ライフサイエンスコーパス: trophic level

1 fitness but might only subtly affect a third trophic level.

2 found where coyotes occurred at their lowest trophic level.

3 eraction strengths should decrease with prey trophic level.

4 .g., marine vs terrestrial) and the nitrogen trophic level.

5 through the food web but impacted a specific trophic level.

6 ies of species that interact within a single trophic level.

7 nfluence range limits and how this varies by trophic level.

8 etween environmental conditions, habitat and trophic level.

9 irect flow of carbon and nutrients to higher trophic levels.

10 " and "dry" ecosystems, but not among animal trophic levels.

11 erluccius sp.) significantly increased their trophic levels.

12 fects becoming more apparent with increasing trophic levels.

13 gent features of interactions among multiple trophic levels.

14 HL values) and potential predation by higher trophic levels.

15 dening the diet of consumers at intermediate trophic levels.

16 homogenized energy flow from lower to higher trophic levels.

17 d that these impacts are amplified at higher trophic levels.

18 ts, potentially leading to disruption across trophic levels.

19 rucial intermediary transferring oil between trophic levels.

20 wise inaccessible essential lipids to higher trophic levels.

21 d understanding biological impacts at higher trophic levels.

22 r biologically concentrated to support upper trophic levels.

23 at cause massive damage to ecosystems at all trophic levels.

24 tressed fungi, with repercussions for higher trophic levels.

25 ships are similar across diverse regions and trophic levels.

26 can have landscape-scale effects at multiple trophic levels.

27 eau and emphasize their importance for upper trophic levels.

28 and whether there are any effects on higher trophic levels.

29 on into the food web, particularly to higher trophic levels.

30 cascading effects propagating through lower trophic levels.

31 the tendency of species to feed on multiple trophic levels.

32 of soil eutrophication propagating to higher trophic levels.

33 five species, suggesting minimal changes in trophic levels.

34 c ecosystem with changes from lower to upper trophic levels.

35 interaction strengths with prey at different trophic levels.

36 n, with stronger effects occurring at higher trophic levels.

37 only on primary producers but also on higher trophic levels.

38 complex cascading effects across and between trophic levels.

39 ct of climate change on species at different trophic levels.

40 interactions between organisms of different trophic levels.

41 MWCNTs bioavailable for organisms at higher trophic levels.

42 the transfer of nutrients and energy across trophic levels.

43 ver the last 50 years but maintained similar trophic levels.

44 e ecosystems and are known to support higher trophic levels.

45 vels and biological interactions across most trophic levels.

46 ify in situ energy and nutrient flow between trophic levels.

47 determine potential cascading effects across trophic levels.

48 esence of a co-evolutionary signal at higher trophic levels.

49 onization between the phenology of different trophic levels.

50 nal value of food crops, and transfer within trophic levels.

51 anic carbon export and energy flow to higher trophic levels.

52 understanding of species interactions across trophic levels.

53 thways of energy and material flow to higher trophic levels.

54 ned plant genotypic diversity effects across trophic levels.

55 ering specialist species and those at higher trophic levels.

56 greater fish biomass, particularly of upper trophic levels.

57 building an understanding of change in lower trophic levels.

58 onservation decisions, especially for higher trophic levels.

59 e degree of aquatic-based diet and at higher trophic levels.

60 city that facilitates flow of carbon between trophic levels.

61 crobial genera increased as coyotes ascended trophic levels.

62 reducing stoichiometric constraints at basal trophic levels.

63 and do not account for a large variation in trophic levels.

64 s climatic drivers of phenology in all three trophic levels.

65 y triggered cascading extinctions across all trophic levels(1-3) and caused severe disruption of the

66 ffects the abundance and diversity of higher trophic levels [16, 17].

67 ntration pathway (RCP8.5), while BRT between trophic levels 2 and 4 is projected to decrease from 2.7

68 potential for increased productivity of low trophic levels(22), particularly browsing herbivores on

69 al fishery target species biomass at assumed trophic levels 3-5 were selected for analysis.

70 and humans preferentially impacting specific trophic levels [4-6].

71 ent differs vastly between [3, 4] and within trophic levels [5-7].

72 primary consumers than for species in other trophic levels (6.2 versus 2.5-2.9 days earlier on avera

73 oduction, and were more pronounced at higher trophic levels, a process known as trophic amplification

74 radation worldwide, it remains unclear which trophic levels above the base of the food web are most v

75 e of omnivory, connectance and the number of trophic levels across food webs.

76 re comparable, we found spatial variation in trophic level among coyote populations.

77 acterised by many species occupying the same trophic level and competing over a small number of vital

78 to add significantly more information about trophic levels and aquatic food consumption.

79 and hence for biogeochemical cycling, higher trophic levels and biodiversity.

80 ual-to-population-level impacts across taxa, trophic levels and biomes at a global scale.

81 y reflecting different exposure routes among trophic levels and different capabilities for depuration

82 ous examination of organisms across multiple trophic levels and domains of life, providing critical i

83 cosystems, these declines will impact higher trophic levels and environmental nutrient cycling.

84 ate change could have implications for lower trophic levels and for ecosystem functioning.

85 tem multifunctionality across multiple taxa, trophic levels and habitats using a comprehensive databa

86 surface), especially for organisms at higher trophic levels and in less productive ecosystems.

87 e assessed abundances of soil fauna in lower trophic levels and indirect impacts on leaf-litter decom

88 forest leaf-litter communities altered lower trophic levels and litter decomposition.

89 the relative timing of spring events across trophic levels and mismatches in the phenology of intera

90 easured the response of the biomass of lower trophic levels and nutrient cycling to the different phe

91 aist dynamics, but occurring across multiple trophic levels and only during periods of reduced bottom

92 rols over the distribution of biomass across trophic levels and other ecosystem-level variables.

93 m seawater constrain carbon flux into higher trophic levels and sequestration into sediments.

94 influence energy transfer vertically through trophic levels and sometimes trophic cascades via direct

95 in significant transfer of carbon to higher trophic levels and the deep ocean.

96 ause of the complex linkages across multiple trophic levels and the lack of accessible data.

97 ing the potential for indirect effects among trophic levels and the relationship between arthropod di

98 ophic redundancy (i.e. fewer species at each trophic level) and a more homogenized energy flow from l

99 ciency (the fraction of production passed up trophic levels) and primary production can account for t

100 he gut contents of invertebrates, varying by trophic level, and across trophic levels, the overall in

101 Although species, trophic level, and means of production are typically con

102 neralists during assembly, realistic maximum trophic levels, and increased nestedness with mutualisti

103 spond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and t

104 ially affected phylogenetic diversity across trophic levels, and may also exert a strong selective pr

105 f environmental conditions, anchovy diet and trophic levels, and passive egg dispersal.

106 t link between primary production and higher trophic levels, and the decrease projected here could be

107 he timing of seasonal events for interacting trophic levels, and this has often led to increased sele

108 ject ecosystem changes across all scales and trophic levels, and to forecast impact thresholds beyond

109 aken up by various fish species at different trophic levels, and were further metabolized once inside

110 A Tier Two assessment using a trophic level approach was applied to evaluate the remai

111 ids more than parasitoids even though higher trophic levels are generally predicted to be more affect

112 hange trends in NPP and the biomass of upper trophic levels are strongly affected by modifying assump

113 and local sources of contamination, but not trophic level, are important determinants of [PFAS] in b

114 fore how much plasticity lies at the highest trophic levels, are largely unknown.

115 netic associations, measured across multiple trophic levels, are likely to provide additional and dee

116 tions became greater with increasing dietary trophic level, as bears and foxes consumed more marine a

117 ly to be met by adequate production at lower trophic levels, as smaller prey species are often the fi

118 Biota were assigned to three trophic levels based on their tissue 15N isotope values

119 Our results were consistent with the trophic-level based hypothesis that predators would move

120 lacier-marine habitats by developing a multi-trophic level Bayesian three-isotope mixing model.

121 interactions requires that species at lower trophic levels be somewhat maladapted to their ambient t

122 es the efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels, became negative when prey were subjected

123 t, in a simple food chain, species at higher trophic level become extinct sooner with increasing patc

124 Additionally, no evidence of higher trophic level bioaccumulation or toxicity was observed w

125 There is consensus that, on single trophic levels, biodiversity sustains functions; however

126 imately, projections of end of century upper trophic level biomass change are altered by 50%-80% acro

127 ce ocean net primary production (NPP), upper trophic level biota biomass and potential fisheries catc

128 y was driven by not only P imbalance between trophic levels but also imbalances in other elements, re

129 d host characteristics, such as sociality or trophic level, but ID MMEs did occur more frequently in

130 s well documented for organisms at the lower trophic levels, but requires more research for higher le

131 We also show that variation sets predator trophic level by determining interaction strengths with

132 suggest that predators may facilitate lower trophic levels by indirectly reducing competition and re

133 l selection pressures and transcend multiple trophic levels can improve our understanding of plant me

134 Thus, divergent selection at lower trophic levels can potentially multiplicatively and rapi

135 ts highlight that phenologies of species and trophic levels can shift at different rates, potentially

136 rophic level (krill) may propagate to higher trophic levels (capelin and cod).

137 by trophic magnification factors (TMFs; per trophic level change in log-concentration of a chemical)

138 . phylogenetic congruence) among interacting trophic levels change across an edge gradient between na

139 functional (size structure, effects on lower trophic levels), community (zooplankton composition, abu

140 d greater resource overexploitation by lower trophic levels compared to wet forests.

141 umptions about carrion produced at different trophic levels could therefore lead ecologists to overlo

142 cess and a key energetic link between higher trophic levels, decomposers and primary producers.

143 ed with delta(34)S (R(2) = 0.86) rather than trophic level (delta(15)N of "trophic" amino acids).

144 976 to 2016) in the habitat (delta(13)C) and trophic level (delta(15)N) of five important Southern Oc

145 tors such as phylogeny/immune complexity and trophic level/diet, plus climate.

146 rs, as well as land use, host phylogeny, and trophic level/diet.

147 5% accuracy onto major niche axes, including trophic level, dietary resource type and finer-scale var

148 te warming can restructure lake food webs if trophic levels differ in their thermal responses, but ev

149 to greater levels of intermediate and lower trophic level diversity, with omnivorous traits likely b

150 espread effects on other species at the same trophic level due to indirect population-dynamic effects

151 e for horizontal extinction cascades at high trophic levels due to the proposed mechanism.

152 ears and intensities on insect abundance and trophic level during manipulative sheep grazing are not

153 interaction is enhanced if species at upper trophic levels (e.g. top predators) are more cold-adapte

154 For instance, forest specialists at higher trophic levels (e.g. understory-insectivores, woodpecker

155 haracteristics of species representing lower trophic levels (e.g., fish communities) to build flow-ec

156 ween microbes, our model suggests about four trophic levels, each characterized by a high level-to-le

157 Other FGs varied in their responses among trophic levels, ecoregions, and in their sensitivity to

158 y symbiosis between the third and the fourth trophic level enemies.

159 ductivity changes may flow through to higher trophic levels even in deep water habitats.

160 periodic life history strategy, and for all trophic levels except primary consumers.

161 than just the abundance of taxa in the lower trophic level, exemplified by larger Hymenoptera connect

162 nt protected area configurations using multi-trophic level experimental microcosms.

163 that species dispersal range increases with trophic level, exploiting pair-approximation techniques

164 If plankton synchrony is altered, higher trophic-level feeding patterns may be modified.

165 lated age-structured populations of four mid-trophic-level fish species with distinct life-history tr

166 tor influencing the survival rates of higher trophic levels, food web structure and the functioning o

167 Reconstructions of dietary composition and trophic level from stable isotope measurements of animal

168 data collected weekly to yearly across five trophic levels from 1981 to 2008.

169 -term data set ( 60 years) covering multiple trophic levels from phytoplankton to predatory fish.

170 on have direct or indirect effects on higher trophic levels, from zooplankton organisms to marine mam

171 key life-history characteristics (sociality, trophic level, habitat breadth) and environmental variab

172 ons and communities, while invaders at lower trophic levels had no consistent impacts.

173 in the log-concentration of a pollutant per trophic level) have been extensively assessed for the so

174 marine reserves profoundly changed, with low trophic level herbivores dominating the responses.

175 ronutrient', one whose shortfall targets two trophic levels - herbivores and detritivores.

176 How these changes cascade through linked trophic levels, however, is not well understood.

177 capacity of fish varies among species, with trophic level hypothesised as a major factor.

178 ng the combination of endpoint from multiple trophic levels, identified invertebrates and nonvascular

179 Finally, trophic level impacts were investigated by exposing the

180 revealed variations in insect abundance and trophic level in response to continuous sheep grazing in

181 oplankton and thus energy transfer to higher trophic levels in aquatic ecosystems.

182 Because marine mammals occupy upper trophic levels in Arctic food webs, they may be useful i

183 rces as they are passed from lower to higher trophic levels in glacial-marine habitats.

184 ort-term and long-term forcings across three trophic levels in grassland plots subjected to natural a

185 We found differences across trophic levels in how their phylogenetic diversity respo

186 edation that may ramify and influence higher trophic levels in model agroecosystems.

187 ed effects of N and P enrichment on multiple trophic levels in soil food webs have not been studied i

188 ty of basal resources is reflected at higher trophic levels in the food web.

189 most abundant animals on Earth, filling all trophic levels in the soil food web.

190 by UCYN-A is directly transferred to higher trophic levels in these waters.

191 t often studied in the context of one or two trophic levels, in reality species invade communities co

192 rimary production and the dynamics of higher trophic levels including (small) copepods and a standard

193 Lower NPP would subsequently affect multiple trophic levels, including shallow benthic filter-feeding

194 fishers are not selectively removing higher trophic level individuals, a concave trophic distributio

195 When at higher trophic levels, invaders tended to cause a strong, nonli

196 to influence diversification across multiple trophic levels is critical to understand eco-evolutionar

197 lation dynamics of communities with multiple trophic levels is, however, severely lacking.

198 hose less-efficient scavengers occupying mid-trophic levels, is improving; yet, there has been no com

199 Trophic levels jointly increased the performance of the

200 of different intensities affecting the lower trophic level (krill) may propagate to higher trophic le

201 ld lead to competitive exclusion at the prey trophic level, leading to extinctions of further carnivo

202 ch those flows are propagated to the highest trophic levels likely depends on responses of individual

203 three ecosystem processes operating at three trophic levels (litter decomposition, seed predation and

204 arthropods consume non-prey foods from lower trophic levels, little is known about what drives the sh

205 arine ectotherms also vary among species and trophic levels, making their trophic interactions more p

206 ish between the relative importance of lower trophic-level marine foods and terrestrial sources.

207 rential adjustment to climate warming within trophic levels may affect coexistence of competing speci

208 dicted pyramid of biomass distribution among trophic levels may be disrupted through trophic replacem

209 Differences in the rate of advance between trophic levels may result in predators becoming mismatch

210 her trophic levels (nematodes) than at lower trophic levels (microbes).

211 sing soil communities with one, two or three trophic levels (microorganisms, detritivores and predato

212 The results suggested that trophic level might not directly drive diversification o

213 mmonly used indicators from catch data, mean trophic level (MTL) and fishing-in-balance (FiB), and co

214 Fads2 from four teleosts occupying different trophic levels, namely Sarpa salpa, Chelon labrosus, Peg

215 ting lowered metabolic functioning of higher trophic level nematodes and decreased soil food web stab

216 eased the abundance of lower, but not higher trophic level nematodes.

217 ading to more pronounced decreases at higher trophic levels (nematodes) than at lower trophic levels

218 ctioning can depend on both the function and trophic level of interest.

219 Mean trophic level of the assemblage increased modestly with

220 wn the marine food web, is observed when the trophic level of the catch declines over time, raising c

221 samples from 18 species at both low and high trophic levels of marine and terrestrial ecosystems from

222 e effects of nutrient enrichment on multiple trophic levels of soil food webs, and highlight that soi

223 and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to higher trophic levels of the anchialine food web in the Yucatan

224 centrates microbial methylation and multiple trophic levels of zooplankton in a vertically restricted

225 uded migratory animals on more than a single trophic level or for periods spanning multiple entire se

226 he nine dominant species regardless of their trophic level or taxon.

227 How this variability affects higher trophic levels or entire food webs remains largely unkno

228 lites were not significantly correlated with trophic levels or underwent a trophic dilution.

229 rcury species, CH3Hg(+) and Hg(2+), into low trophic level organisms is important to understanding it

230 on provide a link between climate and higher trophic-level organisms, which can forage on large spati

231 vironmental toxins that accumulate in higher trophic-level organisms.

232 de a relatively stable food source to higher trophic levels over long evolutionary timescales.

233 eriods of increased marine production across trophic levels (P1 7600-7100 and P2 6400-5900 cal.

234 The mean trophic level pattern is explained by trophic replacemen

235 whether phylogenetic diversity at different trophic levels (plants, herbivores and parasitoids) and

236 eystone predator might cascade down to lower trophic levels, potentially re-defining the coastal fish

237 uction is changing at different rates across trophic levels, potentially resulting in asynchrony betw

238 s Lamna ditropis are highly migratory, upper trophic level predators in North Pacific ecosystems.

239 lankton biomass, krill recruitment and upper trophic level predators in this coastal Antarctic ecosys

240 whales and white sharks are prominent upper trophic level predators with highly-overlapping niches,

241 pacts on even behaviourally flexible, higher-trophic level predators.

242 y transferring energy from plankton to upper trophic-level predators, such as large fish, seabirds, a

243 ating a decreasing intake of marine and high trophic level prey items.

244 on a higher proportion of marine and higher trophic level prey, (2) they have higher energy requirem

245 entoo penguins fed almost exclusively on low-trophic level prey, such as krill, during the peak of hi

246 n the Bering Sea, and likely consumed higher trophic-level prey in late winter.

247 during the day, apparently feeding on higher trophic-level prey.

248 These data provide new insight into upper-trophic-level processes constrained from the geological

249 future Arctic Ocean that can support higher trophic-level production and additional carbon export.

250 al variation is important in affecting upper trophic-level productivity in these marine ecosystems.

251 The distribution of biomass among trophic levels provides a theoretical basis for understa

252 The model includes numerous trophic levels ranging from phytoplankton to polar bears

253 Loss of biodiversity from lower to upper trophic levels reduces overall productivity and stabilit

254 ies richness can increase competition within trophic levels, reducing the efficacy of intertrophic le

255 species deletions by decreasing body mass or trophic level, representing 'fishing down the food web',

256 c values to reflect consumption patterns and trophic level, respectively.

257 nism's sensitivity to climate increased with trophic level resulting in strong inter-annual variation

258 years, providing only coarse indications of trophic level(s).

259 passing c. 250 planktonic species from three trophic levels, sampled in the western English Channel.

260 ctions about the structure of food webs: (i) trophic level should increase with predator connectivity

261 ical context (e.g., proximate human impacts, trophic level, spatial scale) and still make informative

262 Top trophic level specialists exhibit the most functional di

263 lta(15) N in chick feathers, which reflected trophic (level) specialization, was nevertheless an effe

264 0 kg/ha, suggesting that fisheries for upper trophic level species will only be supported under light

265 We conclude that lower trophic-level species can benefit physiologically from t

266 organic matter source contribution to upper trophic-level species including fish and seabirds ranged

267 We found that lower and intermediate trophic level structure increased over time.

268 r large predators' stomachs enables multiple trophic-level studies from one fish sampling event and p

269 ng isolated from species occupying different trophic levels suggest the possibility of multiple inges

270 h microplastics (<5 mm) are ingested by high trophic-level taxa, such as marine mammals.

271 nt genotypic diversity effects differ across trophic levels, taxonomic groups and ecosystem functions

272 In contrast, invaders at the same trophic level tended to cause a linear decline in native

273 ld-adaptation should constrain the number of trophic levels that can be supported in a given thermal

274 roviding basal energetic resources to higher trophic levels that support subsistence-based human popu

275 brates, varying by trophic level, and across trophic levels, the overall ingestion of AFs was low (ap

276 Although PFOS precursors were present at all trophic levels, they appear to play a minor role in food

277 plankton are essential for feeding at higher trophic levels, this satellite-derived indicator deliver

278 y increases omnivory levels, connectance and trophic level through its direct effects on the fraction

279 timate community-level relationships between trophic level (TL) and body size in size-structured food

280 ically are active predators occupying a high trophic level (TL) and exhibit an ontogenetic increase i

281 ominated diphenyl ether congeners, in higher trophic level (TL) organisms are expected to be strongly

282 nd the pairwise interactions of neighbouring trophic levels to consider the emergent features of inte

283 he diversion of energy flow away from higher trophic levels to microorganisms.

284 food-web model, resolving species over five trophic levels, to study how total fish production chang

285 last water (BW) assemblages across different trophic levels was characterized over a 21 day cross-lat

286 Our dinner table is a trophic level we share with the microbes that also feed

287 959 to 1993 and investigating effects across trophic levels, we are able to elucidate pathways by whi

288 her there is a signal of co-evolution across trophic levels, we test whether related consumer species

289 The positive effects of biodiversity on one trophic level were not counteracted by the negative effe

290 Trophic levels were determined using stable isotopes.

291 s a more direct link between lower and upper trophic levels, which may confer greater energy efficien

292 availability was also amplified through the trophic levels with warming, as predicted by metabolic t

293 fungal consumers, causing declines in higher trophic levels, with possible impacts on soil processes

294 c redundancy and the flow of energy to other trophic levels, with potentially negative consequences f

295 lted in changes in relative abundance across trophic levels, with the direction of change depending o

296 s to how long-term warming can favour higher trophic levels, with the potential to strengthen top-dow

297 ns of TCC and TCS were measured in different trophic levels within a terrestrial food web encompassin

298 he abundance of many species across multiple trophic levels within ecosystems.

299 ntly influence species interactions at lower trophic levels, yet their joint investigation has been p

300 nsparent lake were largely replaced by a two trophic level zooplankton community.