conflict; no subsidies or materials were provided.

204 and investigation of the use of global price subsidies or product transfers as mechanisms for DAH.

205 cial distribution systems without any public subsidies or promotion.

206 more success than other leaders in reducing subsidies or raising fuel taxes.

207 driven behaviour change intervention without subsidy or provision of the relevant infrastructure.

208 53, 95% CI 1.36-1.71), and receiving an MRDD subsidy (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.74-2.30).

209 nding taxes beyond SSBs, providing larger FV subsidies, or offering subsidies beyond FVs, particularl

210 At present, subsidy payments from a government conservation program

211 tance may be more cost-effective than direct subsidy payments.

212 itional $1000 annual municipal-level housing subsidy per person with an income lower than poverty lev

213 Cross-ecosystem subsidies play a critical role in maintaining the struct

214 Cross-ecosystem nutrient subsidies play a key role in the structure and dynamics

215 he donees for rational individuals, the free-subsidy policy can in general lead to higher vaccination

216 two types of incentives strategies: partial-subsidy policy in which certain fraction of the cost of

217 the cost of vaccination is offset, and free-subsidy policy in which donees are randomly selected and

218 ases is to change prices through tax policy, subsidy policy, or both.

219 omputations, we find that, under the partial-subsidy policy, the vaccination coverage depends monoton

220 he dependence is non-monotonous for the free-subsidy policy.

221 altering the quantity and quality of aquatic subsidies, potentially shifting the balance of costs and

222 By removing subsidies, prices would more accurately reflect risks fr

223 such as a cap-and-trade or symmetric tax-and-subsidy program, would have reduced emissions by 163-247

224 fornia derive principally from a state-level subsidy program.

225 The Malawian Farm Input Subsidy Programme (FISP) has received praise as a proact

226 e same magnitude as nutrients distributed in subsidy programs (30-450% of distributed nutrients), ind

227 Subsidy programs for new energy technologies are motivat

228 This may be due to salary subsidies provided by the UHLT and nonUHLT to their hepa

229 that adopts a green roof and (ii) a targeted subsidy provided only to buildings for which net private

230 o alternative subsidy regimes: (i) a general subsidy provided to every building that adopts a green r

231 offer a subsidy; in 5 scenarios the optimal subsidy rate is between $20 and $27 m(-2); and in 1 scen

232 nd incurred net financial losses under a 30% subsidy rate.

233 We suggest that subsidy rates are a key determinant of the intensity of

234 suggests an emphasis on ongoing maintenance subsidies rather than upfront capital cost subsidies.

235 Persons ineligible for low-income subsidies receiving the standard benefit had a smaller r

236 In addition, we evaluate two alternative subsidy regimes: (i) a general subsidy provided to every

237 In 6 of the 12 general subsidy scenarios the optimal public policy is not to of

238 en in some developed countries, conservation subsidy schemes have only achieved limited success.

239 s who were fully eligible for the low-income subsidy served as the control group.

240 enic resources occur and management of these subsidies should be considered when attempting to reduce

241 istributions, which treat passive and active subsidies similarly.

242 levers leaders adjusted, and the government subsidies sought.

243 for these types of studies is predictions of subsidy spatial distributions from characteristics of th

244 tigations, make more accurate predictions of subsidy spatial distributions, and enable a mechanistic

245 s, and enable a mechanistic understanding of subsidy spatial distributions.

246 d eligibility for health insurance financial subsidies; stabilize health insurance marketplaces; prov

247 nique needs of beneficiaries with low-income subsidy status or dual eligibility.

248 Across all malignancies, low-income subsidy status-of which 87.6% was dual-eligible-contribu

249 Colimitation introduces the possibility of subsidy: strains producing a fully public good can exclu

250 All participants received portable rent subsidies (subsidy not tied to a specific location) for

251 ation among individuals without cost-sharing subsidies suggests that out-of-pocket costs may be a bar

252 tions between ecosystems via animals (active subsidies) support ecosystem services and contribute to

253 will significantly reduce discards, but this subsidy supports a large scavenger community.

254 t it into the surface layers, and this water subsidy sustains transpiration at rates that deep roots

255 save by far the most lives, while a 30% F&V subsidy targeting SNAP participants would most reduce so

256 ) DPPs potentially attributable to a 30% F&V subsidy targeting SNAP participants, the approximately 2

257 ans without the assistance of the low-income subsidy tended to prefer more comprehensive coverage opt

258 fects on grass cover, and that precipitation subsidies that extend growing seasons are beneficial.

259 te cooperation involve Pigouvian taxation or subsidies that make individuals internalize the external

260 ction and Affordable Care Act (ACA) includes subsidies that reduce patient cost sharing for low-incom

261 tercept much of the annual pulse of nutrient subsidies that salmon provide to terrestrial and aquatic

262 p because of Medicare coverage or low-income subsidies), the no-coverage group reduced their monthly

263 Without federal subsidies, the cost of CO2 mitigation using an RPS in Mi

264 of growing free trade; a steady reduction in subsidies; the ongoing drift of people to towns and what

265 These decreases in marine subsidies then lead to reductions in available soil nutr

266 many individuals with incomes just above the subsidy threshold will lack affordable coverage and will

267 ts assuming future demand risk, or increased subsidies to early movers.

268 Cross-ecosystem subsidies to food webs can alter metabolic balances in t

269 ecological impact of riverine organic matter subsidies to glacier-marine habitats by developing a mul

270 n current government expenditures on harmful subsidies to industrial fisheries.

271 ke marine reserves generate important larval subsidies to neighboring habitats and thereby contribute

272 our marine reserves generate valuable larval subsidies to neighboring habitats, the aggregate effect

273 and the littoral zones of lakes, terrestrial subsidies to pelagic consumers are more difficult to dem

274 This loss in emergence reduces prey subsidies to riparian communities at concentrations cons

275 Emergent aquatic insects are important food subsidies to riparian food webs but can also transfer wa

276 ate, and herpetofauna abundance or richness; subsidies to scavengers; altered disease dynamics; carbo

277 Policies should combine "push" approaches of subsidies to support targeted drug development, "pull" a

278 interrupts the flow of allochthonous marine subsidies to terrestrial ecosystems via an indirect effe

279 indicates reduced terrestrial organic matter subsidies to the lake.

280 Subsidies to the majority of the landless poor increased

281 amics and the upslope propagation of pelagic subsidies to the shallows.

282 canadensis) were induced by an experimental subsidy to accept greater danger.

283 important for local food webs, as a trophic subsidy to distant habitats and for inshore carbon cycli

284 t 2 decades, providing an important seasonal subsidy to the US winter fishery despite substantial dep

285 on, possibly explained by anthropogenic food subsidies via plantations of cash crops, potentially cou

286 More broadly, the maintenance of nutrient subsidies, via strategies including eradication of invas

287 Conclusion Receipt of a prescription subsidy was associated with substantially improved persi

288 A subsidy was distributed endogenously to facilitate the t

289 ividual policy scenarios, a national 10% F&V subsidy was projected to be most beneficial, potentially

290 gence dynamics and corresponding terrestrial subsidies were altered at all bifenthrin concentrations

291 more important than terrestrial invertebrate subsidies, which have been considered the primary food s

292 that allow exploitation of variable aquatic subsidies while reducing inundation pressures, leading t

293 that a BIPP system can be profitable without subsidies, while its national deployment could contribut

294 t costs for beneficiaries without low-income subsidies who take a single drug before and after the do

295 o predict the spatial distribution of active subsidies would be useful for ecology and conservation.

296 FV subsidies would increase FV purchases, but nutritionally

297 t a third potential mechanism: that external subsidies would play a more important role in the diet o

298 o 6.5% of what Brazil spends on agricultural subsidies would revert species composition and ecologica

299 A national 10% F&V subsidy would save by far the most lives, while a 30% F&

300 iate analysis, individuals with cost-sharing subsidies, younger age, lower comorbidity, and later yea