ライフサイエンスコーパス: typhoid

1 cine rollouts and extensively drug-resistant typhoid.

2 patients developed complications related to typhoid.

3 n of TCVs in countries with a high burden of typhoid.

4 ation of a coalition to act as a steward for typhoid.

5 ffort to reduce morbidity and mortality from typhoid.

6 easured a high but heterogenous incidence of typhoid.

7 The morbidity and mortality associated with typhoid abdominal perforations are high.

8 face a challenge regarding how to prioritize typhoid against other emerging diseases.

9 eated in 2010 with the mission of preventing typhoid among vulnerable populations through research, e

10 We identified 7072 typhoid and 1810 paratyphoid culture-confirmed cases.

11 onjugate vaccine would protect children from typhoid and avert typhoid hospitalizations.

12 First, we assess how varying perceptions of typhoid and conflicts of interest led to a nonlinear evo

13 on was particularly successful in preventing typhoid and greatly reduced the number of casualties fro

14 elationships of rainfall or temperature with typhoid and iNTS incidence might infer differences in ep

15 tegies, including a combined introduction of typhoid and iNTS vaccines, aimed at reducing transmissio

16 mperature exposures on the relative risks of typhoid and iNTS, using monthly lags.

17 ion can significantly decrease the burden of typhoid and may also impact antimicrobial resistance, wa

18 ght major differences in the pathogenesis of typhoid and non-typhoidal Salmonella infections and demo

19 as become a major threat to the treatment of typhoid and other infectious diseases.

20 Typhoid and other invasive salmonelloses continue to cau

21 Typhoid and other invasive salmonelloses continue to cau

22 During the 11th International Conference on Typhoid and Other Invasive Salmonelloses held in Hanoi,

23 onvened the 11th International Conference on Typhoid and Other Invasive Salmonelloses in Hanoi, Vietn

24 onvened the 10th International Conference on Typhoid and Other Invasive Salmonelloses in Kampala, Uga

25 gs from the 2019 International Conference on Typhoid and Other Invasive Salmonelloses.

26 f children (<12 years old) hospitalized with typhoid and paratyphoid (32% and 21%, respectively) decr

27 ecific introduction, but questions regarding typhoid and paratyphoid epidemiology persist, especially

28 Typhoid and paratyphoid fever are common in Dhaka, inclu

29 We estimated typhoid and paratyphoid fever incidence among adolescent

30 Hospital (YGH) to estimate the incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers among person >=12 years o

31 ulations designed to confer immunity against typhoid and paratyphoid fevers.

32 te the cost of illness due to enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid) at selected sites in Nepal.

33 mate the cost of illness from enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid) at selected sites in Pakistan.

34 economic burden of pediatric enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid) in Bangladesh.

35 imination, effective interventions exist for typhoid, and humans are the organism's only known reserv

36 Case fatality rate from typhoid-associated intestinal perforation was substantia

37 innovative solutions, the Coalition Against Typhoid, based at the Sabin Vaccine Institute, convened

38 es at the local level, the Coalition against Typhoid, based at the Sabin Vaccine Institute, convened

39 he recent rise of extensively drug-resistant typhoid bears the biosocial footprint of more than half

40 Typhoid became a low priority on the global public healt

41 ion based on enhanced understanding of local typhoid burden and risk.

42 further improvements in our understanding of typhoid burden at the global and national levels.

43 A key issue is the lack of typhoid burden data in many low- and middle-income count

44 d offers the potential to greatly reduce the typhoid burden in Bangladesh.

45 ren under 5, has the potential to reduce the typhoid burden in endemic countries.

46 ability weights to estimate the reduction in typhoid burden, identify the strategy that maximised ave

47 country, there is still a significant annual typhoid burden, which particularly affects children.

48 s were introduced to deal with the spread of typhoid but these varied between the 3 countries, depend

49 Data were analyzed to describe typhoid case burden and incidence from 2008 to 2019 by t

50 Most typhoid cases and the highest incidence occurred in Nort

51 However, by focusing only on averted typhoid cases and their associated costs, traditional co

52 ious serology signature to distinguish acute typhoid cases from controls and then validated our findi

53 In sum, 53-193 blood culture-confirmed typhoid cases occurred annually from 2008 to 2019, witho

54 cost-effective in countries with 300 or more typhoid cases per 100 000 person-years.

55 he majority (>90%) of blood culture-positive typhoid cases remain unobserved in surveillance studies.

56 The median age in the typhoid cases was 60 months, and 15% of the cases occurr

57 The Coalition against Typhoid (CaT) was created in 2010 with the mission of pr

58 Vaccine Acceleration Consortium to "Take on Typhoid," combining advocacy and communications efforts

59 Other vaccines such as typhoid conjugate (TCV) and Japanese encephalitis vaccin

60 Clinical trials of typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) are ongoing in 4 countri

61 arch 2018 calling for integration of a novel typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) into routine immunizatio

62 As typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) is rolled out, surveilla

63 A typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) that was recently prequa

64 is study aims to determine the efficacy of a typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) that was recently prequa

65 World Health Organization (WHO)-prequalified typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV), Gavi funding for eligib

66 ease elimination through the introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV), we again need to recons

67 accine Alliance (Gavi), for the use of a new typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV), we should turn our mind

68 A typhoid conjugate vaccine (Vi-TCV) was recently prequali

69 ends studies to evaluate co-administering Vi-typhoid conjugate vaccine (Vi-TCV) with routine childhoo

70 A new typhoid conjugate vaccine (Vi-TCV), prequalified by the

71 re needed to support country decisions about typhoid conjugate vaccine adoption.

72 eir deliberations on strategies to introduce typhoid conjugate vaccine as a preventive tool against e

73 To determine the efficacy of a new typhoid conjugate vaccine in an endemic setting in sub-S

74 evaluating the efficacy of a newly developed typhoid conjugate vaccine in an urban setting in Nepal.

75 tion and control interventions including the typhoid conjugate vaccine in the poor communities that h

76 sistance was common, highlighting a role for typhoid conjugate vaccine into routine infant vaccine sc

77 th Organization prequalification should make typhoid conjugate vaccine more accessible and affordable

78 id fever in sSA are scarce but essential for typhoid conjugate vaccine policy.

79 ts are implemented in high-burden countries, typhoid conjugate vaccine presents a promising disease-p

80 be brought to bear on the current context of typhoid conjugate vaccine rollouts and extensively drug-

81 Recently, a single-dose typhoid conjugate vaccine that allows infants as young a

82 oach to accelerate the introduction of a new typhoid conjugate vaccine to reduce the burden of typhoi

83 tion and control, including consideration of typhoid conjugate vaccine use as well as nonvaccine cont

84 A new typhoid conjugate vaccine was prequalified by the World

85 Immunization of children with typhoid conjugate vaccine within Hyderabad city is plann

86 The introduction of a typhoid conjugate vaccine would protect children from ty

87 safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of typhoid conjugate vaccine, and early efficacy results ar

88 ed to the nuances of typhoid disease and the typhoid conjugate vaccine.

89 ional, and local levels to introduce the new typhoid conjugate vaccine.

90 will continue to inform programmatic use of typhoid conjugate vaccine.

91 orld Health Organization now recommends that typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCV) be used in settings wit

92 etween Gavi's investment decision to support typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs) in 2008 and Gavi suppo

93 The introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs) in these settings may

94 stance, and licensure of a new generation of typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs) were instrumental in p

95 , the results of ground-breaking research on typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs), the World Health Orga

96 s have centered on supporting development of typhoid conjugate vaccines and expanding disease surveil

97 Early immunization with typhoid conjugate vaccines could avert substantial morbi

98 The World Health Organization recommends typhoid conjugate vaccines for country-specific introduc

99 ation recommendation for the introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines for infants and children aged

100 as issued by WHO for the programmatic use of typhoid conjugate vaccines in endemic countries.

101 (TyVAC) aims to support the introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines into Gavi-eligible countries

102 control strategies, namely, introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines.

103 tance in decisions related to the rollout of typhoid conjugate vaccines.

104 r prevention and control measures, including typhoid conjugate vaccines.

105 fever control measures, including the use of typhoid conjugate vaccines.

106 address the impact of polysaccharide length, typhoid conjugates made with short- and long-chain fract

107 ts to analyze how historical and new data on typhoid control can be brought to bear on the current co

108 ssume neither unanticipated breakthroughs in typhoid control nor any chaotic shocks, history suggests

109 s to introduce TCVs as part of an integrated typhoid control program, particularly in light of the in

110 lloses in Africa and will help inform future typhoid control strategies, namely, introduction of typh

111 ood safety are critical for robust long-term typhoid control, and the recent Strategic Advisory Group

112 gment effective global collective action for typhoid control.

113 se developments are encouraging, all current typhoid diagnostics are inadequate, having either poor p

114 CV), we again need to reconsider the role of typhoid diagnostics in how they can aid in facilitating

115 ntroductions, and tailored to the nuances of typhoid disease and the typhoid conjugate vaccine.

116 typhoid fever, three to 25 patients without typhoid disease are treated with antimicrobials unnecess

117 Accurate estimates of typhoid disease burden are needed to guide policy decisi

118 However, its precise role in typhoid disease in humans is not fully defined.

119 Salmonella typhoid toxin contributes to typhoid disease progression and chronic infection, but l

120 tegies may be different for iNTS compared to typhoid disease.

121 ocks, history suggests that we should expect typhoid elimination to take decades.

122 phi that have served to increase interest in typhoid elimination.

123 s for infants and children aged >6 months in typhoid-endemic countries is likely to require further i

124 (Vi-TCV) with routine childhood vaccines in typhoid-endemic countries.

125 Empiric prescribing of antimicrobials in typhoid-endemic settings has increased selective pressur

126 tion of these parameter values in real-world typhoid-endemic settings will improve model predictions

127 e to the paucity of diagnostic facilities in typhoid-endemic settings, including microbiology, histop

128 timate excess perforations attributed to the typhoid epidemic, using temporal trends in S. Typhi bloo

129 The paucity of generalizable typhoid epidemiological data in early introducing countr

130 for continued evidence generation regarding typhoid epidemiology and TCV impact.

131 radication classified the political will for typhoid eradication as "none." Here we revisit the Task

132 ropean armies that were regularly ravaged by typhoid, especially garrisons stationed in the colonies.

133 emonstrated an overall adjusted incidence of typhoid fever 2-3 times higher than previous estimates i

134 We therefore estimate that typhoid fever accounts for 43% of all bowel perforation

135 var Typhi (Salmonella Typhi) is the cause of typhoid fever and a human host-restricted organism.

136 Measuring the burden of typhoid fever and developing effective strategies to red

137 l and non-typhoidal Salmonelleae (NTS) cause typhoid fever and gastroenteritis, respectively, in huma

138 anding of age and geographic distribution of typhoid fever and other invasive salmonelloses in Africa

139 ng by studies that reported the incidence of typhoid fever and those that estimated incidence by usin

140 Contemporary incidence estimates of typhoid fever are needed to guide policy decisions and c

141 Greater understanding of the typhoid fever burden, the increasing threat of antimicro

142 an excess of 0.046 perforations per clinical typhoid fever case (95% CI, .03-.06).

143 Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella Typhi is a major publ

144 Using a mouse model of chronic typhoid fever combined with major histocompatibility com

145 The primary outcome was typhoid fever confirmed by blood culture.

146 Typhoid fever continues to be a major public health conc

147 nd acceleration of the global agenda towards typhoid fever control with a strong World Health Organiz

148 development of a diagnostic assay for acute typhoid fever focused on detecting IgA responses against

149 en a recent expansion of multidrug-resistant typhoid fever globally.

150 Typhoid fever has been endemic on the island nation of S

151 The incidence of typhoid fever has been most reported in children 5-15 ye

152 Typhoid fever has had a major impact on human population

153 Our understanding of the global burden of typhoid fever has improved in recent decades, with both

154 Available commercial serologic assays for typhoid fever have limited sensitivity and specificity.

155 Typhoid fever illnesses are responsible for more than 10

156 ance in Africa Program (TSAP) and the Severe Typhoid Fever in Africa (SETA) program have refined our

157 -restricted pathogen that is responsible for typhoid fever in approximately 10.9 million people annua

158 the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of typhoid fever in different locations with endemic diseas

159 rial pathogen Salmonella Typhi, which causes typhoid fever in humans.

160 by exploring the historical experience with typhoid fever in industrialized countries.

161 Data on the age distribution of typhoid fever in sSA are scarce but essential for typhoi

162 Typhoid fever in the United States is acquired primarily

163 he rate reduction of blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever in the vaccination arm as compared to the

164 Typhoid fever incidence remains high at many sites.

165 nd geographic representation of high-quality typhoid fever incidence studies, and greater sophisticat

166 Typhoid fever is a continuing public health problem in m

167 Typhoid fever is a major cause of morbidity and mortalit

168 Typhoid fever is a major cause of morbidity and mortalit

169 Typhoid fever is an acute infection characterized by pro

170 Typhoid fever is an acute systemic infectious disease re

171 Typhoid fever is an enteric disease caused by the pathog

172 Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica subspecie

173 Typhoid fever is endemic in the urban Kathmandu Valley o

174 In Bangladesh, typhoid fever is endemic, with incidence rates between 2

175 Typhoid fever is estimated to affect over 20 million peo

176 el estimates that culture-confirmed cases of typhoid fever lead to an excess of 0.046 perforations pe

177 Blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever occurred in 7 participants who received TC

178 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi causes typhoid fever only in humans.

179 Among 1992 pediatric typhoid fever patients, 1616 (81%) had traveled internat

180 Typhoid fever remains a major source of morbidity and mo

181 While typhoid fever remains an important cause of illness in m

182 The recent Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program demonstrate

183 d for infection and the development of early typhoid fever symptoms within the context of a human cha

184 5131 cases of typhoid fever were diagnosed and 5004 Typhi isolates tes

185 terica serovar Typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever, and is thought to be responsible for the

186 tion by examining its estimated incidence of typhoid fever, its history of introducing new vaccines,

187 Salmonella Typhi, the cause of typhoid fever, produces an unusual A(2)B(5) toxin known

188 g causative agents of dysentery, plague, and typhoid fever, rely on a type III secretion system - a m

189 For every true case of typhoid fever, three to 25 patients without typhoid dise

190 a, including the causative agents of plague, typhoid fever, whooping cough, sexually transmitted infe

191 ing the incidence of blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever.

192 for a reliable, simple diagnostic assay for typhoid fever.

193 and other global efforts for the control of typhoid fever.

194 or better prevention and control efforts for typhoid fever.

195 ment of novel therapeutic strategies against typhoid fever.

196 aride are licensed or in development against typhoid fever.

197 oach to adjusting estimates of the burden of typhoid fever.

198 Enteric (typhoid) fever remains a problem in low- and middle-inco

199 h 1 antibody isotype (IgA) could distinguish typhoid from other invasive bacterial infections (area u

200 e of inoculation in preventing the spread of typhoid had been proven.

201 Typhoid has been endemic in Samoa in the period 2008-201

202 ould protect children from typhoid and avert typhoid hospitalizations.

203 Whether typhoid immunization should be prioritized in periurban

204 id conjugate vaccine to reduce the burden of typhoid in countries eligible for support from Gavi, the

205 ide new data on the incidence and control of typhoid in parts of Asia and Africa.

206 ertook important work on the transmission of typhoid in the years between 1890 and 1918.

207 in studying the epidemiology and control of typhoid in these settings can provide insights to guide

208 lowing the discovery of the bacillus causing typhoid, in 1880, understanding of the disease formerly

209 t the probability of hospital admission (and typhoid incidence and mortality) had the greatest influe

210 Overall, more recent studies reported lower typhoid incidence compared to years prior to 2000.

211 Adjusted typhoid incidence in Kathmandu was 484 per 100 000 perso

212 Additional and more accurate typhoid incidence studies are needed to support country

213 Typhoid incidence was low among children age < 48 months

214 vaccines (TCV) be used in settings with high typhoid incidence; consequently, governments face a chal

215 The risk factors for typhoid include poverty, poor living conditions with uns

216 The health consequences of typhoid, including increasing prevalence of drug-resista

217 ved no significant difference in the rate of typhoid infection (fever >=38 degrees C for >=12 h and/o

218 the relative risk of a serologically defined typhoid infection (seroefficacy) was computed.

219 phical areas by water-based risk factors for typhoid infection or broader measures of health and deve

220 s 26%, and estimates of the relative risk of typhoid infection were unbiased.

221 trial designs that use serologically defined typhoid infections (seroefficacy trials) rather than blo

222 er and proportion of antimicrobial-resistant typhoid infections and chronic carriers.

223 the total number of antimicrobial-resistant typhoid infections but not affect the proportion of case

224 io with 80% vaccination coverage, 35% of all typhoid infections were antimicrobial resistant, and 44%

225 but data from efficacy trials in areas where typhoid is endemic are lacking.

226 a typhoid model, but its relevance to human typhoid is limited.

227 Antimicrobials for suspected typhoid might therefore be an important selective pressu

228 e infection with S. Typhimurium is used as a typhoid model, but its relevance to human typhoid is lim

229 cause they bear a substantial burden of both typhoid morbidity and mortality in this population.

230 global antibiotic use and by the neglect of typhoid outside of high-income countries.

231 ere have been no population-based studies of typhoid outside of this community in the past 3 decades.

232 and Typhidot tests, the Widal assay, and the typhoid/paratyphoid test (TPTest) in each patient.

233 ating physicians; cases of culture-confirmed typhoid/paratyphoid were included.

234 Typhoid places a substantial economic burden on low- and

235 ere are huge opportunities for mainstreaming typhoid prevention and control strategies within the SDG

236 any knowledge we have of its engagement with typhoid prevention, including intention to apply for Gav

237 and town"), as well as competing theories of typhoid proliferation stalled sanitary reform until the

238 e databases, covering 2000-2017, to identify typhoid-related cost-of-illness (COI) studies, cost-of-d

239 a literature review and critical overview of typhoid-related economic issues to inform vaccine introd

240 We aimed to characterize typhoid-related ileal perforation in the context of the

241 organisms to provide data on community-level typhoid risk.

242 ultidrug resistance, new antibiotic classes, typhoid's cultural status as a supposedly ancient diseas

243 The Typhoid Surveillance in Africa Program (TSAP) and the Se

244 onse through the typhoid toxin, facilitating typhoid symptoms and chronic infections.

245 no validated road map for the elimination of typhoid, the lessons learned in studying the epidemiolog

246 CaT successfully raised the profile of typhoid through convening the community with a biennial

247 some of the approaches that may help elevate typhoid to a higher level of awareness in public health

248 nifestations ranging from systemic infection typhoid to invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease in h

249 We found that typhoid toxin and its NTS ortholog induce different clin

250 ross-reactive protection against lethal-dose typhoid toxin challenge.

251 Salmonella typhoid toxin contributes to typhoid disease progression

252 ny-forming units of wild-type or an isogenic typhoid toxin deletion mutant (TN) of S. Typhi.

253 We studied the role of typhoid toxin in acute infection using a randomized, dou

254 cilitate secretion, whereas the secretion of Typhoid toxin in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi relie

255 ical data are required to assess the role of typhoid toxin in severe disease or the establishment of

256 Typhoid toxin is a virulence factor for the bacterial pa

257 Typhoid toxin is a virulence factor of Salmonella enteri

258 These data suggest that the typhoid toxin is not required for infection and the deve

259 The typhoid toxin is postulated to have a central role in di

260 ter its synthesis by intracellular bacteria, typhoid toxin is secreted into the lumen of the Salmonel

261 e glycan binding specificity of a variant of typhoid toxin produced by a non-typhoidal Salmonellae se

262 human cells, S. Typhi produces two forms of typhoid toxin that have distinct delivery components but

263 e results indicate that the evolution of two typhoid toxin variants has conferred functional versatil

264 tes the host DNA damage response through the typhoid toxin, facilitating typhoid symptoms and chronic

265 cribe the generation and characterization of typhoid toxin-neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies b

266 lethal S. Typhi infection, nor was the CdtB typhoid toxin.

267 produces an unusual A(2)B(5) toxin known as typhoid toxin.

268 The two typhoid toxins exhibit different trafficking properties,

269 he impact of individual sanitary measures on typhoid transmission in major US cities.

270 g the known patterns of short and long cycle typhoid transmission.

271 A recent review of typhoid trends globally and in specific countries sugges

272 While typhoid vaccination can significantly decrease the burde

273 sing antimicrobial resistance, and therefore typhoid vaccination is recommended as a preventive measu

274 yses might underestimate crucial benefits of typhoid vaccination programmes, because the potential ef

275 We propose that large-scale, more aggressive typhoid vaccination programmes-including catch-up campai

276 The Typhoid Vaccine Acceleration Consortium (TyVAC) aims to

277 The Typhoid Vaccine Acceleration Consortium (TyVAC) employs

278 In this article, the Typhoid Vaccine Acceleration Consortium forecasts demand

279 n endemic setting in sub-Saharan Africa, the Typhoid Vaccine Acceleration Consortium is conducting a

280 In 2017, CaT joined forces with the Typhoid Vaccine Acceleration Consortium to "Take on Typh

281 The Typhoid Vaccine Accelerator Consortium is playing a crit

282 Introduction of an effective pretravel typhoid vaccine for children <2 years could reduce disea

283 e introduction of a single-dose, efficacious typhoid vaccine into countries with high burden of disea

284 There is currently no typhoid vaccine licensed in the United States for use in

285 rce's assessment in light of developments in typhoid vaccines and increasing antimicrobial resistance

286 tissue tropisms, and the design for improved typhoid vaccines and therapeutics.

287 Typhoid vaccines have been in development for >100 years

288 Health economic analyses of typhoid vaccines have informed funding decisions and nat

289 on (WHO) to issue a revised global policy on typhoid vaccines in March 2018.

290 monstrating the efficacy of new Vi-conjugate typhoid vaccines is challenging, due to the cost of fiel

291 programmes, because the potential effect of typhoid vaccines on the treatment of patients with non-s

292 Prior typhoid vaccines were not suitable for use in the younge

293 (RVV), oral cholera vaccine (OCV), and oral typhoid vaccines.

294 017, WHO recommended the programmatic use of typhoid Vi-conjugate vaccine (TCV) in endemic settings,

295 ine British and American attempts to control typhoid via sanitary interventions from the 1840s to 194

296 s, we estimated that the annual incidence of typhoid was 391 per 100 000 persons and paratyphoid was

297 he relative-risk function of temperature for typhoid was bimodal, with higher risk at both lower (wit

298 fter the onset of the rains, whereas that of typhoid was long-lasting but with a two months delayed s

299 eal perforation with a clinical diagnosis of typhoid were enrolled from 4 tertiary care hospitals in

300 However, children with typhoid were hospitalized for longer than those with par