ライフサイエンスコーパス: thinning

1 microvascular insult may precede structural thinning.

2 epsy surgery interrupts progressive cortical thinning.

3 istent results also were observed with GCIPL thinning.

4 ted with retinal pigment and diffuse retinal thinning.

5 embrane tubulation, constriction and bilayer thinning.

6 mixed models were used to estimate rates of thinning.

7 s pressure-driven strain for regional tissue thinning.

8 and its primary impact was through cortical thinning.

9 nd 2) were correlated with apparent cortical thinning.

10 od, and how these changes relate to cortical thinning.

11 een in these mice and reduced their cortical thinning.

12 r area where baseline OCT showed preexisting thinning.

13 en microtubules are degraded, causing axonal thinning.

14 might precede diffuse atrophy with cortical thinning.

15 cal volume reductions during adolescence was thinning.

16 2 years owing to vascularization and corneal thinning.

17 ar layer (INL) and outer nuclear layer (ONL) thinning.

18 with severe RPE depigmentation and choroidal thinning.

19 inning, and determine risk factors for graft thinning.

20 rease in EDSS and temporal and superior RNFL thinning.

21 strong correspondence with VF loss and RNFL thinning.

22 hanges in seed coat structure, in particular thinning.

23 se or FAAH) were more vulnerable to cortical thinning.

24 fluids, materials that exhibit extreme shear thinning.

25 4) were associated with more severe cortical thinning.

26 al VF loss and macular ganglion cell complex thinning.

27 into intact tissue specimens via mechanical thinning.

28 tension was associated with a slower rate of thinning (0.33 +/- 0.27 vs 1.14 +/- 0.12 mum/year, P = .

29 associated with a faster rate of global RNFL thinning (1.72 +/- 0.20 vs 0.79 +/- 0.12 mum/year, P < .

30 88]%/year) was significantly faster than GCC thinning (-2.13 [-3.35, -0.90]%/year; P < 0.001).

31 diac MSCs from LVD exacerbated anterior wall thinning 28 days after myocardial infarction.

32 ition of both terminal domains exhibit shear-thinning, a property which native spidroins also show.

33 res had small areas of continued accelerated thinning after surgery.

34 Canopy-thinning allows macrophyte diversity to increase with de

35 izure, 14 early, 8 late) and cortical ribbon thinning (analysable sample: 46 patients; 29 no seizure,

36 We propose that the EMC uses local membrane thinning and a positively charged patch to decrease the

37 RNFL thinning and autofluorescence showed relative sparing of

38 We used a long-term thinning and burning experiment in a mixed-conifer fores

39 was predictive for both the rate of cortical thinning and cognitive changes assessed by the Mini-Ment

40 Diffuse thinning and collapse sign were seen in all eyes.

41 nt and DNA hybridization, resulting in shear-thinning and cyclic strain properties.

42 However, both temporal macular thinning and deep inner retinal dimples were significant

43 s histidines and C-terminus, induce membrane thinning and defects, and alter membrane conductance and

44 Abeta induces significantly smaller bilayer thinning and drop in lipid density within the binding fo

45 escent population, detected abnormal macular thinning and flow abnormalities undetected by biomicrosc

46 tion results from retraction of dendrites by thinning and fragmentation at the tips of dendrite branc

47 peach trees had leaves, specifically during thinning and harvesting fruit (rhinoconjunctivitis: 100%

48 brane perturbation, as evidenced by membrane thinning and hydrocarbon order parameter changes in the

49 topathy, postinfectious corneal scarring and thinning and keratoconus were the most common diagnoses.

50 c glaucoma eyes, the normalized rates of GCC thinning and macular vessel density decrease were compar

51 Significant rates of GCC thinning and macular vessel density decrease were detect

52 Both GCC thinning and macular vessel density decrease were detect

53 Correspondence between SD-OCT thinning and mfERG abnormalities was shown in 67% of the

54 as a dose-response relationship between RNFL thinning and number of injections among patients receivi

55 e used the Craniobot to perform intact skull thinning and open small to large craniotomies over the d

56 ina cribrosa insertions as well as increased thinning and posterior curvature of the lamina cribrosa.

57 Mechanical thinning and prescribed burns are effective techniques t

58 d 3D-printable hydrogels with suitable shear thinning and rapid self-healing properties.

59 %) in cell culture media and undergoes shear-thinning and rapid self-healing.

60 We also observed that Elmod3-/- mice showed thinning and receding hair cells in the organ of Corti a

61 early disease stage, subchondral bone plate thinning and reduced subchondral bone volume fraction (B

62 Here we show that the present thinning and retreat of Pine Island Glacier in West Anta

63 ate plays a paradoxical role as cold glacier thinning and retreat promote basal freezing which increa

64 association between foveal HFONL-IS complex thinning and scotopic b-wave amplitude reduction (P = 0.

65 of the TZs to the foveal center with foveal thinning and structural disorganization heralded central

66 ntegrity contributed to significant cortical thinning and subsequently longitudinal cognitive decline

67 orf72 mutation carriers have faster cortical thinning and surface loss throughout adulthood in region

68 quantitatively reproduce the following: (1) Thinning and thickening of the ventricular wall respecti

69 Also, shearing flow testing showed shear-thinning and thixotropic behaviors, which are shared cha

70 vessel density decrease was faster than GCC thinning and was associated with severity of disease.

71 converged through their effects on cortical thinning and worsening cognition and together explained

72 l problems, including microcephaly, cortical thinning, and blindness during early development.

73 esults in serious visual impairment, retinal thinning, and choroidal flow defects.

74 the degree of left frontal and temporal pole thinning, and clinical score at the time of the MRI, cou

75 ations among chronic hyperglycemia, cortical thinning, and depressive symptoms in T1D.

76 me after surgery, estimate the rate of graft thinning, and determine risk factors for graft thinning.

77 ere GCL loss, borderline inner nuclear layer thinning, and less prominent photoreceptor loss.

78 anglion cell loss, retinal nerve fiber layer thinning, and pigmentation onto the retinal surface.

79 eceptor apoptosis, outer nuclear layer (ONL) thinning, and retinal gliosis.

80 t as thinner, more porous alveolar bone, PDL thinning, and slower bone repair.

81 kness maps were checked for areas of retinal thinning, appearing as blue patches.

82 M. rubrum are more likely to occur under the thinning Arctic sea ice regime.

83 Unripe grapes (UGs) from thinning are an unexploited source of phenols useful as

84 t epithelium atrophy and photoreceptor layer thinning are common not only in areas of macular atrophy

85 We detected and quantified clear wall thinning around plasmodesmata with differences between g

86 >2 SD than the mean of remote regions, wall thinning+ as those with wall thickness <2 SD than the me

87 1) and GCIPL (-0.27 +/- 0.07%/yr, p < 0.001) thinning, as compared to RRMS.

88 profile of the acyl chains suggest membrane thinning, as typically observed for amphiphilic peptides

89 matic stage and was associated with cortical thinning assessed by magnetic resonance imaging, but les

90 Optical coherence tomography detects retinal thinning associated with optic nerve lesions.

91 (n = 9, 26%) had pathologic areas of retinal thinning associated with SCP and DCP flow loss (P = .03)

92 lder subjects were associated with choroidal thinning at baseline (P = 0.005) and showed less choroid

93 eristics, patients with predominantly mGCIPL thinning at baseline showed a higher prevalence of hyper

94 all circumferential stretch, and radial wall thinning at the anastomosis.

95 reduced storage moduli but retain the shear-thinning behavior and consistent mechanical recovery of

96 tionary condition, exhibits power-law, shear-thinning behavior and scales exponentially with sample e

97 All samples showed shear thinning behavior and were characterized as weak gel net

98 The shear-thinning behavior of the mucilage-betalain solutions was

99 The hydrogel showed pronounced shear-thinning behavior, and was injectable.

100 asurement results, NG depicted similar shear thinning behaviour to gelatine, within shear rates rangi

101 We report evidence for seed coat thinning between 2,000 BC and 1,200 BC, in southern Indi

102 in all participants and compared progressive thinning between groups using linear mixed effects model

103 -year-old with abnormal amyloid and cortical thinning biomarkers has about a 20% chance of cognitive

104 n and stiff corneas) showed accelerated RNFL thinning by 0.72 mum/year relative to eyes with lower SP

105 s under investigation was attributed to film thinning by a dissolution/precipitation mechanism.

106 Sample thinning by cryo-focused ion beam (cryoFIB) milling has

107 e surface tension, but also drive blastoderm thinning by inducing tissue contraction through radial d

108 P7 MI mice (n = 20) had significant LV wall thinning, chamber enlargement, and depressed ejection fr

109 generation followed by retinal and choroidal thinning, characteristic phenotypes of GA, were driven b

110 Our cortical thinning classifier included nine microRNAs, p=3.63 x 10

111 scar, foveal CNV, SHRM, foveal IRF, retinal thinning, CNV lesion area, and GA area) between years 2

112 uring metamorphic events, such as the tissue thinning coupled with expansion or during the introducti

113 (2) Photoreceptor layer thinning covered 85% of GA, 42% of NGA, 33% of NFS, and

114 eveloped from native pea starch through acid thinning, debranching and recrystallization, and the res

115 ial proliferation as evidenced by urothelial thinning, degenerative changes such as intracellular vac

116 ic microchannel walls and the enhanced shear thinning degree of large graphene oxide sheets in soluti

117 volume deficit and inferior temporal cortex thinning demonstrated a significant effect across groups

118 als increase in amplitude as they approach a thinning dendritic tip end.

119 r, CNV, intraretinal fluid, SHRM and retinal thinning, development or worsening of foveal GA, and inc

120 Furthermore, age-related RNFL thinning differs by race and ethnicity.

121 Keratoconus (KC) is a corneal thinning disorder that leads to severe vision impairment

122 imulations reveal that increases in membrane thinning/disorder by the transmembrane domain of BamA is

123 Thinning down supporting substrate of rigid chip-based m

124 ations are sensitive markers of focal GC-IPL thinning due to damage to the primary visual pathways in

125 n networks that undergo coordinated cortical thinning during adolescence, which is in part governed b

126 The embolic efficacy of the shear-thinning ECM-based hydrogel is shown in a porcine surviv

127 It either remains a single-layered, thinning epithelium called "Rauber's layer," which soon

128 Patients with predominantly pRNFL thinning exhibited a comparable prevalence of cardiovasc

129 ter macular vessel density decrease than GCC thinning; faster macular vessel density decrease rate wa

130 s from cropland harvest, forest clearcut and thinning, fire, and LUCC were 436.8, 117.9, 10.5, and 10

131 Blood is a non-Newtonian, shear-thinning fluid owing to the physical properties and beha

132 o that of water and exhibit negligible shear thinning, focusing occurs over a wide range of elasticit

133 is that ice shelves in this region have been thinning for at least ~300 years, potentially predisposi

134 lls for cortex-wide imaging access and skull thinning for intact skull imaging.

135 These alterations result in thinning, fragility, wrinkles, laxity, impaired wound he

136 sults support the universality of plant self-thinning, from phytoplankton to complex canopies, likely

137 elf collapse may have caused rapid ice-sheet thinning further upstream-and since the 1940s.

138 ent of RPE atrophy were also identified: ONL thinning had an HR of 13.47 (95% CI: 1.10-39.86; P = .04

139 Recently, choroidal thinning has also been detected in children formerly dia

140 tiation into another cell type during septal thinning have been proposed.

141 rved in the presence of LGE, myocardial wall thinning, high LGE heterogeneity, and a high wall thickn

142 reports, the present study showed trabecular thinning, higher numbers of apoptotic osteocytes, and im

143 by utilizing a temperature-responsive, shear-thinning hydrogel to compartmentalize organisms into pol

144 disk is investigated, there was significant thinning identified in the macula inferior inner, tempor

145 lyses of ganglion cell/inner plexiform layer thinning in a replication cohort (n = 376).

146 ound reduced gray matter volume and cortical thinning in acutely underweight patients to normalize fo

147 ow-up significantly affected the rate of GCC thinning in all groups (all P < 0.05) but showed no asso

148 cortical thickness, suggesting that cortical thinning in Alzheimer's disease-vulnerable brain regions

149 Previous work measures spinal cord thinning in chronic progressive myelopathies, including

150 we found that there was no significant RNFL thinning in each copy of the risk alleles in SIX1/SIX6 i

151 spected of having glaucoma, the rate of RNFL thinning in eyes receiving intravitreal injections did n

152 Our study suggests that choroidal thinning in eyes with high myopia is associated with the

153 evaluate the rate of peripapillary choroidal thinning in glaucoma patients and healthy controls using

154 Compared to ageing-related cortical thinning in healthy subjects, we found progressive corti

155 episodes between time points showed abnormal thinning in inferior frontal cortices.

156 al neuronal loss as a contributor to retinal thinning in intermediate AMD.

157 regions, we observed accelerated annualized thinning in left (left TLE 0.0192 +/- 0.0014 versus heal

158 n both MFS and control mice, but only dermal thinning in MFS mice was rescued by doxycycline treatmen

159 anglion cell + inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thinning in multiple sclerosis (MS) attributable to norm

160 rease) occurred with the same frequencies as thinning in neuroretinal parameters.

161 al pigment epithelium-Bruch's membrane, with thinning in other sublayers, especially the outer nuclea

162 higher visual function at baseline, cortical thinning in parietal, occipital and frontal cortex and r

163 Peripapillary RNFL thinning in patients with sickle cell hemoglobinopathies

164 pathway may contribute to aberrant cortical thinning in schizophrenia prodromes and reduced prefront

165 between regional amyloid burden and cortical thinning in specific brain regions.

166 d resulted in late-onset, progressive myelin thinning in the CNS of adult mice (both male and female)

167 olipid protein production exacerbated myelin thinning in the CNS of oligodendrocyte-specific Sel1L-de

168 shift was statistically mediated by cortical thinning in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex.

169 Rates of RNFL thinning in the injected eye versus the uninjected eye w

170 urement was the differences in rates of RNFL thinning in the injected versus the fellow uninjected ey

171 and alveolar simplification, with concurrent thinning in the outer layer of the retina.

172 aphy showed retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thinning in the peripapillary and macular regions.

173 Significant retinal thinning in the temporal outer sub-field was noted in th

174 Cortical thinning in these areas was reduced after surgical resec

175 The average rate of RNFL thinning in uninjected eyes was -0.620 mum/year (P = .02

176 st is thinnest, suggesting that lithospheric thinning influenced the locus and volume of magmatism.

177 mbined MRI predictors of PAS (eg, myometrial thinning, intraplacental T2-hypointense bands, uterine b

178 The gel thinning is associated with the displacement of interfer

179 the rate of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thinning is faster in eyes receiving intravitreal inject

180 osed with ROP; a similar sustained choroidal thinning is observed in ROP models.

181 ing metabolite accumulation in grapes, bunch thinning is performed to limit plant Sink/Source (S/S).

182 Glaucomatous RNFL thinning is predominantly detected within a slab with th

183 This thickening/thinning is reversible with cycling and shows the SEI is

184 ifferences were explained by faster cortical thinning linearly throughout adulthood in a similar anat

185 ariable mixed modeling showed that choroidal thinning, lower IOP change, and lower corneal hysteresis

186 ns; however, we cannot exclude that the RNFL thinning may be secondary to active age-related macular

187 increased in recent decades with associated thinning migrating upstream into tributaries feeding the

188 sing annual layer counting and four ice-flow thinning models.

189 imulations, we consistently observe membrane thinning near the lateral gate for all proteins.

190 s between ETDRS groups were found in retinal thinning (neurodegeneration) or retinal thickness (edema

191 Significant choroidal thinning occurred in most patients (25/28 [89%]) in whom

192 The macula showed RNFL thinning of -6.18 mum (-8.07 to -4.28; p<0.0001) in MSON

193 tion resolution, notably a necrotic core and thinning of a protective fibrous cap that overlies the c

194 Retinoblastoma eyes characterized by thinning of central fovea, GCL, GCC compared to the cont

195 The thinning of competing reproductive organs to improve sou

196 haracterized by wide metaphyses, significant thinning of cortical bone, and fragility fractures.

197 Much evidence points to a dramatic thinning of East Asian lithosphere during the Mesozoic,

198 ional basal stem cell genes result in severe thinning of human skin equivalents, validating their ess

199 eased in recent decades, largely because the thinning of its floating ice shelves has allowed the out

200 tion and neuronal death result, with ensuing thinning of key brain areas.

201 response characterized by exponentially-slow thinning of neck radius (extensional relaxation time is

202 All eyes exhibited thinning of photoreceptor layers, despite intact retinal

203 ur results may explain the mechanism for the thinning of skeletal muscle bundles observed in LRRC8A-d

204 We also found thinning of specific retinal layers at the fovea in pati

205 Patients showed abnormal cortical thinning of temporal cortices and thickness increases in

206 r to the bilayer surface, HZ induces a local thinning of the bilayer.

207 in the eyes that underwent surgery, was the thinning of the central foveal thickness (CFT, P < .001)

208 uding discontinuities of the ellipsoid zone, thinning of the central retina with increased backscatte

209 reference shift was associated with cortical thinning of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and poster

210 n response was significantly associated with thinning of the GCL + IPL sector of the retina in the ey

211 none of the eyes with iERM-FS showed massive thinning of the ILM with prominent retinal undulations a

212 e epithelial cell death, reduced mesenchymal thinning of the interstitial walls, and delayed epitheli

213 We relate this effect to the local thinning of the membrane (negative hydrophobic mismatch)

214 owed that these changes were associated with thinning of the myelin sheath in the corpus callosum.

215 CT images showed a statistically significant thinning of the nerve fiber layer in AD mouse retinas co

216 gnificant thickening of the inner retina and thinning of the outer retina were also observed.

217 eep apnea may be associated with preclinical thinning of the peripapillary RNFL in young adults.

218 s can be interpreted as an interfacial shear thinning of the polymers with an increasing relaxation t

219 Dysplasia of corpus callosum with focal thinning of the posterior part and characteristic facial

220 progression was measured by the OCT rate of thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and gan

221 Neurodegeneration was identified by thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer and/or ganglio

222 Electron microscopy showed thinning of the retinal pigment epithelium and disruptio

223 a similar spectrum of phenotypes, including thinning of the seminiferous tubule epithelia, dilation

224 demonstrated progressive disorganization and thinning of the submacular RPE on OCT when compared with

225 In study group (II); a significant thinning of total macula, central fovea, ganglion cell l

226 en resorption and formation, which induces a thinning of trabeculae and trabecular perforations.

227 Although it is commonly assumed that thinning of water films controls solute diffusion at low

228 rrent bias enables direct nanopatterning and thinning on insulating substrates such as SiO2 /Si.

229 We studied the effects of severe bunch thinning on the accumulation of primary metabolites and

230 nd, it is difficult to assess the success of thinning operations and prescribed burns.

231 efine the conditions under which extensional thinning or liquid break-up can be expected.

232 mate the mean difference of CV (LGE+/-, wall thinning+/-), or the change of the mean of CV per unit c

233 of IOP elevation, retinal nerve fiber layer thinning, or electrodiagnostic findings.

234 tified as focal areas of inner nuclear layer thinning over an anteriorly displaced outer plexiform la

235 a, was associated with a faster rate of RNFL thinning (P < 0.001), synergistic with thinner CCT (P =

236 astigmatism (P = .002), more central corneal thinning (P = .002), and was protective to the endotheli

237 that TT can detect significant and true ONL thinning (p = 0.006), more sensitive than manual measure

238 ions were associated with photoreceptor zone thinning (P = 0.007) and interdigitation zone loss (P =

239 4 for 200 mg/d) and medial femoral cartilage thinning (P = 0.023 for 100 mg/d and 0.125 for 200 mg/d)

240 cortical thickness and accelerated cortical thinning, particularly within the frontal and temporal c

241 anner partially mediated by rate of cortical thinning (point estimate=0.078 (95% CIs: 0.003, 0.168),

242 one discontinuity, outer nuclear layer (ONL) thinning; presence of hyper-reflective intraretinal foci

243 The main thinning process happens after the polymer exits the dev

244 deposition (CVD) method followed by a laser thinning process.

245 The unique shear thinning properties of CNF gel enables the printing of a

246 The rheological shear-thinning properties of the ink are critical to making th

247 rved in these hydrogels suggesting the shear thinning property of hydrogels.

248 The association between GCC thinning rate and glaucoma severity was not significant

249 The gel thinning rate measured at the center of the dish appears

250 slowed dramatically in advanced PG, but GCC thinning rate remained relatively steady and allowed goo

251 ides systematically decrease the agarose gel thinning rate up to a factor two, and exemplifies interf

252 of ice cover and a ~5.4-fold increase in the thinning rate, which was augmented by the strong 2015-20

253 ring method, which allows us to assess local thinning rates as low as 10 nm/s with high accuracy.

254 ONL thinning rates were 2.58 +/- 2.85 mum/year and 2.52 +/-

255 In Gal-3 knockout mice, scar thinning ratio, expansion, and cardiac remodeling and fu

256 Nanocrystalline diamond nanomembranes with thinning-reduced flexural rigidities can be shaped into

257 al studies revealed that the specific foveal thinning reflected the topography of AQP4 expression and

258 25 versus 0.54+/-0.36 m/s; P<0.001) and wall thinning+ regions (0.38+/-0.28 versus 0.55+/-0.37 m/s; P

259 ctural responses that can modify forest self-thinning relationships.

260 ar corneal surfaces and pathological corneal thinning resembling KC.

261 These bioinks are shear thinning, resist cell sedimentation, improve viability o

262 crease in shoot size, which resembles a self-thinning response, increases LAI and meadow production i

263 These data reveal that commissural thinning results in the aberrant regulation of anxiety,

264 Foveal atrophy showed encompassed foveal thinning, retinal pigment epithelial clumping, and the l

265 In mice, we have shown that the cortical thinning seen in the absence of Sfrp4 is associated with

266 The rate of NFL thinning slowed dramatically in advanced PG, but GCC thi

267 Leaf removal (LR), shoot thinning (ST) and their combination (LRST) are known to

268 Scleral thinning surgery may be considered a valid option, resul

269 atter microstructural integrity and cortical thinning), systemic vascular health preceding the imagin

270 Recent developments including cryo-thinning techniques, phase-plate imaging, and correlativ

271 These observations suggest that alternative thinning techniques, which do not rely on direct contact

272 e-free after surgery had no more progressive thinning than that observed during normal ageing.

273 ammatory condition caused by central corneal thinning that leads to astigmatism and reduced visual ac

274 We observed commissural thinning that was responsible for brain dysconnectivity,

275 o grow indefinitely, ending up significantly thinning the ice shell at one of the poles, thereby allo

276 The mechanism of apparent "electrokinetic thinning/thickening" is proposed to explain the experime

277 at the AMF lineage is depleted during septal thinning through a phagocytic process provides a mechani

278 ions into the plasma membrane and causes its thinning through trans-dimerization in the dark, resulti

279 A central neurotrophic ulcer with thinning to 50% and 360 degrees of conjunctivalization w

280 ted for baseline and longitudinal structural thinning using spectral-domain OCT and for visual field

281 ic analysis of FH(R/R) mice revealed retinal thinning, vessel occlusion, as well as degeneration of p

282 score, p < 0.05, FWE-corrected) and cortical thinning (W-score, p < 0.05, FDR-corrected) than typical

283 The overall rate of thinning was -1.1 mum/year (OD) and -1.2 mum/year (OS).

284 The rate of PCT thinning was calculated using mixed effects models.

285 The rate of PRL outer segment thinning was higher in eyes with SDDs than in eyes witho

286 Myelin thinning was independent of changes in axon number or di

287 OCT thinning was most prominent superiorly, with VF defects

288 The rate of peripapillary choroidal thinning was not significantly different between healthy

289 Cortical thinning was the primary determinant of the Expanded Dis

290 Cortical lesions and the annualized cortical thinning were also evaluated.

291 These patches of retinal thinning were also matching with scotomas in the automat

292 alysis, the areas of postoperatively reduced thinning were in both hemispheres, particularly, but not

293 INL and ONL thinning were independently faster in PMS, as compared t

294 ent results in major membrane remodeling and thinning, which may be central for the protein transloca

295 sered TM from eyes with ExGl demonstrated TM thinning with collapse of Schlemm's canal; and proteomic

296 acement of vessels, and superior optic nerve thinning with inferior VF defects, suggest PVL.

297 a difference in complex viscosity and shear thinning with opposite MWD skew.

298 MM lesion was defined as inner nuclear layer thinning with outer plexiform layer (OPL) disruption.

299 s further revealed that accelerated cortical thinning within nine networks was related to irritabilit

300 ro seamount, possibly caused by lithospheric thinning within the past 1.5 million years.